Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y4 - Small Animals > PUPD + other Endocrine disorders > Flashcards

PUPD + other Endocrine disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main Ddx for PUPD?

A
  • Diabetes insipidus
  • Osmotic diuresis
  • Iatrogenic
  • Renal medullary washout - loss of hypertonicity of medulla because of long term PUPD
  • Primary polydipsia - problem of thirst centre of brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What can cause diabetes insipidus?

A
  • Central DI
  • Primary NDI
  • Secondary NDI =
    -Renal failure
    -Hyperadrenocorticism
    -Pyometra
    -Hypercalcaemia
    -Hyperthyroidism
    -Pyelonephritis
    -Hypoadrenocorticism
    -Liver failure
    -Hypokalaemia
    -Acromegaly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can cause osmotic diuresis?

A
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Primary renal glucosuria
  • Fanconi’s syndrome - glucose + amino acids in urine
  • Post-obstructive diuresis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are iatrogenic reasons for PUPD?

A
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Diuretics
  • Phenobarbitone
  • High salt diet
  • Levothyroxine
  • Vitamin D toxicity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What classes as polydipsia?

A
  • drinking >100ml/kg/day
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What would you initial work-up for PUPD be?

A
  • History (rule out iatrogenic)
  • Physical examination (evidence of renal dz, pyometra…)
  • Haematology (evidence of pyometra / pyelonephritis?)
  • Biochemistry (hyperCa? hypoNa? renal disease? diabetes?)
  • Bile acids (liver disease?)
  • T4 (hyperthyroidism?)
  • Urinalysis (diabetes, Fanconi’s, renal glucosuria?. Culture to rule out pyelonephritis
  • Rule out cushings = dexamethasone suppression test
  • Differentiate CDI, primary NDI + primary polydipsia with DDAVP (desmopressin test)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What hormones are release from the hypothalamus?

A
  • TRH
  • GnRH
  • CRH
  • PRH
  • Dopamine
  • Somatostatin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What hormones are released from pituitary gland?

A
  • Anterior lobe = (FLAT PEG)
  • TSH
  • FSH / LH
  • GH
  • Prolactin
  • Endorphins
  • ACTH
  • Posterior lobe =
  • Oxytocin
  • Vasopressin (ADH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the pathogenesis of pituitary dwarfism?

A
  • Rare congenital lesion (developmental defect in pituitary gland)
  • Almost exclusive GSDs
  • Failure of GH secretion
  • Isolated GH deficiency or combined deficiency
  • FSH, LH, TSH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are clinical features of pituitary dwarfism?

A
  • Proportionate dwarfism
  • Failure to develop adult coat
  • Delayed dental eruption
  • Delayed growth plate closure
  • Thin, fragile, hyperpigmented skin
  • Pyoderma
  • Immature gonads
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is pituitary dwarfism diagnosed + treated?

A
  • Dx = rule out other causes of retarded growth,
  • Dynamic test to assay GH
  • Tx = Progestagens = induce GH secretion - adverse effect
  • GH - adverse effects
  • Do NOT breed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is pathogenesis of acromegaly?

A
  • Excess growth hormone
  • cats = pituitary tumour (Older males)
  • dogs = mammary tissue (intact females)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are clinical features of acromegaly?

A
  • Insulin resistant DM
  • Excessive growth of the extremities
  • Prognathism, wide interdental spaces
  • Soft tissue proliferation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Dx + Tx of acromegaly?

A
  • Dx =
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Liver enzyme elevation
  • Elevated IGF-1
  • MRI/CT
  • Tx = Bitch = OVH / stop progestagens (bony changes irreversible)
  • Cat = attempt to control DM, surgery, radiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is central diabetes insipidus?

A
  • Complete / partial deficiency in ADH
  • renal collecting tubules = impermeable to water
  • Neoplasia / trauma of hypothalamus / posterior pituitary = cause
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does PTH do?

A
  • Increase calcium reabsorption from kidneys
  • increase calcium release from bones
  • Increase absorption of dietary calcium in SI
17
Q

What is primary hyperparathyroidism? What does it cause? Dx? Tx?

A
  • Functional tumour producing PTH
  • Causes hypercalcaemia =
  • PUPD
  • dehydration
  • dystrophic calcification
  • Renal damage (AKI)
  • Dx =
  • High total calcium and iCa
  • Normal to low PO4
  • High or normal PTH
  • Detect mass in thyroid/parathyroid area
  • Tx = restore normal calcium level + surgical removal of parathyroid tumour
18
Q

What is secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • Renal secondary hyperparathyroidism
  • Nutritional - unbalanced diet
19
Q

What is pseudohyperparathyroidism?

A
  • Caused by tumour secreting PTH-rp
  • Anal sac adenocarcinoma
20
Q

What is hypoparathyroidism? CS? Dx? Tx?

A
  • Failure to produce PTH
  • CS = hypocalcaemia =
  • Anxiety
  • Muscle twitching, spasm, tetany
  • Weakness, ataxia
  • Seizures
  • Tachycardia, weak pulses
  • Dx = Low calcium + high PO4, Low PTH
  • Tx = EMERGENCY = IV fluids + calcium gluconate
  • maintenance = oral calcium + Vit. D
21
Q

What are differentials for hypocalcaemia?

A
  • Hypoalbuminemia (low total Ca, ionised Ca normal)
  • CKD
  • AKI
  • Eclampsia (puerperal tetany)
  • Acute pancreatitis
22
Q

What are pancreatic endocrine diosrders?

A
  • Insulinoma - functional tumour of pancreatic B-cells producing insulin = hypoglycaemia
  • Gastrinoma - tumour producing gastrin = gastric hyperacidity + risk of ulceration + can have severe signs
23
Q

CS, Dx + Tx of insulinoma?

A
  • CS =
  • Often episodic (fasting, exercise, excitement)
  • Weakness, trembling, ataxia, seizures
  • +/- other neurological signs
  • May have weight gain
  • Dx = Persistent hypoglycaemia, Normal glucose does not exclude, Elevated insulin, Pancreatic mass
  • Tx = IV glucose if needed, frequent small meals, prednisolone, surgery
24
Q

Dx + Tx of gastrinomas?

A
  • Dx = Elevated gastrin levels, imaging, endoscopy
  • Tx = surgical removal - BUT frequent metastases
25
Q

What are signs of phaechromocytoma? Dx? Tx?

A
  • CS =
  • anxiety
  • tachycardia
  • tachypnoea
  • vomiting
  • diarrhoea
  • weight loss
  • hypertension (retinal detachment)
  • Dx = US + urinary / plasma metanephrines
  • Tx = Radical excision - BUT frequent metastases
26
Q

What are signs of hyperaldosteronism? Tx?

A
  • Adrenal tumour producing aldosterone
    = CS =
  • PUPD
  • weakness
  • neck ventroflexion (hypokalaemia)
  • hypertension (sodium retention)
  • Tx =
  • restrict sodium and supplement potassium
  • surgical excision
  • spironolactone (aldosterone antagonist)
    Hyperaldosteronism
27
Q
A

Y4 - Small Animals (105 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions