R Flashcards
A socially defined concept sometimes used to designate a portion, or “subdivision” of the human population with common physical characteristics, ancestry, or language
- The term is also loosely applied to geographic, cultural, religious, or national groups
- The significance often accorded to racial categories might suggest that such groups are objectively defined and homogenous; however, there is much heterogeneity within categories, and the categories themselves differ a cross cultures
- Moreover, self reported race frequently varies owing to changing social contexts and an individual’s identification with more than one
Race
A form of prejudice that assumes that the members of racial categories have distinctive characteristics and that these differences result in some racial groups being inferior to others
- This generally includes negative emotional reactions to members of the group, acceptance of negative stereotypes, and discrimination against individuals; in some cases it leads to violence
Racism
A type of nonneuronal cell (glia) that forms early in development, spanning the width of the emerging cerebral hemispheres to guide migrating neurons
Radial Glia
A type of maze that has a central starting point with several arms (typically six to eight) extending from the center
- A non human animal might be required to learn to find good in only certain of the arms or to search systematically through each arm without entering the same arm twice
- These have been used extensively to study spatial memory and learning
Radial Maze
The view that behavior, rather than consciousness and its contents, should be the proper topic for study in psychological science
- This term is often used to distinguish classical behaviorism, as originally formulated in 1913 by U.S. psychologist John B. Watson (1878 - 1958), from more moderate forms of neobehaviorism
- However, it has evolved to denote as well the descriptive behaviorism later proposed by U.S. psychologist B.F. Skinner (1904 - 1990), which emphasized the importance of reinforcement and its relationship to behavior (ie; the environmental determinants of behavior)
Radical Behaviorism
Intense, typically uncontrolled anger
- It is usually differentiated from hostility in that it is not necessarily accompanied by destructive actions but rather by excessive expressions
Rage
In conditioning, an arrangement in which the first response after an interval has elapsed is reinforced, the duration of the interval varies randomly from reinforcement to reinforcement, and a fixed probability of reinforcement over time is used to reinforce a response
- For example, if every second the probability that reinforcement would be arranged for the next response was .1, then this schedule value would be 10s
Random Interval Schedule
To assign participants or other sampling units to the conditions of an experiment at random, that is, in such a way that each participant or sampling unit has an equal chance of being assigned to any particular condition
Randomize
A research design in which participants are first classified into groups (blocks), on the basis of a variable for which the experimenter wishes to control
- Individuals within each block are then randomly assigned to one of several treatment groups
Randomized Block Design
An experimental design in which the participants are assigned at random to either experimental or control groups without matching on one or more background variables
Randomized Group Design
Mating behavior without mate selection
- Many early behavioral ecology theories were based on the idea of this, but it is now recognized that most animals select specific mates and often show assortative mating
Random Mating
In conditioning, an arrangement in which the number of responses required for each reinforcement varies randomly from reinforcement to reinforcement
- It is usually arranged by having the same probability of reinforcement for each response regardless of the history of reinforcement for prior responses
- For example, this 100 schedule would result from a reinforcement probability of .01 for any given response
Random Ratio Schedule
A process for selecting individuals for a study from a larger potential group of individuals in such a way that each is selected with a fixed (equal) probability of inclusion
- This selected group of individuals is called a random sample
Random Sampling
The procedure used for random sampling
Random Selection
A variable whose value depends upon the outcome of chance
Random Variable
In statistics, a measure of dispersion, obtained by subtracting the lowest score from the highest score in a distribution
Range
A particular position along an ordered continuum
Rank
A numerical index reflecting the degree of relationship between two variables that have each been arranged in ascending or descending order of magnitude (ie; ranked)
- It is an assessment not of the association between the actual values of the variables but rather of the association between their rankings
- Among the most commonly used is the Spearman, appropriate when the variables being compared do not follow the normal distribution
Rank Correlation Coefficient
The arrangement of a series of items (eg; scores or individuals) in order of magnitude
Rank Order
The nonconsensual oral, anal, or vaginal penetration of an individual by another person with a part of the body or an object, using force or threats of bodily harm, or by taking advantage of someone incapable of giving consent
Rape
A group of serotonergic neurons in the midline of the brainstem that project widely to the spinal cord, thalamus, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex
Raphe Nucleus
Mood disturbance that fluctuates over a short period, most commonly between manic and depressive symptoms
- This type of bipolar disorder, for example, is characterized by four or more mood episodes over a 12 month period
Rapid Cycling
The rapid, jerky, but coordinated movement of the eyes behind closed lids, observed during dreaming sleep
Rapid Eye Movement (REM)
A warm, relaxed relationship of mutual understanding, acceptance, and sympathetic compatibility between or among individuals
- The establishment of this with a client in psychotherapy is frequently a significant mediate goal for the therapist in order to facilitate and deepen the therapeutic experience and promote optimal progress and improvement in the client
Rapport