I Flashcards
Denoting or relating to a pathological condition that is caused inadvertently by treatment, particularly the actions of a health care professional
- For example, an iatrogenic addiction is a dependence on a substance, most often a painkiller, originally prescribed by a physician to treat a physical or psychological disorder
Iatrogenic
The brief retention of an image of a visual stimulus beyond cessation of the stimulus
- This iconic image usually lasts less than a second
- In a multistore model of memory, this precedes short term memory
Iconic Memory
In psychoanalytic theory, the component of the personality that contains the instinctual, biological drives that supply the psyche with its basic energy or libido
- Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939) conceived of the id as the most primitive component of the personality, located in the deepest level of the unconscious; it has no inner organization and operates in obedience to the pleasure principle
- Thus the infant’s life is dominated by the desire for immediate gratification of instincts, such as hunger and sex, until the ego begins to develop and operate in accordance with reality
Id
In cognitive psychology, a mental image or cognition that is ultimately derived from experience but that may occur without direct reference to perception or sensory processes
Idea
In philosophy, the position that reality, including the natural world, is not independent of mind
- Positions range from strong forms, holding that mind constitutes the things of reality, to weaker forms holding that reality is correlated with the workings of the mind
- There is also a range of positions as to the nature of mind, from those holding that mind must be conceived of as absolute, universal, and apart from nature itself to those holding that mind may be conceived of as individual minds
Idealism
In models of self concept, a mental representation of an exemplary set of psychological attributes that one strives or wishes to possess
Ideal Self
A firmly held, irrational idea or belief that is maintained despite evidence to the contrary
- It may take the form of a delusion and become an obsession
Idée Fixe
- The process of associating the self closely with other individuals and their characteristics or views
- This operates largely on an unconscious or semi conscious level - In psychoanalytic theory, a defense mechanism in which the individual incorporates aspects of his or her objects inside the ego in order to alleviate the anxiety associated with object loss or to reduce hostility between himself or herself and the object
Identification
- An individual’s sense of self defined by (a) a set of physical and psychological characteristics that is not wholly shared with any other person and (b) a range of social and interpersonal affiliations (eg; ethnicity) and social roles
- This involves a sense of continuity: the feeling that one is the same person today that one was yesterday or last year (despite physical or other changes) - In cognitive development, awareness that an object remains the same even though it may undergo many transformations
- For example, a piece of clay may be made to assume various forms but is still the same piece of clay
Identity
A phase of life marked by role experimentation, changing, conflicting, or newly emerging values, and a lack of understanding of oneself or one’s roles in society
Identity Crisis
In the ego psychology of German born U.S. Psychologist Erik Erikson (1902 - 1994), a possible outcome of the identity versus identity confusion stage in which the individual emerges with an uncertain sense of identity and confusion about his or her wishes, attitudes, and goals
Identity Diffusion
Premature commitment to an identity: the unquestioning acceptance by individuals ((usually adolescents) of the role, values, and goals that others (eg; parents, close friends, teachers, athletic coaches) have chosen for them
Identity Foreclosure
An adolescent’s characteristic mode of approaching problems and decisions that are relevant to his or her personal identity or sense of self
- Differences in style reflect differences in the social cognitive processes that individuals use to construct a sense of identity
- Three basic styles are recognized: informational, normative, and diffuse avoidant
- Information oriented individuals actively seek out, evaluate, and use self relevant information
- They are skeptical about their self constructions and willing to test and revise aspects of their self identity when confronted with discrepant feedback
- Normative individuals deal with identity questions and decisional situations by conforming to the prescriptions and expectations of significant others
- Diffuse avoidant oriented individuals are reluctant to face up to and confront personal problems and decisions
Identity Style
The fifth of Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development, occurring during adolescence, in which the individual experiences a psychosocial moratorium, a period of time that permits experimentation with social roles
- The individual may “try on” different roles and identity with different groups before forming a cohesive, positive identity that allows him or her to contribute to society; alternatively, the individual may remain confused about his or her sense of identity, a state Erikson calls identity confusion
Identity versus Identity Confusion
A systematic ordering of ideas with associated doctrines, attitudes, beliefs, and symbols that together form a more or less coherent philosophy for a person, group, or sociopolitical movement
Ideology
Denoting internality to the self, particularly an orientation toward or focus on personal needs and interests
Idiocentric
Relating to the description and understanding of an individual case, as opposed to the formulation of nomothetic general laws describing the average case
- This type of approach involves the thorough, intensive study of a single person or case in order to obtain an in depth understanding of that person or case, as contrasted with a study of the universal aspects of groups of people or cases
Idiographic
A dialect spoken at the level of an individual
- The term is typically reserved for the most idiosyncratic forms of personal language use, especially those involving eccentricities of construction or vocabulary
Idiolect
A peculiarity of an individual, such as a habit or abnormal susceptibility to something (eg; a drug)
Idiosyncrasy
An explanation of the leniency that groups sometimes display when high status members violate group norms
- This model assumes that such individuals, by contributing to the group in significant ways and expressing loyalty to it, build up idiosyncrasy credits, which they “spend” whenever they make errors or deviate from the group’s norms
Idiosyncrasy Credit Model
In psychoanalysis, an approach that focuses on the unorganized, instinctual impulses contained in the id that seek immediate pleasurable gratification of primitive needs
- The id is believed to dominate the lives of infants and is frequently described as blind and irrational until it is disciplined by the other two major components of the personality: the ego and the superego
Id Psychology
A false perception
- These result from the misinterpretation of sensory stimuli and are normal occurrences
- Visual (or optical) types are particularly common and include the well known Müller- Lyer Illusion
Illusion
The attribution of a characteristic of one stimulus to another stimulus when the stimuli are presented only briefly
- These are most common with visual stimuli when, for example, the color of one form can be attributed to a different form
Illusory Conjunction
The appearance of a relationship that in reality does not exist or an overestimation of the degree of relationship (ie; correlation) between two variables
Illusory Correlation