Appendix Flashcards
(1870 - 1937)
Austrian psychiatrist: the first disciple of Sigmund Freud to break away to found his own school, Individual Psychology, which evolved such concepts as the inferiority complex and compensation
Adler, Alfred
(1913 - 1999)
U.S. developmental psychologist: assisted John Bowlby in formulating the highly influential attachment theory; later devised the Strange Situation
Ainsworth, Mary Dinsmore Salter
(1890 - 1971)
U.S. psychologist: a founder of experimental social psychology; his approach emphasized individuals over the group, established a behaviorist framework, and advanced experimental methodology; brother of Gordon W. Allport
Allport, Floyd Henry
(1897 - 1967)
U.S. psychologist: a major figure in social psychology; originator of Allport’s Personality Trait Theory and coauthor of two personality inventories - the Allport Vernon Lindzey Study of Values and the Allport AS Reaction Study; brother of Floyd H. Allport
Allport, Gordon Willard
(1908 - 2001)
U.S. psychologist: an important contributor to the discussion of the nature us nurture controversy and, especially, to psychological testing
Anastasi, Anne
(1869 - 1949)
U.S. psychologist: a major spokesperson for the development of psychology as a science in the United States and a leading exponent of functionalism
Angell, James Rowland
(1907 - 1996)
Polish born U.S. psychologist: best known for his contributions to social psychology, especially in showing how social context influences fundamental processes, such as perception (his studies of conformity influenced the research of Stanley Milgram)
Asch, Solomon E.
(1861 - 1934)
U.S. psychologist: an influential figure in the early development of experimental and professional psychology in the United States; A proponent of functionalism and early contributor in developmental psychology
Baldwin, James Mark
(1925 - )
Canadian born U.S. psychologist: best known for his work on Social Learning Theory; especially influential were his studies of observational learning and, in the field of Social Cognitive Theory, of self regulatory processes and their role in motivation and behavior
Bandura, Albert
(1939 - 2006)
German developmental psychologist: helped to define the perspective upon which lifespan developmental psychology is based; with his wife, psychologist Margaret Baltes, described selective optimization with compensation and introduced a method to study adult age differences in cognition that makes use of the concept of reserve capacity
Baltes, Paul
(1899 - 1994)
U.S. developmental psychologist: best known as the developer of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development
Bayley, Nancy
(1911 - 1988)
U.S. psychologist: a founder of behavioral endocrinology and an important comparative psychologist, known especially for research on patterns of sexual behavior
Beach, Frank A.
(1876 - 1943)
U.S. philanthropist: founder of the mental hygiene movement, which helped establish psychology as a discipline in the United States through encouraging the use of mental tests and contributing to the rise of clinical and industrial and organizational psychology
Beers, Clifford
(1899 - 1972)
Hungarian born U.S. physicist: groundbreaking researcher in auditory science, especially his studies of mammalian hearing and on the pattern of movement in the basilar membrane of the inner ear known as the traveling wave
Békésy, Georg von
(1857 - 1927)
Russian neuropathologist: founder of Russia’s first psychophysiological laboratory and first institute for brain research on mental diseases; now credited with playing a greater role than Ivan Pavlov in the introduction of conditioning to psychology
Bekhterev, Vladimir Mikhailovich
(1878 - 1927)
Italian psychologist: his research on optical illusions and time perception contributed to gestalt psychology; later research on posthypnotic states (eg; posthypnotic suggestion) sought to provide evidence for Freud’s concept of repression
Benussi, Vittorio
(1857 - 1911)
French psychologist: often considered the initiator of the modern approach to intelligence testing, especially as the developer of the Binet Simon Scale (Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale)
Binet, Alfred
(1880 - 1952)
U.S. psychologist: the founder of industrial and organizational psychology and a key figure in the development of the U.S. Army mental testing program in World War I
Bingham, Walter Van Dyke
(1857 - 1939)
Swiss psychiatrist: best known for naming schizophrenia and for his theory of its basic underlying symptomatology; advocated psychosocial treatments for people with severe mental illness and introduced occupational therapy
Bleuler, Eugen
(1886 - 1968)
U.S. psychologist: perhaps the most influential defines of the field of experimental psychology from the 1930s through the 1960s
Boring, Edwin Garrigues
(1907 - 1990)
British psychiatrist and psychoanalyst: best known as the developer of Attachment Theory; his most important early work centered on the deleterious effects of maternal deprivation
Bowlby, Edward John Mostyn
(1838 - 1917)
German philosopher and psychologist: his research on the intentionality of mental acts later developed into the field of act psychology and contributed to the debate in artificial intelligence about whether mechanical processes can assume the intentionality of genuine mental acts
Brentano, Franz
(1842 - 1925)
Austrian physician and physiologist: called by Freud the “father of psychoanalysis,” best remembered for his treatment of Austrian social worker and feminist Bertha Pappenheim (known as “Anna O.”), whom he identified as having hysteria; Freud’s technique of free association evaded from the concepts behind Breuer’s methods
Breuer, Josef
(1926 - 1993)
British psychologist: best known for his application of communications engineering and mathematical Decision Theory to psychology
Broadbent, Donald E.
(1824 - 1880)
French physician and anthropologist: proved that motor aphasia (later known as Broca’s aphasia) was associated with the third frontal convolution of the cerebral cortex (now called Broca’s area) and that fluent speech depends on this area; among the first to recognize the phenomenon of cerebral dominance
Broca, Paul
(1917 - 2005)
Russian born developmental psychologist: originator of the watershed Ecological Systems Theory; later developed this approach into the ecological model
Brofenbrenner, Urie
(1925 - 1997)
U.S. Social psychologist: a classic contributor in the field of psycholinguistics (particularly to the first stages of language acquisition); coined the term flashbulb memory
Brown, Roger
(1903 - 1955)
Austrian born U.S. psychologist: recognized for his research on visual discrimination and categorization and for the Brunswik Ratio, a mathematical expression of perceptual constancy
Brunswik, Egon
(1863 - 1930)
U.S. psychologist: her best known empirical contribution was the development of the technique of paired associates learning for studying memory; the first woman president of the American Psychological Association
Calkins, Mary Whiton
(1916 - 1996)
U.S. social psychologist: known for developing methods for determining the construct validity of psychological measures and contributions to the philosophy of science
Campbell, Donald Thomas
(1871 - 1945)
U.S. physician and physiologist: known particularly for his investigations of emotion, in which he identified the biological mechanisms associated with the fight or flight response and proposed the Canon Bard Theory
Cannon, Walter Bradford
(1873 - 1954)
U.S. psychologist: his contributions focused on adaptive human behavior as a manifestation of mental processes, on maze learning in rats, and on visual and spatial perception
Carr, Harvey A.
(1860 - 1944)
U.S. psychologist: a founder of psychology in the United States and an influential journal editor; devised the first battery of psychological tests of special abilities; cofounded the Psychological Corporation
Cattell, James McKeen
(1905 - 1998)
British psychologist: developed, with colleagues, the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, one of the most frequently used self report personality inventories
Cattell, Raymond Bernard
(1825 - 1893)
French neurologist: sometimes called the “father of neurology” for his pioneering research on such disorders as locomotor ataxia, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson’s disease; his research on hysteria had great influence on the early careers of his students Sigmund Freud and Alfred Binet
Charcot, Jean-Martin
(1928 - )
U.S. linguist: known for his revolutionary transformational generative grammar, which had major and controversial influence in the field of psycholinguistic
Chomsky, Noam
(1873 - 1940)
Swiss psychologist: a key figure in the child study and progressive education movements; demonstrated the importance of intelligence testing in the educational context; also contributed significant research on the biology of sleep
Claparède, Edourad
(1914 - 2005)
U.S. psychologist: the first African American president of the American Psychological Association; his work was influential in the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1954 ruling Brown v the Board of Education, which banned racial segregation in U.S. public schools
Clark, Kenneth Bancroft
(1916 - 2001)
U.S. psychologist: an influential contributor to the topic of test validity and the developer of Cronbach’s Alpha
Cronbach, Lee J.
(1809 - 1882)
British naturalist: his theory of natural selection has had significant and ongoing influence in various approaches to psychology, including evolutionary psychology and sociobiology
Darwin, Charles R.
(1859 - 1952)
U.S. philosopher, educator, and psychologist: a founder of functionalism, who strongly influenced the field of education
Dewey, John
(1889 - 1968)
U.S. psychologist: best known for the development of the Vineland Social Maturity Scale, the antecedent of the now widely used Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales for assessing a person’s communication, daily living, socialization, and motor skills
Doll, Edgar Arnold
(1900 - 1980)
U.S. social scientist: developer of the Frustration Aggression Hypothesis; also known for his work (with Neal E. Miller) on the importance of imitation in social behavior and learning
Dollard, John
(1858 - 1917)
French sociologist: known especially for his theories of suicide and schematic categorization encompassing four types - egoistic (resulting from abject loneliness), altruistic (self sacrifice to save others), anomic (resulting from social adversity), and fatalistic (resulting from excessive social regulation)
Durkheim, Emile
(1850 - 1909)
German psychologist: a pioneer in the application of quantitative methods of psychophysics to the study of higher mental processes and in establishing experimental psychology as a scientific discipline
Ebbinghaus, Hermann
(1901 - 1980)
U.S. psychiatrist: developed the hypnosis and metaphor based system known as Ericksonian Psychotherapy; devised a “strategic therapy,” in which the therapist directly influences clients by initiating what happens during sessions
Erickson, Milton Hyland
(1902 - 1994)
German born U.S. psychologist: preeminent personality theorist and contributor to the field of ego psychology; known for his theory of life stages - Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development - and as coiner of the term identity crisis
Erikson, Erik H.
(1919 - )
U.S. psychologist: a founding figure of mathematical psychology and a pioneer (with B.F. Skinner) in the use of conditioned responses involving negative emotions (eg; fear or anxiety)
Estes, William Kaye
(1916 - 1997)
German born British psychologist: founder of the Institute of Psychiatry at the Maudsley Hospital at the University of London; popularized the terms “introvert” and “extravert” and developed the Eysenck Personality Inventory
Eysenck, Hans Jurgen
(1801 - 1887)
German physician and philosopher; developer of still used methods to study sensations, including the method of adjustment and the method of constant stimuli; developed the mathematical formula called Fechner’s Law
Fechner, Gustav Theodor
(1873 - 1933)
Hungarian psychoanalyst: an early associate of Sigmund Freud who articulated an “active” therapy as an alternative to Freud’s psychoanalytic approach; later (with Otto Rank) advanced the concept of brief psychodynamic psychotherapy
Ferenczi, Sandor
(1919 - 1989)
U.S. social psychologist: best known for his theory of of cognitive dissonance and for his investigations into such group dynamics as cohesion, conformity, and Social Comparison Theory
Festinger, Leon
(1905 - 1997)
Austrian psychiatrist: a chief exponent of existential psychology; his approach, logotherapy, focuses on crises of meaning and is often referred to as the “third Viennese school of psychotherapy” (after Freud’s psychoanalysis and Adler’s individual psychology
Frankel, Viktor Emil
(1895 - 1982)
Austrian born British psychoanalyst: her studies on defense mechanisms and pioneering work in child analysis were original contributions to theory and practice in psychoanalysis; youngest daughter of Sigmund Freud
Freud, Anna
(1856 - 1939)
Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist: inventor of the technique of psychoanalysis and developer of many of its central theoretical concepts (eg; defense mechanisms, psychosexual development, transference, ect) and methods of practice, such as free association and dream analysis
Freud, Sigmund
(1900 - 1980)
German born U.S. psychoanalyst: developer of a broad cultural, yet personal, approach in analysis that focused on the search for meaning and the development of socially productive relationships, individuality, and the need to belong
Fromm, Erich
(1822 - 1911)
British scientist: developed theories about the heritability and selective breeding of human intelligence, from which emerged the idea of intelligence tests and the movement he later called eugenics; also introduced techniques of statistical correlation; cousin of Charles Darwin
Galton, Francis
(1878 - 1959)
Italian psychologist: promoter of practical, applied psychology; cofounded an influential European academic journal on psychology, neurology, and psychiatry
Gemelli, Agostino
(1880 - 1961)
U.S. psychologist and physician: the first school psychologist in the United States; established special education classrooms, pioneered the co-twin technique to study the impact of learning and heredity, and advanced the concept of school readiness programs to prepare children for formal classroom instruction
Gesell, Arnold L.
(1910 - 2002)
U.S. experimental psychologist: best known for her research on perceptual learning, especially on the visual cliff; married to James J. Gibson
Gibson, Eleanor Jack
(1904 - 1979)
U.S. experimental psychologist: a highly influential researcher in the area of visual (and other sense) perception, known especially for developing the theory of ecological perception; married to Eleanor J. Gibson
Gibson, James Jerome
(1878 - 1972)
U.S. psychologist: best known, with her husband Frank (an engineer), for developing time and motion studies
Gilbreth, Lillian
(1866 - 1957)
U.S. psychologist: a founder of intelligence testing in the United States; produced influential research in the fields of special education, mental retardation, and army testing
Goddard, Henry Herbert
(1875 - 1965)
German neurologist: his investigations of neurological impairments resulted in an influential proposal that manifestations of brain damage (eg; regression to concrete thinking) are often an individual’s adaptive response to an impaired ability to form a whole perception of the outside world
Goldstein, Kurt
(1886 - 1959)
U.S. psychologist: developer of widely used tests of intelligence and verbal intelligence in children and adapter of the Stanford Binet Scale for use with preschoolers (called the Minnesota Preschool Scale); formulated the method now known as time sampling
Goodenough, Florence
(1893 - 1960)
U.S. psychologist: known as the “father of sport psychology”; established the first laboratory in the United States to investigate psychological and physiological problems associated with sports and athletic performance
Griffith, Coleman Roberts
(1897 - 1987)
U.S. psychologist: best known for his contributions to psychometrics and his use of factor analysis in personality and intelligence research
Guilford, Joy Paul
(1903 - 1996)
U.S. psychologist: a founder of the psychometric society; known for his applications of mathematical methods to psychophysics, learning theory, and attitude measurement, which contributed advancements in paired comparison scaling and multidimensional scaling
Gulliksen, Harold
(1886 - 1959)
U.S. psychologist: best known for developing a variation in Behaviorist Theory termed Contiguity Learning Theory and for pioneering use of teaching evaluations for college faculties
Guthrie, Edwin Ray
(1844 - 1924)
U.S. psychologist: chief founder and organizer of psychology in the United States and first president of the American Psychological Association
Hall, Granville Stanley
(1905 - 1981)
U.S. psychologist: best known for investigations on learning sets and on mothering that disproved the idea that nonhuman animals were incapable of higher levels of information processing or metacognition; also known for studying social development in rhesus monkeys
Harlow, Harry Frederick
(1903 - 1984)
U.S. psychologist: developer, in collaboration with psychiatrist John C. McKinley, of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Hathaway, Starke Rosencrans
(1861 - 1940)
British neurologist: remembered chiefly for his taxonomy of aphasia and for his theory characterizing all types of aphasia as cognitive disturbances of symbolic formation and expression; coined the term “semantic aphasia”
Head, Henry
(1904 - 1985)
Canadian psychobiologist: an important contributor to the understanding of the brain behavior relationship; his proposal of cell assemblies remains influential in biological theories of memory
Hebb, Donald Olding
(1896 - 1988)
Austrian born U.S. psychologist: a preeminent theorist on interpersonal relations; established the conceptual foundations for much of social psychology research (eg; Attribution Theory, Balance Theory)
Heider, Fritz
(1821 - 1894)
German physiologist and physicist: a founder of psychosensory physiology, whose research laid the foundations of modern visual and auditory science
Helmholtz, Herman von
(1898 - 1977)
U.S. psychologist: developed Adaptation Level Theory to describe the effects of context on subjective judgement
Helson, Harold
(1834 - 1918)
German physiologist: his sensory perception research (Hering Theory of Color Vision) influenced the development of German psychology and the school of phenomenology
Hering, Evald
(1904 - 2001)
U.S. psychologist: an influential researcher and synthesizer in the fields of conditioning, learning theory, and hypnotherapy
Hilgard, Ernest R.
(1880 - 1956)
U.S. psychologist: a pioneer in applied psychology and coauthor of the first textbook in that field; particularly known for his work in advertising psychology; married to Leta S. Hollingworth
Hollingworth, Harry L.
(1886 - 1939)
U.S. psychologist: a major contributor in educational psychology, clinical psychology, and the psychology of women; her work in education focused on both children with mental retardation and gifted children; married to Harry L. Hollingworth
Hollingworth, Leta Stetter
(1907 - 1996)
U.S. psychologist: performed the first major controlled study in which groups of gay and heterosexual men were compared on psychological measures of adjustment; her findings influenced the American Psychiatric Association to remove homosexuality from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Hooker, Evelyn
(1885 - 1952)
German born U.S. psychoanalyst: the first great psychoanalytic feminist and a member of the Neo Freudian school; stressed culture and disturbed interpersonal relationships as the causes of neuroses and emphasized the importance of current defenses and inner conflicts over early experience; recognized as one of the founders of humanistic psychology
Horney, Karen D.
(1912 - 1961)
U.S. psychologist: contributor to the development of neobehaviorism - through his research on the generalization of conditioning - and a pioneer in computer studies stimulating human concept formation and thinking; studied the processes by which persuasive messages change attitudes
Hovland, Carl Ivor
(1884 - 1952)
U.S. psychologist: originator of the influential Drive Reduction Theory and one of the founders of neobehaviorism
Hull, Clark Leonard
(1906 - 1991)
U.S. psychologist: known for his “feeding frustration” studies on rats, demonstrating a link between early food deprivation and adult hoarding behavior, and for his A/S ratio (the ratio of association to sensory areas in the brain), highlighting the importance of intrinsic motivation; laid the conceptual foundations for programs (eg; Project Head Start) emphasizes the value of early childhood education in cognitive development
Hunt, Joseph McVicker
(1889 - 1954)
U.S. psychologist: known especially for his studies of animal cognition, particularly the delayed response phenomenon; later contributed to the study of maze learning in animals
Hunter, Walter S.
(1842 - 1910)
U.S. psychologist and philosopher: one of the principal founders of psychology in the United States and, arguably, the most influential of the first generation of American psychologists; his promotion of functionalism in psychology and his pioneering contributions to the psychology of religion and enduring effects
James, William
(1859 - 1947)
French psychologist and neurologist: his analysis emphasizing observable behavior and the continuity of subconscious and conscious events, largely dismissed by psychoanalysts of his day, has since been seen as a forerunner in the study of traumatic stress and dissociation and a precursor of integrative psychotherapy
Janet, Pierre
(1918 - 1990)
U.S. social and health psychologist: noted for introducing the concept of groupthink; researched stress and decision making, especially in the contexts of individual personal health and group dynamics
Janis, Irving Lester
(1863 - 1944)
U.S. psychologist: early U.S. contributor in psychophysics, particularly on how subliminal factors influence psychophysical judgements; influential in introducing the new scientific psychology to the American public
Jastrow, Joseph
(1896 - 1987)
U.S. developmental psychologist: best known for her observational study of the development of infant behavior patterns, such as smiling, eye coordination, visual pursuit, and reaching
Jones, Mary Cover
(1875 - 1961)
Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst: originator of analytic psychology, which laid emphasis on personality dynamics, such as conscious versus unconscious, introversive versus extroversive tendencies, and rational versus irrational processes; originated such theoretical constructs as archetypes, the collective unconscious, and synchronicity
Jung, Carl Gustav
(1921 - 2003)
U.S. social psychologist: known for his formulation of Attribution Theory; conducted pioneering research on communication, persuasion, the social psychology of groups, and interpersonal relations
Kelley, Harold Harding
(1894 - 1956)
U.S. zoologist and sex researcher: an influential researcher on human sexual behavior; presented the first statistical data on a large range of sexual behaviors in both sexes; his Kinsey (Six) Scale offered an index on a continuum from pure homosexual to pure heterosexual orientation
Kinsey, Alfred
(1882 - 1960)
Austrian born British psychoanalyst: a pioneer in child analysis and the first to use play therapy as an analytic and treatment tool; her approach emphasized primal conflicts and the primary object relationship with the mother (Object Relations Theory)
Klein, Melanie
(1899 - 1992)
Canadian born U.S. social psychologist: a seminal figure through his research on race, which challenged racial superiority theories and contributed to the U.S. Supreme Court’s 1954 ruling in Brown v. Board of Education; focused on cross cultural studies and international affairs
Klineberg, Otto
(1917 - 1996)
U.S. psychologist: author of a six volume comprehensive survey outlining the parameters of psychology in the mid- 20th century; promoted empirically grounded, rationally defensible investigation in a field he claimed could never become a single, coherent discipline
Koch, Sigmund
(1886 - 1941)
German experimental psychologist: one of the founders of and chief spokesperson for gestalt psychology; contributed significantly to the study of visual perception (eg; the study of apparent movement)
Koffka, Kurt
(1927 - 1987)
U.S. psychologist: originator of the groundbreaking Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development; his use of interview format was also influential
Kohlberg, Lawrence
(1887 - 1967)
German experimental psychologist: one of the founders of gestalt psychology; his contributions in primate learning (insight learning) and to the concept of goodness of configuration (the significance of simplicity, regularity, or symmetry in a shape or form) remain influential
Kohler, Wolfgang
(1856 - 1926)
German psychiatrist: a founding father of modern psychiatry and pioneer theorist and researcher on serious mental disease; his development of the concept of dementia praecox was the forerunner of the modern concept of schizophrenia
Kraeplin, Emil
(1909 - 1977)
Belarus born U.S. psychologist: a major contributor in physiological psychology (eg; on the brain behavior relationship) and social psychology (eg; on racial prejudice, international conflict)
Krech, David
(1847 - 1930)
U.S. psychologist and mathematician: an early authority on vision and color theory
Ladd- Franklin, Christine
(1890 - 1958)
U.S. psychologist: an influential contributor in animal learning, comparative psychology, and neurophysiology; asserted that the brain could recover some disrupted functions in specific damaged areas
Lashley, Karl Spencer
(1890 - 1947)
German born U.S.
social psychologist: developer of Field Theory; particularly known for experiments on styles of leadership, group cohesion, and group dynamics (a term he coined); promoted action research
Lewin, Kurt
(1903 - 1989)
Austrian zoologist: Nobel prize winning confounder of ethology; discovered several major concepts still useful for behavior study, including the fixed action pattern, the releaser, and imprinting
Lorenz, Konrad
(1902 - 1977)
Russian neuropsychologist: a major contributor to research on brain function and brain trauma; collaborated early in his career with Lev Vygotsky on a sociocultural theory of language
Luria, Alexander R.
(1908 - 1970)
U.S. psychologist: a founder of humanistic psychology and originator of Maslow’s Motivational Hierarchy
Maslow, Abraham Harold
(1909 - 1994)
U.S. psychologist and psychoanalyst: a central proponent and spokesperson for humanistic psychology and existential psychology; emphasized the adaptive and curative qualities of positive human values, such as love, free will, and self awareness
May, Rollo
(1917 - 1998)
U.S. psychologist: best known for theoretical and empirical contributions to the study of personality and motivation; developed the highly popular thematic apperception test to assess achievement motivation
McClelland, David
(1920 - 2003)
U.S. psychologist: a significant contributor to research in clinical psychology and clinicometrics (the use of mathematical statistics to analyze client historical data); his work on diagnosis and classification of mental disorders was revolutionary in its development of computerized scoring of psychological tests
Meehl, Paul Everett
(1881 - 1965)
Belgian psychologist: remembered for experimental phenomenological studies of mechanical causality that clarify commonly experienced adaptive situations
Michotte, Albert Edouard
(1933 - 1984)
U.S. social psychologist: best known for his behavioral study of obedience; pioneered the field of urban psychology, working on stimulus overload and information overload
Milgram, Stanley
(1909 - 2002)
U.S. psychologist: considered the founder of behavioral medicine; his work significantly affected the fields of learning, motivation, and clinical psychology
Miller, Neal Elgar
(1870 - 1952)
Italian educator: one of the first women to attend medical school in Italy; developed a psychologically based education system called the Montessori Method
Montessori, Maria
(1907 - 1982)
U.S. psychologist: best known for his contributions to the fields of learning and language acquisition, which he explained using elementary principles of conditioning
Mowrer, O. Hobart
(1863 - 1916)
German born U.S. psychologist: a founder in the field of industrial and organizational psychology; made early contributions in the fields of educational, abnormal, and forensic psychology (eg; his studies of eye witness testimony and lie detection)
Münsterberg, Hugo
(1895 - 1979)
U.S. psychologist: encouraged psychological research on and the use of biofeedback; greatly influenced the field through his texts, particularly that on experimental social psychology; recognized for his guidance of U.S. psychologist Rensis Likert (1903 - 1981) in the development of the Likert Scale
Murphy, Gardner
(1893 - 1988)
U.S. psychologist: his work ushered in a new era of personality psychology in the United States; noteworthy for establishing numerous professional opportunities for women in psychology and for collaborating in the creation of the thematic apperception test
Murray, Henry Alexander
(1916 - 2001)
U.S. developmental psychologist: known for significantly advancing the study of adult development and aging; saw later adulthood as a period of increased activity and self enhancement and proposed the distinctions of young old and old old
Neugarten, Bernice Levin
(1903 - 1984)
U.S. social psychologist: a major contributor in the field, emphasizing its interdisciplinary nature (eg; the integration of behavioral concepts from psychology, anthropology, and sociology); his attitudes and value research focused on real setting social relations and placed attitude change in the context of norms, group membership, leadership, and friendship
Newcomb, Theodore Mead
(1901 - 1958)
U.S. comparative psychologist: a leading expert on the biology and behavior of chimpanzees (eg; in the acquisition of resources, emotional expression, and social interaction); viewed behavioral sequences as clusters of independent acts, each with its own motivation
Nissen, Henry Wieghorst
(1927 - 2000)
Austrian born U.S. psychiatrist: originator of the concept of trance logic, the presumed tendency of hypnotized individuals to engage simultaneously in contradictory trains of thought; applied the notion of demand characteristics in his hypnosis research
Orne, Martin Theodore
(1916 - 1991)
U.S. psychologist: a significant theorist and researcher in psycholinguistics and cross cultural psychology; developed the semantic differential model of determining word meanings
Osgood, Charles Egerton
(1849 - 1936)
Russian physiologist: best known for experimentation on the physiology of the digestive system and its control by the nervous system, which yielded the concepts of the unconditioned response, the conditioned stimulus, discrimination of stimuli, and extinction of response
Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich
(1925 - 2001)
U.S. psychologist: a powerful advocate of the mental health needs of African Americans; her highly successful counseling services program at Howard University was one of the few programs at any African American institution to offer accredited training for Black therapists and counselors
Payton, Carolyn R.
(1896 - 1980)
Swiss child psychologist and epistemologist: his theoretical and research work on the stages of cognitive development in children was enormously influential (Piagetian Theory); a central proponent of the theoretical perspective known as constructivism
Piaget, Jean
(1895 - 1980)
U.S. parapsychologist: coiner of the term extrasensory perception and the first researcher to investigate a psychical topic scientifically - using Zener cards
Rhine, Joseph Banks
(1839 - 1916)
French philosopher and psychologist: a founder of experimental psychology in France; proposed what is now called Ribot’s Law, the principle that the most recently acquired memories are the most vulnerable to disruption from brain damage
Ribot, Théodule Armand
(1902 - 1987)
U.S. psychologist: originator of client centered therapy; created such concepts as unconditional positive regard and uncriticalness (a nonjudgemental attitude) on the part of the therapist as central to the psychotherapeutic endeavor
Rogers, Carl
(1884 - 1922)
Swiss psychiatrist: originator of the Rorschach Inkblot Test of Personality, which, although still widely used, has not demonstrated robust or consistent validity
Rorschach, Hermann
(1859 - 1924)
U.S. experimental psychologist: author of the first English language laboratory manual in experimental psychology, the first psychologist to promote the subsequently common study of maze learning in rats
Sanford, Edmund Clark
(1922 - 1997)
U.S. psychologist: an influential theorist and researcher in social and health psychology, focusing on such issues as social pressure, attribution theory, and addiction
Schachter, Stanley
(1902 - 1968)
U.S. comparative psychologist: one of the foremost 20th century animal psychologists; elaborated the approach avoidance conflict into Biphasic A-W Theory, which viewed approach and withdrawal as essential in all behavior - mainly governed by stimulus intensity yet subject to the organism’s internal conditions as well as to environmental conditions
Schneirla, Theodore Christian
(1869 - 1955)
U.S. psychologist: a key figure in the development of applied psychology and, especially, advertising psychology and personnel selection
Scott, Walter Dill
(1864 - 1945)
U.S. psychologist and speech therapist: known for his research on localization of sound and other perceptual phenomena; studied speech and language pathology and conducted innovative speech therapy, combining psychoanalytic techniques (to address underlying emotional origins) with exercises (to correct faulty speech patterns)
Scripture, Edward Wheeler
(1908 - 1993)
U.S. psychologist: known for rigorous and creative use of quantitative research methods, such as systematic time sampling, to study socialization, family processes, and child rearing; her research focused on schoolchildren and the psychological factors affecting academic achievement and performance; married to Robert R. Sears
Sears, Pauline Kirkpatrick
(1908 - 1989)
U.S. psychologist: best known for research on the influence of parental discipline and other child rearing practices on children’s behavior, especially their levels of aggression and psychoanalytic theory; married to Pauline K. Sears
Sears, Robert Richard
(1866 - 1949)
Swedish born U.S. psychologist: a prolific designer and builder of research equipment, including the Seashore Audiometer (which generated standardized stimulus tones to measure threshold sound intensity) and the Seashore Measures of Musical Talent (phonographically recorded tests of tonal memory, of time, rhythm, and timbre awareness, and of pitch and loudness discrimination)
Seashore, Carl Emil
(1829 - 1905)
Russian physiologist: he saw psychology as the physiological study of brain reflexes; described reflexes as tripartite units consisting of a sensory nerve, a central connection, and a motor nerve and proposed that they are modifiable by association from infancy
Sechenov, Ivan Mikhailovich
(1901 - 1981)
U.S. psychologist: best known for helping the American Psychological Association professionalize the field of clinical psychology and for helping develop the scientist practitioner model for training clinical psychologists both to provide services and to conduct research on mental health problems
Shakow, David
(1906 - 1988)
Turkish social psychologist: known particularly for his work on group norms (social norm); articulated the notion that perception and behavior are determined in bipolar fashion by external and internal factors, the combined totality of which he termed frame of reference; this view inspired the development of such novel theories as adaptation level
Sherif, Muzafer
(1857 - 1952)
British physiologist: his research on the mechanics of muscular activation revolutionized neurophysiology; introduced many basic terms and concepts in neuroscience, among them proprioception, neuron, synapse, spatial summation, and temporal summation
Sherrington, Charles Scott
(1916 - 2001)
U.S. economist, political scientist, and psychologist: generally regarded as the founder of artificial intelligence and cognitive science; one of the first to use computers to model human decision making and problem solving
Simon, Herbert Alexander
(1904 - 1990)
U.S. psychologist: originator of operant conditioning, a form of radical behaviorism; also initiated the field of applied behavioral analysis by extending the principles of operant conditioning to practical settings
Skinner, Burrhus Frederic
(1863 - 1945)
British psychologist and psychometrician: formulator of the Two Factor Theory of Intelligence proposing an underlying general factor and multiple specific factors; renowned for his mathematical work, including the development of the Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient and of the technique of factor analysis
Spearman, Charles Edward
(1907 - 1967)
U.S. experimental psychologist: developer, with Clark L. Hull, of an influential version of neobehaviorism - the Hull- Spence Model - which offered a theoretical system to explain animal learning and motivation on the basis of Pavlovian conditioning
Spence, Kenneth Wartenbee
(1913 - 1994)
U.S. psychologist: best known for his Nerve Regeneration Theory and his research into the functions of the two hemispheres of the brain using the split brain technique (commissurotory)
Sperry, Roger Wolcott
(1871 - 1938)
German psychologist: best known for developing the concept of the intelligence quotient (IQ); also a pioneer in developmental psychology, applied psychology, and differential psychology
Stern, Louis William
(1892 - 1954)
U.S. psychologist: the first comparative psychologist in the United States to focus on the scientific investigation of sexual behavior; particularly studied neural and hormonal influences and discovered evidence for the importance of subcortical brain regions
Stone, Calvin Perry
(1884 - 1963)
U.S. psychologist: a founder of applied psychology - especially in the areas of personnel selection and occupational analysis - and best known as a cocreator of the Strong Interest Inventory, a widely used assessment of an individual’s suitability for different types of work
Strong, Edward Kellogg, Jr.
(1848 - 1936)
German experimental psychologist: best known for investigating the psychological factors involved in acoustic perception; his institute produced many famous psychologists, including Koffka, Köhler, Lewin, and Wertheimer; his pioneering research on emotions proposed a cognitively based theory in which judgements are crucial
Strumpf, Carl
(1892 - 1949)
U.S. psychiatrist: a major contributor to personality theory through his interpersonal theory, which eventually gave rise to interpersonal psychotherapy; his approach derived from Freud’s psychoanalysis but emphasized social elements over biological instincts and focused on how key relationships develop and change over time
Sullivan, Harry Stack
(1895 - 1954)
U.S. psychologist: the first African American to receive a doctorate in psychology in the United States; became head of the psychology department at Howard University and had great influence in creating programs to train Black psychologists in the era of desegregation; his own department trained more Black psychologists than all other U.S. colleges and universities at this time
Sumner, Francis Cecil
(1877 - 1956)
U.S. psychologist: responsible for the validation of the Binet Scales (Stanford - Binet Intelligence Scale) and for the construction of the army intelligence tests of World War I, also known for initiating (in the 1920s) a longitudinal study of some 1,500 gifted children
Terman, Lewis Madison
(1917 - 1986)
U.S. social psychologist: developer of Social Exchange Theory; proposed that the benefits derived from taking account of the broader context of behavior underlie the existence of such values as altruism, competitiveness, and fairness
Thibaut, John W.
(1874 - 1949)
U.S. psychologist: an important early contributor to the field of animal intelligence; developed the concept of trial and error learning and the theory of connectionism
Thorndike, Edward Lee
(1887 - 1955)
U.S. psychologist: a pioneer in psychometrics; developed and maintained the examination that was the forerunner of the Scholastic Assessment Test, further developed the statistical technique of factor analysis to tease out primary abilities
Thurstone, Louis Leon
(1907 - 1988)
Dutch born British behavioral biologist: nobel prize winning cofounder of ethology; advanced the practice of field research in the study of nonhuman animals
Tinbergen, Nikolaas
(1867 - 1927)
British born U.S. psychologist: a chief exponent of structuralism, which emphasized the use of systematic introspection in laboratory settings to uncover the elements of experience (sensations, images, and feelings)
Titchener, Edward Bradford
(1886 - 1959)
U.S. psychologist: a founder of neobehaviorism and proposer of the theory of purposive behaviorism postulating that behavioral acts have a goal that selects and guides the behavioral sequence; emphasized such mentalist concepts as purpose and cognitive maps
Tolman, Edward Chace
(1889 - 1932)
U.S. scientist and psychologist: a significant contributor to visual science; the troland (a unit of retinal illumination) was named in his honor; his promotion of a comprehensive motivational psychology that accommodated feelings as a causal element in behavior anticipated later emphases on the cognitive emotional factors in behavior regulation
Troland, Leonard T.
(1901 - 1967)
U.S. psychologist: widely known for his investigations of individual differences in learning; his breeding of generations of rats based on performance in a standardized maze problem demonstrated the genetic substrate of learning ability; also developed computerized cluster analysis
Tryon, Robert Choate
(1937 - 1996)
Israeli born U.S. psychologist: known for his studies with Israeli born U.S. psychologist Daniel Kahneman of similarity, judgement under uncertainty, and decision making
Tversky, Amos
(1906 - 1993)
U.S. counseling psychologist: author of one of the first and seminally influential textbooks on individual differences and of the leading textbook in the mid 20th century on counseling psychology
Tyler, Leona Elizabeth
(1915 - 1994)
U.S. psychologist and methodologist: author of the textbook that played the leading role in defining experimental psychology throughout the mid 20th century
Underwood, Benton J.
(1799 - 1872)
U.S. mental philosopher: author of the first U.S. textbook in psychology, which appeared in 1827 and remained in use through much of the 19th century
Upham, Thomas Cogswell
(1896 - 1934)
Russian psychologist: known for his sociocultural theory of cognitive development emphasizing the interaction of children’s natural abilities with the cultural mediators of written and oral language; held that developmental stages were partially driven by education and that education should take place in the zone of proximal development
Vygotsky, Lev Semenovich
(1871 - 1939)
U.S. psychologist: author of the first U.S. textbook of comparative psychology; served as the second woman president of the American Psychological Association and only the second woman scientist to be elected to the National Academy of Sciences
Washburn, Margaret Floy
(1878 - 1958)
U.S. psychologist: an important figure in the early history of comparative psychology, best known as the founder of behaviorism; introduced Pavlovian conditioning in the United States
Watson, John Broadus
(1795 - 1878)
German physiologist: a founder of psychophysics and formulator of Weber’s Law; also known for his work on two point discrimination, which led to the formulation of the concept of the difference threshold
Weber, Ernst Heinrich
(1896 - 1981)
Romanian born U.S. psychologist: developer of the Wechsler - Bellevue Intelligence Scale, which eventually was standardized as the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; this latter and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children remain the dominant psychological tests for measuring cognitive abilities
Wechsler, David
(1880 - 1943)
German born
U.S. psychologist: a founder of gestalt psychology, whose research added greatly to theories of perception (phi phenomenon); also known for his gestalt principles of organization
Wertheimer, Max
(1904 - 2001)
U.S. psychologist: best known for his holistic approach to the study of personality; argued the case of intrinsic motivation at a time dominated by drive reduction theory; also advocated the case study method rather than the statistical method of analyzing aggregated data
White, Robert W.
(1867 - 1956)
U.S. psychologist: founder of clinical psychology in the United States; also considered a primary pioneer of school psychology and a major figure in the development of special education
Witmer, Lightner
(1915 - 1997)
South African born
U.S. psychiatrist: father of behavior therapy, best known for his development of systematic desensitization
Wolpe, Joseph
(1869 - 1962)
U.S. psychologist: best known for textbooks that shaped the field of experimental psychology; also known for his research on motivation, which led to his most important conceptual contribution, S-O-R psychology
Woodworth, Robert Sessions
(1874 - 1947)
U.S. psychologist: a powerful advocate of child welfare, whose studies of young employed children were instrumental in reforming child labor and compulsory education laws in the United States; among the first to study psychological likeness and differences of the sexes
Woolley, Helen Bradford Thompson
(1832 - 1920)
German psychologist and physiologist: the founder of experimental psychology, establishing the first official psychology laboratory in 1879; his application of introspective and psychophysical methods to subjects as reaction time, attention, judgement, and emotions had international influence
Wundt, Wilhelm Maximilian
(1876 - 1956)
U.S. psychobiologist: recognized as a preeminent comparative psychologist of his time through his research in animal behavior; also instrumental in the development of army intelligence tests during World War I
Yerkes, Robert Mearns
(1876 - 1956)
U.S. psychobiologist: recognized as a preeminent comparative psychologist of his time through his research in animal behavior; also instrumental in the development of army intelligence tests during World War I
Yerkes, Robert Mearns
