A Flashcards
The simplest single case design, in which the dependent variable is measured throughout the pretreatment or baseline period (the A phase) and then again following the treatment period (the B phase).
-numerous variations of this basic design exist, such as the a-b-a design, a-b-a-b design, a-b-b b-a design, and a-b-bc-b design.
- the latter involves two treatment periods (the B phase and the C phase) and is intended to assess the effect of B both in combination with C and apart from C.
A-b design
The sixth cranial nerve, carrying motor fibers for control of the lateral rectus muscle of the eye, which rotates the eyeball outward
Abducens Nerve
- Any deviation, particularly a significant or undesirable one, from the normal or typical.
- In vision, the failure of light rays to converge at the some point, due either to distraction by a lens (spherical) or to the formation of colored fringes by a lens (chromatic)
Aberration
Existing competence or skill to perform a specific physical or mental act.
- Although this may be either innate or developed through experience, it is distinct from capacity to acquire competence
Ability
Any norm referenced standardized test designed to measure existing competence to perform a physical Er mental act
- the index of achievement or performance obtained, reporting the absolute or relative ability of the individual being evaluated, is called an ability level
Ability Test
The removal or destruction of part of a biological tissue or structure by a surgical procedure or a toxic substance, usually for treatment or to study its function.
- when the entire tissue or structure is excised, the process is called extirpation
Ablation
Relating to any deviation from what is considered typical, usual, or healthy, particularly if the deviation is considered harmful or maladaptive.
- In statistics, for example, these types of scores are those that are outside the usual or expected range.
- The term, however, most often applied to behavior that differs from a culturally accepted norm, especially when indicative of a mental disorder
Abnormal
The branch of psychology devoted to the study, prevention, assessment,and treatment of maladaptive behavior
Abnormal Psychology
The expulsion from the uterus of an embryo or fetus before it is able to survive independently
- May be either spontaneous, in which case it occurs naturally and is called a miscarriage, or induced, in which case it is produced deliberately by artificial meanssuch as drugs or surgery and done for therapeutic reasons or as an elective decision.
-the practice is controversial and may involve counseling,the provision of guidance, advice, information and support onissues concerning termination of pregnancy and the alternatives of adoption or raising the child
Abortion
The tendency of a person to hold overly favorable views of his or her intellectual and social abilities
-Appears to be common and consistent across a variety of judgement domains and occurs because people fail to take into account other people’s abilities and instead rely on their own abilities when they evaluate themselves relative to others
Above Average Effect
- the therapeutic process. Of bringing forgotten or inhibited material (experiences, memories) from the unconscious into consciousness, with concurrent emotional release and discharge of tension and anxiety
A Reaction
The horizontal coordinate in a graph or data plot; that is, the x axis
Abscissa
A type of generalized seizure, formerly called petit mal seizure, in which the individual abruptly ceased activity and cannot afterward remember the event
- The absences usually last from 5 to 15 seconds, during which the individual is unresponsive and motionless, staring blankly
- Seizures of this type typically begin between the ages of 4 and 12 and rarely persist into adulthood
Absence seizure
The lowest or weakest level of stimulation (the sightest,most in distinct sound) that can be detected consistently and accurately en 50% of trials
- although the name suggests a fixed level at which stimuli effectively elicit sensations, it fluctuates according to alterations in receptors and environmental condtions
Absolute Threshold
The numerical value of a figure disregarding its algebraic sign
- for example, the answer of this for -1 is 1
Absolute value
The philosophical position that there are absolute ethical, aesthetic, or epistemological values
- phenomena are believed to have a fixed reality; thus, what is regarded as true in one circumstance will be regarded as true in an others as well
- for example. A particular action will always be deemed immoral regardless of its outcome or any other individual or subjective consideration
- such a position involves a rejection (in whole or in part) of relativism
Absolutism
The act of refraining from the use of something, particularly avoid or drugs, or from participation in sexual or other activity
- In most instances, refraining from drugs or alcohol is the primary goal of substance abuse treatment
Abstinence
- The formation of general ideas or concepts by extracting similarities from particular instances.
- the precise cognitive processes by which this occurs remain a subject of investigation - Such a concept, especially a wholly intangible one, such as “goodness” or “truth”
Abstraction
- Interactions in which one person behaves in a cruel, violent, demeaning, or invasive manner toward another person or an animal
- The term most commonly implies physical mistreatmeant but also encompasses sexual and psychological (emotional) mistreatment - See substance abuse
Abuse
Loss of the ability to perform simple arithmetic operations that results from brain in jury or disease, usually to the parietal lobe
-It is an acquired condition, whereas dyscalculia is developmental
Acalculia
- An increase in speed of movement or rate of change
-In psychology, the focus is on the range of forces sustained by the human body when it is Ina moving vehicle, such as an automobile or aircraft, and the resultant physical, physiological. And psychological consequences (disturbances of heart rhythm and blood pressure, disorientation and confusion, and loss of consciousness)
Acceleration
Phonetic features of an individual’s speech that are associated with geographical region or social class
- The standard version of a language is usually considered by native speakers to be unaccented
Accent
In significance testing, the range of values for a test statistic that leads to acceptance of the null hypothesis over the alternative hypothesis
Acceptance Region
- In social psychology and psychotherapy, receptive or responsive to personal interaction and other external stimuli.
- A client in psychotherapy is thought to be this if he or she responds to the therapist in a way that facilitates the development or rapport and, ultimately, fosters the examination of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral issues - Retrievable through memory or other cognitive processes, as in attitude accessibility for example
Accessible
The 11th cranial nerve, sometimes so named because one of its functions is that of serving as an accessory to the 10th cranial nerve (the vagus nerve)
- it innervates the sternomastoid and trapezius muscles in the neck
Accessory Nerve
- Adjustment or modification
- for example, regarding individuals with disabilities it refers to reasonable accommodations made to meet their needs, whereas piagetian theory it refers to the adjustment of mental schemas according to information acquired through experience - The process by which the focus of the eye is changed to allow near or distant objects to form Sharp images on the retina
- Achieved mainly by contraction or relaxation of the ciliary muscles but also involves adjustments in the convergence of the eyes and the size of the pupils
Accommodation
The process by which groups or individuals integrate the social and cultural values, ideas, beliefs, and behavioral patterns of their culture of origin with those of a different culture
- The psychological type is an individual’s attitudinal and behavioral adjustment to another culture, which typically varies with regard to degree and type
Acculturation
A toxic and volatile initial product of alcohol (ethanol) metabolism that is responsible for the variety of unpleasant effects associated with a hangover, including nausea, vomiting, and headache
- It is produced when alcohol is broken down by a liver enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase and is itself further broken down by another liver enzyme into acetate and ultimately, into carbon dioxide and water
- Widely studied to determine its relationship to and influence upon the development and progression of alcoholism
Acetaldehyde
A major, predominantly excitatory but also inhibitory, neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, where it plays an important role in memory formation and learning; and in the peripheral nervous system, where it mediates skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle contraction
Acetylcholine
Any of certain protein molecules in cell membranes in the central and peripheral nervous systems that are stimulated by acetylcholine or acetylcholine like substances
- There are two main types:
1. Muscarinic receptors
2. Nicotinic receptors
Acetylcholine Receptor
- The attainment of some goal or the goal attained
- Acquired knowledge (especially in a particular subject area such as biology), proficiency or skill
- The term is most often used in this sense to mean academic type
Achievement
- The desire to perform well and be successful
- In this sense, the term often is used synonymously with need for achievement - The desire to overcome obstacles and master difficult challenges
- High scores in this are likely to set higher standards and work with greater perseverance
Achievement Motivation
Any norm referenced standardized test intended to measure an individual’s current level of skill or knowledge in a given subject
- Often the distinction is made that these emphasize ability acquired through formal learning or training, whereas aptitude tests (usually in the form of intelligence tests) emphasize innate potential
Achievement Test
Without hue; colorless
- This type of stimuli is black, white, or shades of gray
Achromatic
Total color blindness marked by the inability to perceive any color whatsoever: everything is seen in different shades of gray
- it is a congenital condition stemming from a lack of retinal cones
Achromatism
Associated with sound
- The word is usually used to modify technical terms
- Acoustical is used as a modifier in all other contexts
Acoustic
Contraction of the middle ear muscles (the tensor tympani and stapedius muscle) elicited by intense sounds
- This reflex restricts movement of the ossicles, thus reducing the sound energy transmitted to the inner ear and partially protecting it from damage
Acoustic Reflex
A component of short term memory that retains auditory information based on how items sound
- Forgetting occurs when words or letters sound alike
Acoustic Store
The tendency of a respondent to agree with statements of opinion regardless of their content
- This often reduces the validity of interviews, questionnaires, and self reports
Acquiescent Response Set
The attainment by an individual of new behavior, information, or skills or the process by which this occurs
- Although often used interchangeably with learning, this tends to be defined somewhat more concretely as the period during which progressive, measurable increases in response strength are seen
Acquisition
- The uncontrolled and inappropriate behavioral expression of denied emotions that serves to relieve tension associated with these emotions or to communicate them in a disguised, or indirect, way to others
- Such behaviors may include arguing, fighting, steeling, threatening, or throwing tantrums - In psychoanalytic theory, reenactment of past events as an expression of unconscious emotional conflicts, feelings, or desires - often sexual or aggressive - with no attempt to understand the origin of meaning of these behaviors
Acting Out
- A self initiated sequence of movements, usually with respect to some goal
- It may consist of an integrated set of component behaviors as opposed to a single response - The occurrence or performance of a process or function (eg; of an enzyme)
Action
A cognitive deficit resulting from damage to the frontal lobes of the brain and causing individuals to make errors on multi stepped but familiar or routine tasks
- Types of errors include omissions or additions of steps, disordered sequencing of steps, and object substitutions or misuse
Action Disorganization Syndrome
The charge in electric potential that propagates along a cen during the transmission of a nerve impulse on the contradiction of a muscle
- It is marked by a rapid, transient depolarization of the cell’s membrane, from a resting potential of about -70 mV (inside negative) to about +30 mV (inside positive), and back again, after a slight hyperpolarization, to the resting potential
Action Potential
Socially useful and theoretically meaningful research developed and carried out in response to a social issue or problem, results of which are used to improve the situation
Action Research
In classical ethology, a hypothetical supply of motivational energy within an organism that is associated with specific unlearned behavioral responses known as fixed action patterns
- Each response has its own energy supply, which builds up until the organism encounters the appropriate releaser
Action Specific Energy
- In many theories of memory, an attribute of the representational units (such as nodes or logogens) that varies from weaker or stronger, with more strongly activated representations competing to control processing
- The process of averting an organ or body system for action, particularly arousal of one organ or system by another
Activation
A transient hormonal effect that typically causes a short term change in behavior or physiological activity in adult animals
- For example, increased testosterone in male songbirds in spring leads to increased aggression in territory defense and increased courtship behavior
Activational Effect
In attribution theory, the tendency for individuals acting in a situation to attribute the causes of their behavior to external or situational factors, such as social pressure, but for observers to attribute the some behavior to internal or dispositional factors, such as personality
Actor Observer Effect
A disorder representing the immediate psychological aftermath of exposure to a traumatic stressor
- Symptoms are the same as those of post traumatic stress disorder but do not last longer than 4 weeks
- This disorder also includes elements of dissociation, such as depersonalization and derealization
Acute Stress Disorder
- Adjustment of a sense organ to the intensity or quality of stimulation, resulting in a temporary change in sensory or perceptual experience, as in visual type when the pupil of the eye adjusts to dim or bright light
- Reduced responsiveness in a sensory receptor or sensory system caused by prolonged or repeated stimulation
- It may be specific, for example, to the orientation of a particular stimulus - Modification to suit different or changing circumstances
- In this sense, the term often refers to behavior that enables an individual to adjust to the environment effectively and function optimally in various domains, such as coping with daily stressors - Adjustments to the demands, restrictions, and mores of society, including the ability to live and work harmoniously with others and to engage in satisfying social interactions and relationships
Adaptation
A task or project that a group can complete by aggregating individual members’ efforts or contributions (eg, a five person group pulling together on a rope to move a heavy object)
- Groups usually out perform individuals on such tasks, but overall group productivity rarely reaches its maximum potential owing to social loafing
Additive Task
The period of human development that starts with puberty (10-12 years of age) and ends with physiological maturity (approximately 19 years of age), although the exact age span varies across individuals
- During this period major changes occur at varying rates in physical characteristics, sexual characteristics, and sexual interest, resulting in significant effects on body image, self concept, and self esteem
- Major cognitive and social developments take place as well: most young people acquire enhanced abilities to think abstractly, evaluate reality hypothetically, reconsider poor experiences from altered points of view, assess data from multiple dimensions, reflect inwardly, create complex models of understanding, and project complicated future scenarios
- they also increase their peer related activities, place greater emphasis on social acceptance, and seek more independence and autonomy from parents
Adolescence
The philosophical study of beauty and art, concerned particularly with the articulation of taste and questions regarding the value of this type of experience and the making of these types of judgements
Aesthetics
Any feeling or emotion, which may be irreflexive or reflexive
- Irreflexive is the direct experience in consciousness of a particular emotional state (as in a person’s feeling of elation upon receiving good news)
- Reflexive occurs when a person makes his or her feelings objects of scrutiny (as when a person wonders why he or she does not feel particularly elated upon receiving good news)
-A distinction may also be made between negative and positive
- Along with cognition and conation, it is one of the three traditionally identified components of mind
Affect
Predicting one’s own future emotional states, especially in connection with some event or outcome that one faces
- People often “forecast” more extreme and lasting emotional reactions to events than they actuary experience
Affective Forecasting
A discipline that addresses the brain mechanisms underlying emotions
- In seeking to understand the particular roles of major subcortical and cortical structures in the elicitation, experience, and regulation of emotion, this provides an important framework for understanding the neural processes that underlie psychopathology, particularly the mood and substance related orders
Affective Neuroscience
Conducting or conveying from the periphery toward a central point
- For example, these types of nerve fibers conduct impulses toward the brain or spinal cord
Afferent
A social relationship with one or more other individuals, usually based on liking or a more personal attachment rather than on perceived material benefits
- It appears to be a basic source of emotional security, given the anxiety, frustration, and loneliness stemming from the absence of such relationships
- Some propose that the seeking of cooperative, friendly association with others who resemble or like one or when one likes is a fundamental human desire, referring to it variously as the affiliations drive or affiliative need
Affiliation
- An inherent attraction to or liking for a particular person, place, or thing, often based on some commonality
- Relationship by marriage or adoption rather than blood
- This contrasts with consanguinity, a biological relationship between individuals who are descended from a common ancestor
Affinity
In the theory of ecological perception, any property of the physical environment that is relevant to motor behavior and thus offers or affords an organism the opportunity for a particular action
- An example is the orientation of an object’s handle
- When the handle is closest to the left hand, it allows a left hand reach and grasp movement
- This is provided by an intrinsic property, the physical dimensions necessary for grasping it, as well as an extrinsic property, the distance to the nearest hand
Affordance
A program of outpatient treatment and support services provided for individuals discharged from an institution, such as a hospital or mental health facility, to help maintain improvement, prevent relapse, and aid adjustment of the individual to the community
Aftercare
The image that remains after a stimulus ends or is removed
- A positive one occurs rarely, lasts a few seconds, and is caused by a continuation of receptor and neural processes following cessation of the stimulus; it has approximately the color and brightness of the original stimulus
- A negative one is more common, often more intense, and lasts longer
- It is usually complementary to the original stimulus in color and brightness; for example, if the stimulus was bright yellow, the negative one will be dark blue
Afterimage
In research, any outcome associated with being a certain age
- Such effects may be difficult to separate from cohort effects and period effects
Age Effect
The tendency to be prejudiced against older adults and to negatively stereotype them (for example, as unhealthy, helpless, or incompetent) and the resulting discrimination, especially in employment and in healthcare
Ageism
A psychological state that occurs when individuals, as subordinates to a higher authority in an organized status hierarchy, feel compelled to obey the orders issued by that authority
Agentic State
A hypnotic technique in which the therapist helps the client recall a crucial experience by inducing amnesia for the present, then suggesting that he or she return, year by year, to the earlier date when a particular experience took place
- This technique is also used in forensic contexts to help eyewitnesses and victims recall their experiences
- The use of this in either context is controversial, given the potential for fraise memories and the debateable legitimacy of recovered memories
Age Regression
Behavior that harms others physically or psychologically or destroys property
- It can be distinguished from anger in that anger is oriented at overcoming the target but not necessarily through harm or destruction
- When such behavior is purposively performed with the primary goal of intentional injury or destruction it is termed hostile type
- Other types are less deliberately damaging and may be instrumentally motivated (proactive) or affective or motivated (reactive)
- Instrumental type involves an action carried out principally to achieve another goal, such as acquiring a desired resource
- Affective type involves an emotional response to an aversive state of affairs, which tends to be targeted toward the perceived source of the distress but may be displaced ante other people or objects if the disturbing agent cannot be attacked (displaced type)
-In the classical psychoanalytic theory of Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939), this type of impulse is innate and derived from the death instinct, but most nonpsychoanalytically oriented psychologists view it as socially learned or as a reaction to frustration
Aggression
The biological and psychological changes associated with chronological age
- A distinction is often made between changes that are due to normal biological processes (primary) and changes that are caused by age related pathologies (secondary)
Aging
A state of increased but typically purposeless and repetitious activity, as in psychomotor type
Agitation
Loss or impairment of the ability to recognize or appreciate the nature of sensory stimuli due to brain damage or disorder
- Recognition impairment is profound and specific to a particular sensory modality
- Auditory, tactile, and visual are the most common types, and each has a variety of subtypes
Agnosia
- A drug or other chemical agent that binds to a particular receptor and produces a physiological effect, typically one similar to that of the body’s own neurotransmitter at that receptor
- There are partial type, which stimulate the receptor to produce a physiological effect opposite to that produced by another one at that same receptor - A contracting muscle whose action generates force in the intended direction
Agonist
An excessive, irrational fear of being in open or unfamiliar places, resulting in the avoidance of public situations from which escape may be difficult, such as standing in line or being in a crowd
- It may accompany panic disorder, in which an individual experiences unexpected panic attacks, or it may occur in the absence of panic disorder, when an individual experiences panic like symptoms or limited symptom attacks
Agoraphobia
A manifestation of aphasia characterized by loss or impairment of the ability to use speech that conforms to grammatical rules, such as those governing word order, verb tense, and subject verb agreement
Agrammatism
A decline in the number of certain white blood cells (neutrophils), typically as a result of an immune reaction to a drug or other chemical or the toxic effect of this substance on the bone madras, causing production of white blood cells to fall
- The condition results in suppression of the immune response, rendering individuals vulnerable to opportunistic infections
Agranulocytosis
Loss or impairment of the ability to write as a result of neurological damage or disorder
- The specific forms of writing difficulties vary considerably, but may include problems with such things as spelling irregular or ambiguous words, writing numbers or particular letters, or performing the motor movements needed for handwriting
Agraphia
The emotional reaction that typically occurs at a moment of sudden insight into a problem or other puzzling issue
- For example, in psychotherapy it is a client’s sudden insight into his or her motives for cognitions, affects, or behaviors
Aha Experience
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome: a clinical condition in which the immune system is so severely damaged from infection with human immunodeficiency virus as to result in certain serious opportunistic infections and diseases
AIDS
The property of a behavior, behavior pattern, situation, or other stimulus that might lead to interpretation in more than one way
Ambiguity
The degree to which one is able to accept, and to function without distress or disorientation in, situations having conflicting or multiple interpretations or outcomes
Ambiguity Tolerance
A visual stimulus that can be interpreted in more than one way, such as an embedded figure or a reversible figure
- A well known example is the young girl
- old woman image, in which the block and white drawing sometimes appears to be of a young girl and sometimes of an old lady
- This phenomenon is not restricted to the visual: it can be one of any sensory modality that can have multiple interpretations
Ambiguous Figure
The simultaneous existence of contradictory feelings and attitudes, such as friendliness and hostility, toward the same person, object, event, or situation
- Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler (1857 - 1939), who was the first to use this term in a psychological sense, regarded extreme versions as a major symptom of schizophrenia
Ambivalence
Poor vision caused by abnormal visual experience in early life and not any physical defect of the eye
- Common predisposing conditions include misalignment of the eyes (strabismus) and differing refractive powers of the eyes (anisometropia)
Amblyopia
The absence of menstruation
- When menstruation fails to begin after puberty, the condition is called primary type
-If menstrual periods stop, in the absence of pregnancy or menopause, after starting, the condition is known as secondary
Amenorrhea
A national medical and professional organization whose physician members specialize in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders
- Founded in 1844, its objectives include the improvement of care for people with mental illnesses, the promotion of research and professional education in psychiatry, and the dissemination of psychological knowledge through nationwide public information education and awareness programs and materials
- It’s extensive publications include the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the most widely used reference for diagnosis
American Psychiatric Association
A scientific and professional organization found in 1892 that represents psychology in the United States and is the largest association of psychologists worldwide
- It’s mission is to advance psychology as a science, as a profession, and as a means of promoting health and human welfare
- Among its specific goals are the promotion of psychological research and improvement of research methods and conditions, the establishment and maintenance of high standards of professional ethics and conduct of its members, and the increase and diffusion of psychological knowledge through a variety of means, including scholarly journals, the APA Publication Manual, books, videotapes, and electronic databases
American Psychological Association
An irregularly shaped but apparently rectangular room in which cues for depth perception are used experimentally to distort the viewer’s perception of the relative size of objects within the room [ Adelbert Ames, Jr. (1880 - 1955), U.S. Psychologist, inventor, and artist]
Ames Room
An organic compound that contains an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) 20 of which are constituents of proteins; 9 of these are essential, that is they cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from foods
- others are neurotransmitters or precursors to neurotransmitters
Amino Acid
Partial or complete loss of memory
- Either temporary or permanent, it may be due to physiological factors such as injury, disease, or substance use, or to psychological factors such as traumatic experience
- A disturbance in memory marked by inability to learn new information is called anterograde and one marked by inability to recall previously learned information or past events is called retrograde
- When severe enough to interfere with social or occupational functioning or to represent a significant decline from a previous level of functioning, the memory loss is known as amnesic disorder
Amnesia
A method of examining fetal chromosomes for any abnormalities or for determination of sex
- A hollow needle is inserted through the mother’s abdominal wall into the uterus, enabling the collection of amniotic fluid, which contains fetal cells
Amniocentesis
A culture bound syndrome observed among males in Malaysia, the Philippines, and other parts of Southeast Asia
- The individual experiences a period of social withdrawal and apathy, followed by a violent, unprovoked attack on nearby individuals
- If not overpowered or killed, the affected male eventually collapses from exhaustion and afterward has no memory of the event
Amok
A group of drugs that stimulate the reticular formation and cause a release of stored dopamine and norepinephrine
- The effect is a prolonged state of arousal and relief from feelings of fatigue
- Introduced in 1932, these are prone to abuse and dependence and tolerance develops progressively with continued use
- Although widely used in the past for weight loss, relief of depression and other indications, modern use of this drug is more circumscribed because of their adverse effects
- They are now used mainly to manage symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and to treat certain cases of severe depression and narcolepsy
Amphetamines
Magnitude of extent (eg, of a stimulus) or peak value (eg, of a sinusoid wave)
Amplitude
An almond shaped structure in the temporal lobe that is a component of the limbic system and considered part of the basal ganglia
- It comprises two main groups of nuclei - the corticomedial group and the basolateral group - and through widespread connections with other brain areas has numerous viscerosensory and autonomic functions as well as an important role in memory emotion, perception of threat, and fear of learning
Amygdala
A chemically diverse protein that accumulates abnormally between neural and other bodily cells, negatively affecting their functioning
- There are various types, each associated with different pathological conditions
- For example, betas have received considerable attention for its detrimental influence upon memory and cognition in Alzheimer’s disease
Amyloid
Dependent depression: intense sadness and dysphoria stemming from early disruptions in caring relationships such as deprivation, inconsistency, or overindulgence that lead to an indefinite fear of loss of love, abandonment, and impoverishment
- The individual expresses a child like dependency; has little capacity for frustration; and desires to soothed directly and immediately
Anaclitic Depression
Strength based physical activity, such as weight training and sprinting, that occurs in short, intense bursts with limited oxygen intake
- The threshold is the point at which energy use of the body is so great as to require the muscles to begin producing energy in the absence of adequate oxygen
Anaerobic Exercise
In psychoanalytic theory, the second stage of psychosexual development, typically occurring during the second year of life, in which the child’s interest and sexual pleasure are focused on the expulsion and retention of feces and the sadistic instinct is linked to the desire to both possess and destroy the object
Anal Stage
Absence of or reduction in the sensation of pain
- Drugs and other substances that alleviate pain are called analgesics
- The former usually are classified as opioids (narcotic) or non opioid (non narcotic), depending on their chemical composition and potential for physical dependence
Analgesia
A test of the participant’s ability to comprehend the relationship between two items and then extend that relationship to a different situation: for example, paintbrush is to paint as pen is to -
Analogies Test
A research in design in which the procedures or participants used are similar but not identical to the situation of interest
- For example, if researchers are interested in the effects of therapist’s gender on client perceptions of therapist trustworthiness, they may use undergraduate students who are not clients and provide simulated counseling dialogues that are typed and identified as offered by a male or female therapist
- The results of such studies are assumed to offer a high degree of experimental control and to generalize to actual clinical practice
Analogue Study
- In biology, a similarity of function in bodily structures with different evolutionary origins
- For example, the hand of a human and the trunk of an elephant are similar in that both are used for manipulating objects - A method of argument that relies on an influence that a similarity between two or more entities in some attributes justifies a probable assumption that they will be similar in other attributes
Analogy
In psychoanalysis, a patient who is undergoing analysis
Analysand
Any theory of information processing stating that both data driven processes and conceptually driven processes interact in the recognition and interpretation of sensory input
- According to such theories, which are associated particularly with speech perception and language processing, the person analyzes the original physical stimulus input, hypothesizes what it is based on experience or learning, determines what the input would be like if the hypothesis were correct, and then assesses whether the input is actually like that
Analysis by Synthesis
An extension of the analysis of variance that adjusts the dependent variable for the influence of a correlated variable (covariate) that is not being investigated but may influence the study results
- This is appropriate in two types of cases:
A) When experimental are suspected to differ on a background correlated variable in addition to the experimental treatment
B) Where adjustment on a covariate can increase the precision of the experiment
Analysis of Covariance
Any of several statistical procedures that isolate the joint and separate effects of independent variables upon a dependent variable and test them for statistical significance (ie, to determine whether they are greater than they would be if obtained by chance alone)
Analysis of Variance
Generally one who practices psychoanalysis
- This is usually a psychoanalyst in the tradition of Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud (1856 -1939); however, the term is also applied to therapists adhering to the methods of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung (1875 -1961) or Austrian psychiatrist Alfred Adler (1870 -1936)
Analyst
The system of psychoanalysis proposed by Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung (1875 -1961), in which the psyche is interpreted primarily in terms of philosophical values, primordial images and symbols, and a drive for self fulfillment
- Jung’s basic concepts are:
A) The ego, which maintains a balance between conscious and unconscious activities and gradually develops a unique self through individuation
B) The personal unconscious, made up of memories, thoughts and feelings based on personal experience
C) The collective unconscious, made up of ancestral images or archetypes, that constitute the inherited foundation of an individual’s intellectual life and personality
D) Dynamic polarities, or tension systems, which derive their psychic energy from the libido and influence the expression and development of the ego
Analytic Psychology
In the triarchic theory of intelligence, the skills measured by conventional tests of intelligence, such as analysis, comparison, evaluation, critique and judgement
Analytical Intelligence
