H

Question 1

The process of enhancing the independence, wellbeing, and level of functioning of an individual with a disability or disorder by providing appropriate resources, such as treatment or training, to enable that person to develop skills and abilities he or she had not had the opportunity to acquire previously

Answer 1

Habilitation

Question 2

A well learned behavior that is relatively situation specific and over time has become motorically reflexive and independent of motivational or cognitive influence, that is, it is performed with little or no conscious intent

Answer 2

Habit

Question 3

1. The weakening of a response to a stimulus, or the diminished effectiveness of a stimulus, following repeated exposure to the stimulus
2. The process of becoming psychologically dependent on the use of a particular drug, such as cocaine, but without the increasing tolerance and physiological dependence that are characteristic of addiction

Answer 3

Habituation

Question 4

1. Any of the sensory receptors for nearing, located in the organ of corti within the cochlea of the inner ear
   - They respond to vibrations of the basilar membrane via movement of fine hairlike processes (stereocilia) that protrude from the cells
2. Any of the sensory receptors for balance, similar in structure to the cochlear hair cells
   - They are located in the inner ear within the ampullae of the semicircular canals (forming part of the crista) and within the saccule and utricle (forming part of the macula)

Answer 4

Hair Cell

Question 5

(Symbol: t1/2)
- In pharmacokinetics, the time necessary for the concentration in the blood of an administered drug to fall by 50%
- Clinically, this varies among individuals as a result of age, disease states, or concurrent administration of other drugs

Answer 5

Half Life

Question 6

A transitional living arrangement for people, such as individuals recovering from alcohol or substance abuse, who have completed treatment at a hospital or rehabilitation center but still require support to assist them in restructuring their lives

Answer 6

Halfway House

Question 7

A false sensory perception that has a compelling sense of reality despite the absence of an external stimulus
- It may affect any of the senses, but auditory type and visual type are most common
- This is typically a symptom of a psychotic disorder, particularly schizophrenia, but also may result from substance use, neurological abnormalities, and other conditions
- It is important to distinguish these from illusions, which are misinterpretations of real sensory stimuli

Answer 7

Hallucination

Question 8

A substance capable of producing a sensory effect (visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, or tactile) in the absence of an actual stimulus
- Because they produce alterations in perception, cognition, and mood, these are also called psychedelic drugs (from the Greek, meaning “mind manifesting”)

Answer 8

Hallucinogen

Question 9

A pathological conditioned characterized by prominent and persistent hallucinations without alterations of consciousness, particularly when due to the direct physiological effects of a substance or associated with neurological factors

Answer 9

Hallucinosis

Question 10

The tendency for a general evaluation of a person, or an evaluation of a person on a specific dimension, to be used as a basis for judgements of that person on other specific dimensions
- For example, a person who is generally liked might be judged as more intelligent, competent, and honest than a person who is generally disliked

Answer 10

Halo Effect

Question 11

The consistent use of one hand rather than the other in performing certain tasks

Answer 11

Handedness

Question 12

Any disadvantage or characteristic that limits or prevents a person from performing various physical, cognitive, or social tasks or from fulfilling particular roles within society
- For example, a nonaccessible building entry or exit for a person in a wheelchair would be considered a handicap, as would the person’s inability to walk
- The term generally is pejorative nowadays and its use was fallen into disfavor

Answer 12

Handicap

Question 13

Describing a nucleus, cell, or organism that possesses only one representative of each chromosome, as in a sperm or egg cell
- In most organisms, including humans, fusion of these sex cells following fertilization restores the normal diploid condition of body cells, in which the chromosomes occur in pairs
- Hence for humans, this number is 23 chromosomes, that is, half the full complement of 46 chromosomes

Answer 13

Haploid

Question 14

An emotion of joy, gladness, satisfaction, and wellbeing

Answer 14

Happiness

Question 15

Relating to the sense of touch or contact and the cutaneous sensory system in general
- It typically refers to active touch, in which the individual intentionally seeks sensory stimulation, moving the limbs to gain information about an object or surface

Answer 15

Haptic

Question 16

The doctrine that human actions and choices are causally determined by forces and influences over which a person exercises no meaningful influence
- The term can also be applied to nonhuman events, implying that all things must be as they are and could not possibly be otherwise

Answer 16

Hard Determinism

Question 17

An ability to adapt easily to unexpected changes combined with a sense of purpose in daily life and of personal control over what occurs in one’s life
- This dampens the effects of a stressful situation through information gathering, decisive actions, and learning from the experience

Answer 17

Hardiness

Question 18

A measure of central tendency
- It is computed for n scores as n/£(1/Xi), that is, n divided by 1/X1 + 1/X2 + …1/Xn

Answer 18

Harmonic Mean

Question 19

A theoretical approach in programs designed to reduce the adverse effects of risky behaviors (eg; alcohol use, drug use, indiscriminate sexual activity), rather than to eliminate the behaviors altogether
- Programs focused on alcohol use, for example, do not advocate abstinence but attempt instead to teach people to anticipate the hazards of heavy drinking and learn to drink safely

Answer 19

Harm Reduction

Question 20

The most potent cannabis preparation
- It contains the highest concentration of delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) because it consists largely of pure resin from one of the species of the cannabis plant from which it is derived

Answer 20

Hashish

Question 21

The effect on the behavior of individuals of knowing that they are being observed or are taking part in research
- This is typically positive and is named after the Western Electric Company’s Hawthorne Works plant in Cicero, Illinois, where the phenomenon was first observed during a series of studies on worker productivity conducted from 1924 to 1932
- These Hawthorne studies began as an investigation of the effects of illumination conditions, monetary incentives, and rest breaks on productivity, but evolved into a much wider consideration of the role of worker attitudes, supervisory style, and group dynamics

Answer 21

Hawthorne Effect

Question 22

A model that identifies the relationships of the following to the likelihood of taking preventative health action: (a) individual perceptions about susceptibility to and seriousness of a disease, (b) sociodemographic variables, (c) environmental cues, and (d) perceptions of the benefits and costs

Answer 22

Health Belief Model

Question 23

The subfield of psychology that focuses on (a) the examination of the relations between behavioral, cognitive, psychophysiological, and social and environmental factors and the establishment, maintenance, and detriment of health; (b) the integration of psychological and biological research findings in the design of empirically based interventions for the prevention and treatment of illness; and (c) the evaluation of physical and psychological status before, during, and after medical and psychological treatment

Answer 23

Health Psychology

Question 24

The inability to hear a normal range of tone frequencies, a normally perceived level of sound intensity, or both

Answer 24

Hearing Loss

Question 25

A junction between neurons that is strengthened when activity in the axon of the presynaptic (transmitting) neuron results in simultaneous activity in the postsynaptic (recieving) neuron
[Donald O. Hebb (1904 - 1985), Canadian psychologist]

Answer 25

Hebbian Synapse

Question 26

The branch of psychology concerned with the study of pleasant and unpleasant sensations and thoughts, especially in terms of their role in human motivation

Answer 26

Hedonics

Question 27

1. In philosophy, the doctrine that pleasure is an intrinsic good and the proper goal of all human action
   - One of the fundamental questions of ethics has been whether pleasure can or should be equated with the good in this way
   - In psychology, any theory that suggests that pleasure and the avoidance of pain are the only or the major motivating forces in human behavior
   - This is a foundational principle in psychoanalysis, in behaviorism, and even in theories that stress self actualization and need fulfillment behavior that involves one or more individuals acting to improve the status or wellbeing of another or others
   - Although typically in response to a small request that involves little individual risk, all helping incurs some cost to the individual providing it

Answer 27

Hedonism

Question 28

The theory that learned helplessness explains the development of or vulnerability to depression
- According to this theory, people repeatedly exposed to stressful situations beyond their control develop an inability to make decisions or engage effectively in purposeful behavior

Answer 28

Helplessness Theory

Question 29

Loss of vision in half of the visual field

Answer 29

Hemianopia

Question 30

Complete paralysis that affects one side of the body

Answer 30

Hemiplegia

Question 31

Either of the symmetrical halves of the cerebrum or the cerebellum

Answer 31

Hemisphere

Question 32

Surgical removal of either one of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain

Answer 32

Hemispherectomy

Question 33

The idea that the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain are not identical but differ in size, shape, and function
- The functions that display the most pronounced asymmetry are language processing in the left hemisphere and visuospatial processing in the right hemisphere

Answer 33

Hemispheric Asymmetry

Question 34

The processes whereby some functions, such as handedness or language, are controlled or influenced more by one cerebral hemisphere than the other and each hemisphere is specialized for particular ways of working, managing information in a unique fashion and, in some cases, being structurally asymmetrical
- Researchers now prefer to speak of this for particular functions, rather than hemispheric or lateral dominance

Answer 34

Hemispheric Laterialization

Question 35

Bleeding; any loss of blood from an artery or vein
- This may be external, internal, or within a tissue, such as the skin

Answer 35

Hemorrhage

Question 36

The view that genetic inheritance is the major influence on behavior
- Opposed to this view is the belief that environment and learning account for the major differences between people
- The question of heredity versus environment or “nature versus nurture” continues to be controversial, especially as it applies to human intelligence

Answer 36

Hereditarianism

Question 37

The transmission of traits from parents to their offspring
- study of the mechanisms and laws of this is the basis of the science of genetics
- This depends upon the character of the genes contained in the parents’ chromosomes, which in turn depends on the particular genetic code carried by the DNA of which the chromosomes are composed

Answer 37

Heredity

Question 38

A theory of color vision postulating that there are three sets of receptors, one of which is sensitive to white and black, another to red and green, and the third to yellow and blue
- The breaking down (catabolism) of these substances is supposed to yield one member of these pairs (white, red, or yellow), while the building up (anabolism) of the same substances yields the other (black, green, or blue) [Proposed in 1875 by German physiologist and psychologist Ewald Hering (1834 - 1918)]

Answer 38

Hering Theory of Color Vision

Question 39

An estimate of the contribution of inheritance to a given trait or function
- These can range from 0, indicating no contribution of these factors, to 1, indicating total contribution of these factors
- The heritability of intelligence is believed to be roughly .5, for example
- This is not the same as genetic contribution, because this is sensitive only to sources of individual differences
- Moreover, a trait can be heritable and yet modifiable

Answer 39

Heritability

Question 40

Any traditions or other inmaterial attributes passed from preceding to successive generations
- This may be cultural, encompassing the customs, language, values, and skills that help to maintain a particular group’s sense of identity, or social, encompassing learned interpersonal behaviors (eg; shaking hands when greeting others, giving gifts on particular occasions)

Answer 40

Heritage

Question 41

The condition of possessing both male and female sex organs (in humans, for example, possessing both ovarian and testicular tissue)
- It is very rare and should not be confused with the more common pseudohermaphroditism, in which the gonads are of one sex but the external genitalia are either ambiguous or of the opposite sex

Answer 41

Hermaphroditism

Question 42

The theory or science of interpretation
- This is concerned with the ways in which humans derive meaning from language or other symbolic expression
- Two main strains of this thought have developed
- In the first, a key concept is the need to gain insight into the mind of the person or people whose expression is the subject of interpretation
- In the second, more radical, strain of hermeneutics, the project of interpretation was expanded to include the human being itself
- This suggests that all human behavior can be understood as meaningful expression, much as one would understand a written text
- This move has given rise to a broad movement within philosophy, psychology, and literary criticism in which richness of interpretation is considered more valuable than consistent methodology or arriving at the “correct” interpretation
- This type has informed other contemporary movements, notably existentialism, postmodernism, and poststructuralism

Answer 42

Hermeneutics

Question 43

A highly addictive opioid that is synthetic analog of morphine and three times more potent
- Its rapid onset of action leads to an intense initial high, followed by a period of euphoria and a sense of well being

Answer 43

Heroin

Question 44

(Symbol: Hz)
The unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second [Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857 - 1894), German physicist]

Answer 44

Hertz

Question 45

One of several transverse ridges on the upper side of the temporal lobe of the brain that are associated with the sense of hearing [Richard Heschl (1824 - 1881), Austrian pathologist who first traced the auditory pathways of humans to this convolution]

Answer 45

Heschl’s Gyrus

Question 46

The situation in which populations or cells in a experimental design have unequal variances

Answer 46

Heterogeneity of Variance

Question 47

Composed of diverse elements

Answer 47

Heterogenous

Question 48

In the theory of moral development expounded by Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (1896 - 1980), the stage at which the child, approximately 6 to 10 years of age, equates morality with the rules and principles of his or her parents and other authority figures
- That is, the child evaluates the rightness or wrongness of an act only in terms of adult sanctions for or against it and of the consequences or possible punishment it may bring

Answer 48

Heteronomous Stage

Question 49

Any tendency for individuals who differ from one another in some way to make social connections
- It is less common than homophily

Answer 49

Heterophily

Question 50

The situation in which Var(Y|X) is not the same for all values of X, that is, the variance in Y is a function of the variable X

Answer 50

Heteroscedasticity

Question 51

Sexual attraction to or activity between members of the opposite sex

Answer 51

Heterosexuality

Question 52

A strategy for solving a problem or making a decision that provides an efficient means of finding an answer but cannot guarantee a correct outcome
- By contrast, an algorithm guarantees a solution to a problem (if there is one) but may be much less efficient

Answer 52

Heuristic

Question 53

A theory of persuasion postulating that the validity of a persuasive message can be assessed in two different ways
- Systematic processing involves the careful scrutiny of the merits of attitude relevant information in the message
- Heuristic processing involves the use of a subset of information in the message as a basis for implementing a simple decision rule to determine if the message should be accepted (eg; judging a message to be valid because its source is highly credible)

Answer 53

Heuristic Systematic Model

Question 54

The phenomenon whereby highly hypnotizable people who are asked to block certain stimuli (eg; pain) can sometimes register the blocked pain or other sensation via hand signals, as if a dissociated observer is simultaneously taking part in events that are disavowed by the dominant observer
- Such individuals can later recall auditory, visual, or tactile stimuli to which they appeared oblivious at the time

Answer 54

Hidden Observer

Question 55

A clear ordering of phenomena on some dimension, such as a dominance hierarchy

Answer 55

Hierarchy

Question 56

Any of the more complex types of cognition, such as thinking, judgement, imagination, memory, and language

Answer 56

Higher Mental Process

Question 57

In Pavlovian conditioning, a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus of one experiment acts as the unconditioned stimulus of another, for the purpose of conditioning a neutral stimulus
- For example, after pairing a tone with food, and establishing the tone as a conditioned stimulus that elicits salivation, a light could be paired with the tone
- If the light alone comes to elicit salivation, then this has occurred

Answer 57

Higher Order Conditioning

Question 58

In the analysis of variance, the joint effect of three or more independent variables on the dependent variable

Answer 58

Higher Order Interaction

Question 59

Significantly heightened vulnerability to a disorder or disease
- An individual’s risk status is influenced by genetic, physical, and behavioral factors or conditions
- For example, children of a parent with bipolar disorder have a much greater risk of developing the disorder than other children, and individuals who engage in unprotected sex are at high risk of contracting HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases

Answer 59

High Risk

Question 60

The posterior of three bulges that appear in the embryonic brain as it develops from the neural tube
- The bulge eventually becomes the medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebellum

Answer 60

Hindbrain

Question 61

The tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate the extent to which the outcome could have been foreseen

Answer 61

Hindsight Bias

Question 62

Either of the scores in a batch of data that divide the lower 25% of cases (the lower hinge) and the upper 25% of cases (the upper hinge) from the remainder of the cases

Answer 62

Hinge

Question 63

A seahorse shaped part of the forebrain, in the basal medial region of the temporal lobe, that is important for declarative memory and learning

Answer 63

Hippocampus

Question 64

A graphical depiction of continuous data using bars of varying height, similar to a bar graph but with blocks on the x axis adjoining one another so as to denote their continuous nature
- For example, to show the average credit card debt of individuals by age, bars along the x axis would represent age and would be connected to one another, while the heights of the bars would represent the dollar amount of debt

Answer 64

Histogram

Question 65

The scientific study of the structure and function of tissues

Answer 65

Histology

Question 66

A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of long term (rather than episodic) self dramatization in which individuals draw attention to themselves, crave activity and excitement, overreact to minor events, experience angry outbursts, and are prone to manipulative suicide threats and gestures

Answer 66

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Question 67

Human immunodeficiency virus: a parasitic agent in blood, semen, and vaginal fluid that destroys a class of lymphocytes with a crucial role in the immune response
- This infection can occur by various routes - unprotected sexual intercourse, administration of contaminated blood products, sharing of contaminated needles and syringes by intravenous drug users, or transmission from an infected mother to her child in utero or through breast feeding - and is characterized by a gradual deterioration of immune function that can progress to AIDS

Answer 67

HIV

Question 68

Health maintenance organization: a health plan that offers a range of services through a specified network of health professionals and facilities to subscribing members for a fixed fee
- Members select a primary care provider who coordinates all care and is required to use approved providers for all services
- This is then reimbursed through fixed, periodic prepayments (capitated rates) by, or on behalf of, each member for a specified period of time

Answer 68

HMO

Question 69

Any approach or theory holding that a system or organism is a coherent, unified whole that cannot be fully explained in terms of individual parts or characteristics
- The system or organism may have properties, as a complete entity or phenomenon, in addition to those of its parts
-Thus, an analysis or understanding of the parts does not provide an understanding of the whole

Answer 69

Holism

Question 70

One of the single word utterances characteristic of children in the early stages of language acquisition, such as dada or yes
- These are considered to involve a speech act going beyond the literal meaning of the single word so that, for example, biscuit means I want a biscuit now

Answer 70

Holophrase

Question 71

The regulation by an organism of all aspects of its internal environment, including body temperature, salt water balance, acid base balance, and blood sugar level
- This involves monitoring changes in the external and internal environments by means of receptors and adjusting bodily processes accordingly

Answer 71

Homeostasis

Question 72

In social psychology, a model that assumes that all people are motivated by the homeostatic principle, that is, the need to maintain or restore their optimal level of environmental, interpersonal, and psychological stimulation
- According to this theory, insufficient or excessive stimulation causes tension and often prompts the behavior required to achieve optimal stimulation levels

Answer 72

Homeostatic Model

Question 73

The entire space through which an animal moves during its normal activities
- The part of this in which the greatest activity occurs is known as the core area

Answer 73

Home Range

Question 74

The ability of organisms to return to an original home after traveling or being transported to a point that is a considerable distance from the home and that lacks most visual clues as to its location

Answer 74

Homing

Question 75

The condition in which multiple populations, or cells in an experimental design, have the same variance: a basic assumption of many statistical procedures

Answer 75

Homogeneity of Variance

Question 76

Having the same, or relatively similar, composition throughout

Answer 76

Homogeneous

Question 77

Exhibiting resemblance in terms of structure, location, or origin
- For example, diploid organisms, such as humans, possess these pairs of chromosomes in the nuclei of their body cells

Answer 77

Homologous

Question 78

The tendency for individuals who are socially connected in some way to display certain affinities, such as similarities in demographic background, attitudes, values, and so on

Answer 78

Homophily

Question 79

Dread or fear of gay men and lesbians

Answer 79

Homophobia

Question 80

The situation in which Var(Y|X) = Var(Y), that is, the variance of variable Y is unrelated to the value of another variable X
- This is a basic assumption in some forms of regression analysis

Answer 80

Homoscedasticity

Question 81

Sexual attraction or activity between members of the same sex
- Although the term can refer to such sexual orientation in both men and women, current practice distinguishes between gay men and lesbians, and this itself is now commonly referred to as same sex sexual orientation or activity

Answer 81

Homosexuality

Question 82

1. A putative process or entity in the mind or the nervous system whose operations are invoked to explain some aspect of human behavior or experience
   - The problem with such theories is that the behavior or experience of this usually requires explanation in exactly the same way as that of the person as a whole
   - As a result, these theories tend to end in circular reasoning or to involve an infinite regression of homunculi
   - For example, to explain its theory that certain ideas are kept from conscious awareness because they are threatening to the person, psychoanalysis must posit some specialized part of the person that is aware of the ideas, and knows that they are threatening
2. In neuroanatomy, a figurative representation, in distorted human form, of the relative sizes of motor and sensory areas in the brain that correspond to particular parts of the body
   - For example, the brain area devoted to the tongue is much larger then the area for the forearm, so this has a correspondingly larger tongue

Answer 82

Homunculus

Question 83

The feeling that one will not experience positive emotions or an improvement in one’s condition
- This is common in depressive disorders and is often implicated in attempted and completed suicides

Answer 83

Hopelessness

Question 84

In Piagetian theory, the invariant order in which accomplishments occur within a particular stage of development
- For example, an understanding of conservation of quantity is always achieved before understanding conservation of weight

Answer 84

Horizontal Décalage

Question 85

An imaginary flat surface that divides the body or brain into upper and lower parts

Answer 85

Horizontal Plane

Question 86

The misperception that vertical lines are longer than horizontal lines when both are actually the same length
- The vertical element of an upper case letter T, for example, looks longer than the cross bar, even when the lengths are identical

Answer 86

Horizontal Vertical Illusion

Question 87

A substance secreted into the bloodstream by an endocrine gland or other tissue or organ to regulate processes in distant target organs and tissues

Answer 87

Hormone

Question 88

The administration of female sex hormones, typically estrogen and progesterone, to postmenopausal women to relieve menopausal symptoms
- Long term use, however, may increase the risk of breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and other conditions associated with the aging process

Answer 88

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

Question 89

The location in space occupied by points that fall on corresponding locations on the two retinas

Answer 89

Horopter

Question 90

A place or form of care for terminally ill individuals, often those with life expectancies of less than a year as determined by medical personnel
- Instead of curing disease and prolonging life, the emphases of this concept are patient comfort, psychological wellbeing, and pain management

Answer 90

Hospice

Question 91

The overt expression of intense animosity or antagonism in action, feeling, or attitude

Answer 91

Hostility

Question 92

The subjective quality of color, which is determined primarily by wavelength and secondarily by amplitude

Answer 92

Hue

Question 93

The design of environments and equipment that promote optimum use of human capabilities and optimum safety, efficiency, and comfort

Answer 93

Human Engineering

Question 94

1. In ergonomics, the impact of human beings, with their characteristic needs, abilities, and limitations, on system function and the considerations to be made when designing, evaluating, or optimizing systems for human use, especially with regard to safety, efficiency, and comfort
2. The field of ergonomics itself

Answer 94

Human Factors

Question 95

A branch of psychology that studies the role of human factors in operating systems, with the aim of redesigning environments, equipments, and processes to fit human abilities and characteristics

Answer 95

Human Factors Psychology

Question 96

An international project to map each human gene and determine the complete sequence of base pairs in human DNA
- The project began in 1990 and was completed in 2003
- It has yielded vast amounts of valuable information about the genes responsible for various diseases

Answer 96

Human Genome Project

Question 97

A perspective that begins with a presumption of the inherent dignity and worth of humankind and focuses attention on the study and representation of human beings and human experiences
- This position is in opposition to religious belief or other forms of supernaturalism
- Within psychology, this term is often applied to any perspective that seeks to uphold human values and to resist the reduction of human beings and behaviors to merely natural objects and events
- In this spirit, humanistic psychologies, particularly those in the tradition of U.S. Psychologists Carl Rogers (1902 - 1987) and Abraham Maslow (1908 - 1970), have resisted not only natural scientific psychology, but also theories that emphasize the negative and pathological aspects of human nature

Answer 97

Humanism

Question 98

The assumption in psychology that people are essentially good and constructive, that the tendency toward self actualization is inherent, and that, given the proper environment, human beings will develop to their maximum potential
- This arose from the contributions of U.S. Psychologists Gordon Allport (1897 - 1967), Abraham Maslow (1908 - 1970), and Carl Rogers (1902 - 1987), who advocated a personality theory based on the study of healthy individuals as opposed to people with mental disorders

Answer 98

Humanistic Perspective

Question 99

An approach to psychology that flourished particularly in academia between the 1940s and the early 1970s and that is most visible today as a family of widely used approaches to psychotherapy and counseling
- It derives largely from ideas associated with existentialism and phenomenology and focuses on individuals’ capacity to make their own choices, create their own choices, create their own style of life, and actualize themselves in their own way
- Its approach is holistic, and its emphasis is on the development of human potential through experiential means rather than analysis of the unconscious or behavior modification
- Leading figures associated with this approach include U.S. Psychologists Abraham Maslow (1908 - 1970), Carl Rogers (1902 - 1987), and Rollo May (1909 - 1994)

Answer 99

Humanistic Psychology

Question 100

Any of a variety of psychotherapeutic approaches that seek to foster personal growth through direct experience and focus on the development of human potential, the here and now, concrete personality change, responsibility for oneself, and trust in natural processes and spontaneous feeling
- Some examples of this are client centered therapy, gestalt therapy, and existential psychotherapy

Answer 100

Humanistic Therapy

Question 101

A feeling of shame due to being disgraced or deprecated

Answer 101

Humiliation

Question 102

1. The capacity to perceive or express the amusing aspects of a situation
   - There is little agreement about the essence of this and the reasons one laughs or smiles at jokes or anecdotes
   - For example, some have claimed that individuals laugh at people and situations that make them feel superior, some have emphasized surprise and anticlimax, and still others have seen this as “playful pain,” a way of taking serious things lightly and thereby triumphing over them
2. The semifluid substance that occupies the spaces in the eyeball
3. Anciently, one of four bodily fluids (blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm) that were thought to be responsible for a person’s physical and psychological characteristics

Answer 102

Humor

Question 103

A progressive hereditary disease associated with degeneration of nerve cells in the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex
- It is characterized by abnormalities of gait and posture, motor incoordination, and involuntary jerking motions (chorea) as well as dementia, mood disturbances, and personality and behavioral changes
- The age of onset is usually between 30 and 50, but there is a juvenile form of the disease in which symptoms first appear before the age of 20 [George Huntington (1850 - 1916), U.S. Physician]

Answer 103

Huntington’s Disease (HD)

Question 104

A condition caused by excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain, resulting in raised pressure within the skull, with such symptoms as headache, vomiting, poor coordination, lethargy, drowsiness, or irritability or other changes in personality or cognition

Answer 104

Hydrocephalus

Question 105

A persistent and irrational fear of water, resulting in avoidance of activities involving water, such as swimming, drinking, or washing one’s hands

Answer 105

Hydrophobia

Question 106

The therapeutic use of water to promote recovery from disease or injury
- This includes such treatments as baths, streams of water (douches), and aquatic sports or exercise

Answer 106

Hydrotherapy

Question 107

In the two factor theory of work motivation, certain aspects of the working situation that can produce discontent if they are poor or lacking but that cannot by themselves motivate employees to improve their job performance
- These include pay, relations with peers and supervisors, working conditions, and benefits

Answer 107

Hygiene Factors

Question 108

Spontaneous, excessive motor or other activity

Answer 108

Hyperactivity

Question 109

An abnormal sensitivity to pain

Answer 109

Hyperalgesia

Question 110

A neuron in the visual cortex for which the optimal stimulus is a moving line of specific length or a moving corner

Answer 110

Hypercomplex Cell

Question 111

1. Excessive involuntary movement
2. Restlessness or hyperactivity

Answer 111

Hyperkinesis

Question 112

The development of extremely good reading skills at a very early age, well ahead of word comprehension or cognitive ability
- Children with this often start to recognize words without instruction and before any expressive language develops

Answer 112

Hyperlexia

Question 113

An extreme degree of retentiveness and recall, with unusual clarity of memory images

Answer 113

Hypermnesia

Question 114

Farsightedness
- This is a refractive error due to an abnormally short eyeball, in which the image of close objects is blurred because the focal point of one or both eyes lies behind, rather than on, the retina

Answer 114

Hyperopia

Question 115

Pathological overeating, particularly when due to a metabolic disorder or to a brain lesion

Answer 115

Hyperphagia

Question 116

An increase in the electric potential across the plasma membrane of a cell, especially a neuron, such that the inner surface of the membrane becomes more negative in relation to the outer surface
- It occurs during the final portion of an action potential or in response to inhibitory neural messages

Answer 116

Hyperpolarization

Question 117

Excessive sleepiness during daytime hours or abnormally prolonged episodes of nighttime sleep
- This can be a feature of certain disorders, or it can be associated with neurological dysfunction or damage, with a general medical condition, or with substance use

Answer 117

Hypersomnia

Question 118

High blood pressure: a circulatory disorder characterized by persistent arterial blood pressure that exceeds readings higher than an arbitrary standard, which usually is 140/90

Answer 118

Hypertension

Question 119

Overactivity of the thyroid gland, resulting in excessive production of thyroid hormones and a consequent increase in metabolic rate
- Manifestations include nervousness, excessive activity, and weight loss and other physical problems

Answer 119

Hyperthyroidism

Question 120

Abnormally rapid and deep breathing, usually due to anxiety or emotional stress
- This lowers the carbon dioxide level of the blood and produces such symptoms as light headedness and numbness and tingling in the extremities

Answer 120

Hyperventilation

Question 121

Severely diminished sensitivity in any of the senses, especially the touch sense

Answer 121

Hypesthesia

Question 122

Describing or relating to a state of drowsiness or light sleep that occurs just before falling fully asleep

Answer 122

Hypnagogic

Question 123

1. Sleep producing
2. Hypnosis inducing

Answer 123

Hypnogenic

Question 124

The procedure, or the state induced by that procedure, whereby a hypnotist suggests that a subject experience various changes in sensation, perception, cognition, emotion, or control over motor behavior
- Subjects appear to be receptive, to varying degrees, to suggestions to act, feel, and behave differently than in a normal waking state
- As a specifically psychotherapeutic intervention, this is referred to as hypnotherapy

Answer 124

Hypnosis

Question 125

The use of hypnosis in psychological treatment, either for alleviation of symptoms and modification of behavior patterns or for more long term personality adaptation or change
- This may use one or a combination of techniques, typically involving the administration by a properly trained professional of therapeutic suggestions to patients or clients
- Although discussions of its clinical applications engender controversy, there has been scientific evidence that this can be applied with some success to a wide range of clinical problems (eg; hypertension, asthma, insomnia); chronic and acute pain management; habit modification (eg; smoking); mood and anxiety disorders (eg; some phobias); and personality disorders

Answer 125

Hypnotherapy

Question 126

1. A drug that helps induce and sustain sleep by increasing drowsiness and reducing motor activity
   - In general, these differ from sedatives only in terms of the dose administered, with higher doses used to produce sleep or anesthesia and lower doses to produce sedation or relieve anxiety
2. Pertaining to hypnosis or sleep

Answer 126

Hypnotic

Question 127

The degree to which an individual is able to enter into hypnosis
- Although many individuals can enter at least a light trance, people vary greatly in their ability to achieve a moderate or deep trance

Answer 127

Hypnotic Susceptibility

Question 128

Persistent and distressing deficiency or absence of sexual interest and desire to engage in sexual activity
- This may be global, involving all forms of sexual activity, or situational, limited to one partner or one type of sexual activity

Answer 128

Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

Question 129

Abnormally slowed or deficient motor or other activity

Answer 129

Hypoactivity

Question 130

A somatoform disorder characterized by a preoccupation with the fear or belief that one has a serious physical disease based on the incorrect and unrealistic interpretation of bodily symptoms
- This fear or belief persists for at least 6 months and interferes with social and occupational functioning in spite of medical reassurance that no physical disorder exists

Answer 130

Hypochondriasis

Question 131

The 12th cranial nerve, a motor nerve that innervates the muscles of the tongue

Answer 131

Hypoglossal Nerve

Question 132

Abnormal slowness in the initiation of voluntary movement

Answer 132

Hypokinesis

Question 133

A period of elevated, expansive, or irritable mood lasting at least 4 days and accompanied by at least three of the following (four if the mood is irritable): inflated self esteem, a decreased need for sleep, increased speech, racing thoughts, distractability, increase in activity or psychomotor agitation, and increased involvement in risky activities (eg; foolish investments, sexual indescretions), all of which affect functioning and are noticeable by others but do not cause marked impairment

Answer 133

Hypomanic Episode

Question 134

Pathologically reduced food intake

Answer 134

Hypophagia

Question 135

A reduction in a person’s sleep time, often as a result of insomnia or some other sleep disturbance

Answer 135

Hyposomnia

Question 136

Abnormally low blood pressure, causing dizziness and fainting

Answer 136

Hypotension

Question 137

A neuroendocrine system that is involved in the physiological response to stress
- Outputs from the amygdala to the hypothalamus stimulate the release of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)
- CRF elicits the release from the anterior pituitary of corticotropin, which in turn regulates the production and release of stress hormones (eg; cortisol) from the adrenal cortex into the bloodstream

Answer 137

Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenocortical System (HPA System)

Question 138

Part of the diencephalon of the brain, lying ventral to the thalamus, that contains nuclei with primary control of the autonomic (involuntary) functions of the body
- It also helps integrate autonomic activity into appropriate responses to internal and external stimuli

Answer 138

Hypothalamus

Question 139

An empirically testable proposition about some fact, behavior, relationship, or the like, usually based on theory, that states an expected outcome resulting from specific conditions or assumptions

Answer 139

Hypothesis

Question 140

The process of using any of a collection of statistical tests to assess the likelihood that an experimental result might have been the result of a chance or random process

Answer 140

Hypothesis Testing

Question 141

A method of examining the accuracy of predictions made on the basis of some theory, in which the theory gains credibility as more predictions are found to be accurate

Answer 141

Hypothetico Deductive Method

Question 142

The abstract logical reasoning that, according to the Piagetian theory of cognitive development, emerges in early adolescence and marks the formal operational stage
- This is distinguished by the capacity for abstract thinking and hypothesis testing

Answer 142

Hypothetico Deductive Reasoning

Question 143

Underactivity of the thyroid gland, resulting in underproduction of thyroid hormones and a consequent decrease in metabolic rate
- Manifestations include fatigue, weakness, and weight gain and other physical problems

Answer 143

Hypothyroidism

Question 144

Thirst caused by blood loss and other conditions (eg; severe vomiting) that result in depletion of the volume of extracellular fluid

Answer 144

Hypovolemic Thirst

Question 145

Reduced oxygen in the body tissues, including the brain
- This can result in widespread brain injury depending on the degree of oxygen deficiency and its duration
- Signs and symptoms of this vary according to its cause, but generally include shortness of breath, rapid pulse, fainting, and mental disturbances (eg; delirium, euphoria)

Answer 145

Hypoxia

Question 146

The surgical removal of the uterus

Answer 146

Hysterectomy

Question 147

The historical name for the condition now classified as somatization disorder
- Although technically outdated, it is often used as a lay term for any psychogenic disorder characterized by such symptoms as paralysis, blindness, loss of sensation, and hallucinations and often accompanied by suggestibility, emotional outbursts, and histrionic behavior
- Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939) interpreted hysterical symptoms as defenses against guilty sexual impulses (eg; a paralyzed hand cannot masturbate), but other conflicts are now recognized
- Freud also included dissociative conditions in his concept of hysteria, but these are now regarded as separate disorders

Answer 147

Hysteria