Quiz 5 Study Guide: Bone and Joint

Question 1

99% of the body’s calcium is stored where?

Answer 1

In the Bones

Question 2

Where is the primary site of Hematopoiesis?

Answer 2

Bones

Question 3

Bones are constantly…

Answer 3

Remodeling

Question 4

Medullary bone resits….

Answer 4

Compression forces

Question 5

Cortical bone is…

Answer 5

Thick and resists bending forces

Question 6

What is a tough fibrous membrane that covers bone surfaces except at joints and is well innervated?

Answer 6

Periosteum

Question 7

What is characteristic of Osteogenesis imperfect?

Answer 7

Deficient type 1 collagen (too little bone)
Generalized Osteopenia
-Multiple fractures and bone deformities
- Malformed teeth (dentin deficiency)
Blue Sclera

Question 8

What is characteristic in an achondroplastic dwarf?

Answer 8

Reduced function of growth plates

Question 9

What is characteristic of Osteopetrosis?

Answer 9

Defective osteoclasts

Bone is brittle and too dense

Question 10

What are examples of acquired diseases of bone?

Answer 10

Vitamin Deficiencies (Scurvy or Rickets)
Endocrine Factors (Hyperparathyroidism)

Question 11

What are specific types of acquired diseases of bone?

Answer 11

Osteoporosis -common in elderly and post menopause
Osteomalacia- Vit. D deficiency (Lack normal mineralization usually in the kidney)
Hyperparathyroidism - High Ca++ caused by parathyroid adenoma.

Question 12

What causes Osteoporosis?

Answer 12

Genetic- age, low estrogen, fair hair and skin, tall and thin
Behavior- Inactivity, smoking/alcohol, malnutrition, medication (Chronic Corticosteroids)

Question 13

What is the burden of osteoporosis?

Answer 13

10 million in US (mostly women)

1/3 women > 50 Years old have at least on osteoporotic fracture.

Question 14

What are disorders of Bone instability?

Answer 14

Kyphosis - forward curvature of spine

Scoliosis - Lateral curvature of spine

Question 15

What are the different type of fractures?

Answer 15

Complete
Closed (Underlying tissue intact)
Comminuted-Bone splintered
Displaced

Question 16

What is osteomyelitis?

Answer 16

Inflammation of bone/marrow

Question 17

What are characteristics of Osteomyelitis?

Answer 17

Blood born or direct
Trauma from compound fractures
Pyogenic Infections (Staph or Salmonella)
Granulomatous (TB or Fungal)
-Pott disease when TB and in spine
Diabetes due to poor circulation in the extremities
-Chronic can form drainage site and become osteosarcoma

Question 18

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a….

Answer 18

Degenerative Joint disease

Question 19

What is characteristic of Osteoarthritis?

Answer 19

• Loss of articular cartilage with secondary changes in bone
• Presents in some degree in most persons >65 years old
  
  • symptoms worsen with use
• Due to wear and tear
• No inflammatory changes, but degenerative

Question 20

What is characteristic of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Answer 20

• More systemic and Bilateral
• Autoimmune = 1% prevalence
• Most common in caucasians. Not in asians
• Onset age = 25-50 yrs. 75% female/ can have juvenile RA
• Joint swelling, pain and tenderness
• extreme distortion of joints and bone
• may have fever, weakness, malaise

Question 21

What are other areas affected by Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Answer 21

Ulcers
Pulmonary nodules and fibrosis
Carditis and pericarditis
Vasculitis

Question 22

What are other inflammatory Arthritites?

Answer 22

Psoriatic Arthritis
Other Autoimmune diseases (Lupus)
Postinfections (e.g. Rheumatic Fever)
Infectious (Staph or Strep)
Gout (Crystalized uric acid)
Lyme Disease (when not treated)

Question 23

What is the primary cause of Gout?

Answer 23

Reduced renal excretion of purine (uric acid is break down product)

Question 24

What is the primary treatment for Gout?

Answer 24

Allopurinol - Decreases the synthesis of purines.

Question 25

What are the symptoms of Gout?

Answer 25

Hot, swollen, pain in joints Progressive Joint Destruction *gouty top (crystalized aggregates of uric acid)

Question 26

What is pseudo-gout?

Answer 26

Crystal deposits of calcium pyrophosphate

Question 27

What are ganglion cysts?

Answer 27

a cyst resulting from connective tissue around joints | *often painful

Question 28

Where are malignant carcinomas spread to the bone tumors most likely to come from?

Answer 28

``` The lungs Prostate Breast Thyroid Kidneys ```

Question 29

Bone tumors most likely to be seen in maxilla and mandible are?

Answer 29

Osteomas-immature bone Giant Cell Tumor (benign, aggressive) Fibrous Dysplasia (not malignant) Osteosarcoma (adolescents or elderly) Ewing Sarcoma (10-20 year olds; *2nd most frequent after Osteosarcoma)

Question 30

What is an osteosarcoma?

Answer 30

Most frequent form of bone malignancy * adolescent or geriatric patients most likely * usually in long bones or sometime mandible

Question 31

What is an osteochondroma?

Answer 31

Benign tumors of the cartilage: do not see in mandible or maxilla

Question 32

What is a chondrosarcoma?

Answer 32

Malignancy of Cartilage

Question 33

What is Fibrous Dysplasia?

Answer 33

A Benign Medullary bone that does not properly mature *often in jaws

Question 34

What is Ewing Sarcoma?

Answer 34

2nd most frequent Sarcoma after osteosarcoma. *10-20 year olds

Question 35

Where can you see a Giant Cell Tumor?

Answer 35

Mandibular Bone

Question 36

What are the different types of Soft tissue tumors?

Answer 36

Lipomas (Common/usually no tx) Liposarcoma (Malignant) Fibrous Tumors Fibrosarcoma (Malignant neoplasm of fibroblasts) Skeletal Muscle tumor (Rhabdomyomasarcoma) Smooth Muscle tumor (Benign leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas)