Quiz 5 Study Guide: Bone and Joint Flashcards
99% of the body’s calcium is stored where?
In the Bones
Where is the primary site of Hematopoiesis?
Bones
Bones are constantly…
Remodeling
Medullary bone resits….
Compression forces
Cortical bone is…
Thick and resists bending forces
What is a tough fibrous membrane that covers bone surfaces except at joints and is well innervated?
Periosteum
What is characteristic of Osteogenesis imperfect?
Deficient type 1 collagen (too little bone)
Generalized Osteopenia
-Multiple fractures and bone deformities
- Malformed teeth (dentin deficiency)
Blue Sclera
What is characteristic in an achondroplastic dwarf?
Reduced function of growth plates
What is characteristic of Osteopetrosis?
Defective osteoclasts
Bone is brittle and too dense
What are examples of acquired diseases of bone?
Vitamin Deficiencies (Scurvy or Rickets) Endocrine Factors (Hyperparathyroidism)
What are specific types of acquired diseases of bone?
Osteoporosis -common in elderly and post menopause
Osteomalacia- Vit. D deficiency (Lack normal mineralization usually in the kidney)
Hyperparathyroidism - High Ca++ caused by parathyroid adenoma.
What causes Osteoporosis?
Genetic- age, low estrogen, fair hair and skin, tall and thin
Behavior- Inactivity, smoking/alcohol, malnutrition, medication (Chronic Corticosteroids)
What is the burden of osteoporosis?
10 million in US (mostly women)
1/3 women > 50 Years old have at least on osteoporotic fracture.
What are disorders of Bone instability?
Kyphosis - forward curvature of spine
Scoliosis - Lateral curvature of spine
What are the different type of fractures?
Complete
Closed (Underlying tissue intact)
Comminuted-Bone splintered
Displaced
What is osteomyelitis?
Inflammation of bone/marrow
What are characteristics of Osteomyelitis?
Blood born or direct
Trauma from compound fractures
Pyogenic Infections (Staph or Salmonella)
Granulomatous (TB or Fungal)
-Pott disease when TB and in spine
Diabetes due to poor circulation in the extremities
-Chronic can form drainage site and become osteosarcoma
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a….
Degenerative Joint disease
What is characteristic of Osteoarthritis?
- Loss of articular cartilage with secondary changes in bone
- Presents in some degree in most persons >65 years old
- symptoms worsen with use
- Due to wear and tear
- No inflammatory changes, but degenerative
What is characteristic of Rheumatoid Arthritis?
- More systemic and Bilateral
- Autoimmune = 1% prevalence
- Most common in caucasians. Not in asians
- Onset age = 25-50 yrs. 75% female/ can have juvenile RA
- Joint swelling, pain and tenderness
- extreme distortion of joints and bone
- may have fever, weakness, malaise
What are other areas affected by Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Ulcers
Pulmonary nodules and fibrosis
Carditis and pericarditis
Vasculitis
What are other inflammatory Arthritites?
Psoriatic Arthritis Other Autoimmune diseases (Lupus) Postinfections (e.g. Rheumatic Fever) Infectious (Staph or Strep) Gout (Crystalized uric acid) Lyme Disease (when not treated)
What is the primary cause of Gout?
Reduced renal excretion of purine (uric acid is break down product)
What is the primary treatment for Gout?
Allopurinol - Decreases the synthesis of purines.
What are the symptoms of Gout?
Hot, swollen, pain in joints
Progressive Joint Destruction
*gouty top (crystalized aggregates of uric acid)
What is pseudo-gout?
Crystal deposits of calcium pyrophosphate
What are ganglion cysts?
a cyst resulting from connective tissue around joints
*often painful
Where are malignant carcinomas spread to the bone tumors most likely to come from?
The lungs Prostate Breast Thyroid Kidneys
Bone tumors most likely to be seen in maxilla and mandible are?
Osteomas-immature bone
Giant Cell Tumor (benign, aggressive)
Fibrous Dysplasia (not malignant)
Osteosarcoma (adolescents or elderly)
Ewing Sarcoma (10-20 year olds; *2nd most frequent after
Osteosarcoma)
What is an osteosarcoma?
Most frequent form of bone malignancy
- adolescent or geriatric patients most likely
- usually in long bones or sometime mandible
What is an osteochondroma?
Benign tumors of the cartilage: do not see in mandible or maxilla
What is a chondrosarcoma?
Malignancy of Cartilage
What is Fibrous Dysplasia?
A Benign Medullary bone that does not properly mature
*often in jaws
What is Ewing Sarcoma?
2nd most frequent Sarcoma after osteosarcoma.
*10-20 year olds
Where can you see a Giant Cell Tumor?
Mandibular Bone
What are the different types of Soft tissue tumors?
Lipomas (Common/usually no tx)
Liposarcoma (Malignant)
Fibrous Tumors
Fibrosarcoma (Malignant neoplasm of fibroblasts)
Skeletal Muscle tumor (Rhabdomyomasarcoma)
Smooth Muscle tumor (Benign leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas)
