Quiz 3 Study Guide: Coronary Artery Disease Flashcards
What is Hypertension?
Increased Blood Pressure
>180/110
What is Essential (Primary) Hypertension?
No obvious cause.
50 million in US
90-95% of all hypertensives
What are causes of Essential Hypertension?
Narrowing of the arteries and arterioles (esp. Kidney)
Increased sodium retention & intravascular volume
High Dietary Sodium
What is Secondary Hypertension?
Secondary to separate underlying condition (CHF)
Uncommon
5-10% of hypertensives
Causes of Secondary Hypertension?
Endocrine disorders Drugs (cocaine and amphetamines) Pregnancy Renal Failure Sleep apnea Pain/stress (Temporary)
What are hypertensive heart changes?
Increased Atherosclerosis MI's Stroke Aneurysms Chronic Heart Hypertrophy (Heart Failure)
What is Hyperlipidemia?
A risk factor for atherosclerotic diseases.
0.2% = Familial (Genetic and environmental)
What are types of Primary hyperlipidemia?
Hypercholesterolemia
13% of US = >240mg/dL
50% of US = >200mg/dL
What are causes of Secondary hyperlipidemia?
Diabetes (T2) Sedentary poor diet Obesity Heavy alcohol use.
What are the 4 main Lipoprotein classes and how do they affect atherosclerosis?
VLDL, IDL, LDL = Atherogenic (transport apoB to periphery)
HDL = Anti-Atherogenic (reverse cholesterol transport)
What is atherosclerosis?
Hardening of the arteries
Leading cause of Heart Disease (80%)
What is and atheroma?
Lipid deposit or plaque in arteries.
Most common cause of atherosclerosis
Most common sites of atherosclerosis…
Aorta Coronary Arteries Legs Carotids/Circle of Willis Kidney Pulmonary
What is Stenosis?
Clinically Impeded Flow
(75% = Blockage)
Slow can cause stable angina.
What is abrupt stenosis?
Occlusion or impeded flow from a thrombus or emboli.
- Dangerous
- Leads to infarct and or Death
What are the causes of a stroke?
Cerebral Infarct (Most Common) Hemorrhaging
What are atherosclerotic risk factors?
Age ( 45 M; 55 F) Smoking Diabetes Hypertension Dyslipidemia Family History Lifestyles (sedentary/diet) ??? Some association with Periodontal Disease???
What are the causes of Ischemic Heart Disease?
Coronary Artery Stenosis
Atheroma Types
Causes 70% of US heart disease-deaths and 30% total.
What is Angina Pectoris?
Paroxysmal attacks of chest pain.
(Substernal or Precordial)
-sign of myocardial ischemia
What are the 3 levels of Angina?
Stable
Variant (Prinzmetal’s)
Unstable
What classifies stable angina?
Pressure like pain (2-5 minutes) due to exertion.
- relieved by rest or vasodilators (nitroglycerine)
- ST segment depression
*usually caused by fixed coronary stenosis.
What is classifies Variant angina?
Occurs at rest
Brief
ST segment elevation or depression
What is classifies unstable angina?
Prolonged pain at rest.
ST sement Depression
*usually due to acute plaque change -Dangerous
