Quiz 3 Study Guide: Coronary Artery Disease

Question 1

What is Hypertension?

Answer 1

Increased Blood Pressure

>180/110

Question 2

What is Essential (Primary) Hypertension?

Answer 2

No obvious cause.
50 million in US
90-95% of all hypertensives

Question 3

What are causes of Essential Hypertension?

Answer 3

Narrowing of the arteries and arterioles (esp. Kidney)
Increased sodium retention & intravascular volume
High Dietary Sodium

Question 4

What is Secondary Hypertension?

Answer 4

Secondary to separate underlying condition (CHF)
Uncommon
5-10% of hypertensives

Question 5

Causes of Secondary Hypertension?

Answer 5

Endocrine disorders
Drugs (cocaine and amphetamines)
Pregnancy
Renal Failure
Sleep apnea
Pain/stress (Temporary)

Question 6

What are hypertensive heart changes?

Answer 6

Increased Atherosclerosis
MI's
Stroke
Aneurysms
Chronic Heart Hypertrophy (Heart Failure)

Question 7

What is Hyperlipidemia?

Answer 7

A risk factor for atherosclerotic diseases.

0.2% = Familial (Genetic and environmental)

Question 8

What are types of Primary hyperlipidemia?

Answer 8

Hypercholesterolemia
13% of US = >240mg/dL
50% of US = >200mg/dL

Question 9

What are causes of Secondary hyperlipidemia?

Answer 9

Diabetes (T2)
Sedentary
poor diet
Obesity
Heavy alcohol use.

Question 10

What are the 4 main Lipoprotein classes and how do they affect atherosclerosis?

Answer 10

VLDL, IDL, LDL = Atherogenic (transport apoB to periphery)

HDL = Anti-Atherogenic (reverse cholesterol transport)

Question 11

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 11

Hardening of the arteries

Leading cause of Heart Disease (80%)

Question 12

What is and atheroma?

Answer 12

Lipid deposit or plaque in arteries.

Most common cause of atherosclerosis

Question 13

Most common sites of atherosclerosis…

Answer 13

Aorta
Coronary Arteries
Legs
Carotids/Circle of Willis
Kidney
Pulmonary

Question 14

What is Stenosis?

Answer 14

Clinically Impeded Flow
(75% = Blockage)

Slow can cause stable angina.

Question 15

What is abrupt stenosis?

Answer 15

Occlusion or impeded flow from a thrombus or emboli.

• Dangerous
• Leads to infarct and or Death

Question 16

What are the causes of a stroke?

Answer 16

Cerebral Infarct (Most Common)
Hemorrhaging

Question 17

What are atherosclerotic risk factors?

Answer 17

Age ( 45 M; 55 F)
Smoking
Diabetes
Hypertension
Dyslipidemia
Family History
Lifestyles (sedentary/diet)
??? Some association with Periodontal Disease???

Question 18

What are the causes of Ischemic Heart Disease?

Answer 18

Coronary Artery Stenosis
Atheroma Types

Causes 70% of US heart disease-deaths and 30% total.

Question 19

What is Angina Pectoris?

Answer 19

Paroxysmal attacks of chest pain.
(Substernal or Precordial)

-sign of myocardial ischemia

Question 20

What are the 3 levels of Angina?

Answer 20

Stable
Variant (Prinzmetal’s)
Unstable

Question 21

What classifies stable angina?

Answer 21

Pressure like pain (2-5 minutes) due to exertion.

• relieved by rest or vasodilators (nitroglycerine)
• ST segment depression

*usually caused by fixed coronary stenosis.

Question 22

What is classifies Variant angina?

Answer 22

Occurs at rest
Brief
ST segment elevation or depression

Question 23

What is classifies unstable angina?

Answer 23

Prolonged pain at rest.
ST sement Depression

*usually due to acute plaque change -Dangerous