Quiz 3 Study Guide: Intro to Pathology Flashcards
What are the top 3 Major causes of Death?
Heart Disease (28%)
Malignancies (23%)
Stroke (6%)
What are the middle 3 Major causes of Death?
Emphysema (5%)
Accidents (4%)
Diabetes (3%) but increasing
What are the last 3 Major causes of Death?
Pneumonia (2.7%)
Alzheimers (2.6%)
Renal Diseases (1.7%)
What is Hypertrophy?
Enlarged Cells/Organelles
What is Hyperplasia?
More Cells
What is Atrophy?
Cell Shrinkage or Loss?
What is Cachexia?
Fatty atrophy that can result in death (about 68% of normal body weight)
What is Metaplasia?
Replacement of one cell type by another.
What is Dysplasia?
Disordered Hyperplasia without maturation. (risk of tumor)
What cells are most prone to injury?
- High metabolic activity (Cardiac myocytes, hepatocytes)
- Rapidly Proliferating (Intestinal Epithelium, Testicular germ cells)
What are the degrees of Cell Injury?
Reversible - Damage not enough to kill cell
- Toxic liver injury, Severe exercise
Irreversible - Cell death
- via holes in membrane, mitochondrial loss.
What are the 2 types of Irreversible Cell Death?
Necrosis (uncontrolled)
Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death)
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death.
- No inflammation
- One cell at a time
What is Necrosis?
Uncoordinated cell death
- happens in cell clusters
- Incites Acute inflammation
- Cells are often swollen (loss of ion pumps)
What are the different types of Necrosis?
Coagulative - Heart Infarct Liquefactive - Brain Fat Caseous - Tuberculosis Gangrenous - Frostbite
Examples of Abnormal Storage Products…
Fatty Glycogen Lipid Brown Storage Protein Calcification
Example of Fatty Abnormal Storage…
Alcohol induced Fatty-Liver
Obesity
Example of Glycogen Abnormal Storage…
Liver in Diabetes
Certain tumors
Example of lipid Abnormal Storage…
Vessels in atherosclerosis
Fabry’s or Gaucher’s
Example of Brown Abnormal Storage…
Lipofuscin - degraded lipid in lysosomes
Bilirubin
Hemosiderin - Iron Containing pigment (bleeding into tissues)
Example of Protein Abnormal Storage…
Intracellular - Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, Russell Bodie
Extracellular - Amyloid Plaques (Congo Red Stain = Apple green color in polarized light)
Examples of Miscellaneous abnormal storage…
Anthracosis (Silica, asbestos)
Example of Calcification Abnormal Storage…
Dystrophic - into damaged tissue
Metastatic - Into normal tissue (renal failure, hypoparathyroidism, malignancy)
What is edema?
Too much extravascular fluid in tissues.
