Quiz 3 Study Guide: Intro to Pathology

Question 1

What are the top 3 Major causes of Death?

Answer 1

Heart Disease (28%)
Malignancies (23%)
Stroke (6%)

Question 2

What are the middle 3 Major causes of Death?

Answer 2

Emphysema (5%)
Accidents (4%)
Diabetes (3%) but increasing

Question 3

What are the last 3 Major causes of Death?

Answer 3

Pneumonia (2.7%)
Alzheimers (2.6%)
Renal Diseases (1.7%)

Question 4

What is Hypertrophy?

Answer 4

Enlarged Cells/Organelles

Question 5

What is Hyperplasia?

Answer 5

More Cells

Question 6

What is Atrophy?

Answer 6

Cell Shrinkage or Loss?

Question 7

What is Cachexia?

Answer 7

Fatty atrophy that can result in death (about 68% of normal body weight)

Question 8

What is Metaplasia?

Answer 8

Replacement of one cell type by another.

Question 9

What is Dysplasia?

Answer 9

Disordered Hyperplasia without maturation. (risk of tumor)

Question 10

What cells are most prone to injury?

Answer 10

• High metabolic activity (Cardiac myocytes, hepatocytes)

- Rapidly Proliferating (Intestinal Epithelium, Testicular germ cells)

Question 11

What are the degrees of Cell Injury?

Answer 11

Reversible - Damage not enough to kill cell
- Toxic liver injury, Severe exercise
Irreversible - Cell death
- via holes in membrane, mitochondrial loss.

Question 12

What are the 2 types of Irreversible Cell Death?

Answer 12

Necrosis (uncontrolled)

Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death)

Question 13

What is apoptosis?

Answer 13

Programmed cell death.

• No inflammation
• One cell at a time

Question 14

What is Necrosis?

Answer 14

Uncoordinated cell death

• happens in cell clusters
• Incites Acute inflammation
• Cells are often swollen (loss of ion pumps)

Question 15

What are the different types of Necrosis?

Answer 15

Coagulative - Heart Infarct
Liquefactive - Brain
Fat 
Caseous - Tuberculosis
Gangrenous - Frostbite

Question 16

Examples of Abnormal Storage Products…

Answer 16

Fatty 
Glycogen
Lipid
Brown Storage
Protein 
Calcification

Question 17

Example of Fatty Abnormal Storage…

Answer 17

Alcohol induced Fatty-Liver

Obesity

Question 18

Example of Glycogen Abnormal Storage…

Answer 18

Liver in Diabetes

Certain tumors

Question 19

Example of lipid Abnormal Storage…

Answer 19

Vessels in atherosclerosis

Fabry’s or Gaucher’s

Question 20

Example of Brown Abnormal Storage…

Answer 20

Lipofuscin - degraded lipid in lysosomes
Bilirubin
Hemosiderin - Iron Containing pigment (bleeding into tissues)

Question 21

Example of Protein Abnormal Storage…

Answer 21

Intracellular - Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, Russell Bodie
Extracellular - Amyloid Plaques (Congo Red Stain = Apple green color in polarized light)

Question 22

Examples of Miscellaneous abnormal storage…

Answer 22

Anthracosis (Silica, asbestos)

Question 23

Example of Calcification Abnormal Storage…

Answer 23

Dystrophic - into damaged tissue

Metastatic - Into normal tissue (renal failure, hypoparathyroidism, malignancy)

Question 24

What is edema?

Answer 24

Too much extravascular fluid in tissues.

Question 25

What is Effusion?

Answer 25

Too much fluid in a body cavity.

Question 26

What is Ascites?

Answer 26

Excess fluid in peritoneal space.

Question 27

What is hypotension?

Answer 27

Shock/Low-blood pressure

• Hypovolemic (Blood)
• Cardiogenic (Heart)
• Sepsis (generalized infection)

Question 28

What is Congestive Heart Failure?

Answer 28

Insufficient cardiac output from...
systolic dysfunction (Weak pumping)
Diastolic dysfunction (insufficient expansion)

Question 29

What is the bodies compensation for CHF?

Answer 29

Tachycardia
Cardio Hypertrophy
Increased Stroke Volume (Frank-Starling)
Increased catecholamine activity
Redistribution of blood flow

Question 30

What are causes of Left-Sided Heart disease?

Answer 30

Hypertension

Ischemic heart disease (not enough blood supply)

Question 31

What are symptoms of Left-Sided Heart disease?

Answer 31

Pulmonary edema (Breathing Problems)
Orthopnea (Dyspnea lying down)
Reduced blood to organs (Kidneys)

Question 32

What are symptoms of Right-Sided Heart disease, caused by left-sided heart disease?

Answer 32

Lung disease: Cor Pulmonale ( enlargement of right side of heart)

Hepatomegaly: pooling in liver.