3rd Midterm Study Guide: Eye and Ear

Question 1

What is a Sty?

Answer 1

Skin infection like a pimple

Question 2

What are cancers of the eye?

Answer 2

Basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma on lids destroy lashes.

Question 3

Glaucoma

Answer 3

High intraocular pressure in anterior chamber
-Increased pressure within eye due to increased production or decreased outflow of aqueous humor.
Can damage optic nerve and cause blindness.

*#2 cause of blindness after cataracts

Question 4

How often is aqueous humor replaced?

Answer 4

Every 2 hours (supplies nutrients and removes waste)

Question 5

What is closed angle glaucoma?

Answer 5

Iris fused to Cornea

• Often painful
• Fast developing
• Requires immediate attention to avoid blindness

Question 6

What is Open angle glaucoma?

Answer 6

Wide space between Iris and Cornea

• age, african american, Diabetes, Hypertension
• By far the most common form of Glaucoma (90%)
• Reduction in drainage
• Slow Development

Question 7

What measures intraocular pressure?

Answer 7

Tonometry

Question 8

What drugs treat Glaucoma?

Answer 8

Pilocarpine
Timolol
Lantanoprost

• DO NOT use anticholinergics and stimulants (amphetamines)

Question 9

How does pilocarpine work?

Answer 9

Cholinomimetic that contracts the ciliary muscle and increases outflow of aqueous humor.

Question 10

How does Timolol work?

Answer 10

Beta blocker that decreases aqueous humor secretion

Question 11

How does Latanoprost work?

Answer 11

Prostaglandin that increases outflow of aqueous humor

Question 12

What are cataracts?

Answer 12

Opaque lens due to age, UV exposure, diabetes, or steroid use

Question 13

What are characteristics of Diabetic Retinopathy?

Answer 13

• Microaneurisms on retina

- Cotton wool spots from ischemia

Question 14

Hypertensive Retinopathy looks like…

Answer 14

diabetic retinopathy

Question 15

What are characteristics of Age-related Macular degeneration?

Answer 15

-Associated with gene polymorphisms, smoking, CV disease

• Loss of central vision (widens laterally)
• Smoking is a risk factor
• antioxidants can help (minimal benefit)

Question 16

What is retinal detachment?

Answer 16

Usually retinal tear resulting from trauma

Question 17

What is the most common tumor in children?

Answer 17

Retinoblastoma

Question 18

What is Meniere Disease?

Answer 18

Excess of endolymphatic fluid in inner ear

*vertigo, hearing loss, nausea, migrants, tinnitus, swimming feeling

Question 19

What are the risks for Meniere Disease?

Answer 19

Abnormal immune response
Allergies
Head trauma
Migraines

Question 20

What drugs treat Meniere Disease?

Answer 20

Meclizine 
Diazepam
Promethazine
Long-acting Steroids
Hydrochlorothiazide

Question 21

What is the method of action of Meclizine?

Answer 21

Antivert- H1 Blocker, anticholinergic, CNS-Depressant, anti nausea and motion sickness, Xerostomia

Question 22

What is the method of action of Promethazine?

Answer 22

H1 Blocker, anticholinergic, anti nausea and motion sickness, Xerostomia

Question 23

What is the method of action of Hydrochlorothiazide?

Answer 23

Diuretic-regulate fluid volume and pressure in inner ear

Question 24

What are the symptoms of Otitis Media?

Answer 24

Pain (can be mistaken for dental or sinus pain)
ear discharge
headache
hearing loss
tinnitus
vertigo
immobile bulging eardrum

Question 25

What is used to treat Otitis Media?

Answer 25

Amoxicillin or Augmentin or cefaclor