Quiz 3 Study Guide: Heart Disease Flashcards
What are 6 symptoms of a Myocardial Infarct?
Retrosternal Chest Pain Dyspnea (short of breath) Diaphoresis (Sweating) Nausea Palpitations Anxiety
What is the Diagnostic Criteria for a Myocardial Infarct?
Need at least 2
Ischemic type chest pain > 20 minutes
Acute EKG changes
Rising then falling serum cardiac biomarkers (troponin)
OR
Pathological documentation of an infarct at autopsy.
What is a Transmural Infarct?
Full thickness (endocardium to epicardium) More severe
- Usually involving LV anterior and posterior free wall or septum.
- Correlates with STEMI (ST segment Elevation)
What Causes a subendocardial infarct?
Due to hypotension, global ischemia
What is a subendocardial infarct?
Multifocal or defuse areas of necrosis confined to the inner 1/3-1/2 of the LV wall.
Less severe
Correlates with NSTEMI (Non-ST segment elevation)
What are MI complications?
None 10-20%
Arrhythmias 75-95%
Congestive Heart Failure, Pulmonary Edema (60%)
Cardiogenic Shock 10-15%
Mural Thrombosis 40%
Rupture (ventricle or papillary muscle) 4-8%
Extension of infarct
What are symptoms of Valvular heart disease?
Stenosis - Valve won’t open
Regurgitation - Can’t close completely
(Aortic)
Types of Valvular Heart Disease…
Rheumatic Fever
Infective Endocarditis (Strep or Staph)
Pre-injured valve
Endocarditis complications…
Very destructive
Can cause thrombi
Destroy and perforate valvular tissue
Systemically dangerous
What are complications of artificial valves?
Can cause thrombi
Increased risk of Infective endocarditis
Wears out valves and leaks (murmurs)
What are arrhythmias?
Electrical problems in the heart
-Premature beats (usually not dangerous)
Tachyarrhythmias (less common but more serious -Fibrillations)
What are symptoms of arrhythmias?
Palpitations
syncope (fainting)
sudden cardiac death (atherosclerosis involvement)
Causes of conduction disturbances.
Ischemic Heart disease - Scarring degenerative changes antiarrythmic drugs hyperkalemia MI Trauma Congenital
What is Bradycardia?
< 60 BPM
What is Tachycardia?
> 100 BPM
What is a 1st degree heart block?
Slowed impulse propagation.
What is a 2nd degree heart block?
Impulse propagation to ventricles sometimes fails.
Irregular ventricular contraction
Causes Syncope
Pacemaker can be needed.
What is 3rd degree heart block?
Complete AV block
No conduction from AV
Only latent pacemakers of ventricles
- More p waves that QRS complexes
- Syncope and risk of sudden death.
What are ectopic beats?
- Originates at sites other than sinus node.
- Increased rate of depolarization at any site to a rate faster than the sinus node results in a premature depolarization.
Where can Ectopic beats originate from?
The Atria
Specialized conduction system ( av node or bundle of HIS)
The Ventricles
Examples/causes of Ectopic Beats…
Atrial premature depolarization VPB's Tacky-arrythmias A Fib Cong. Heart Failure (Valve disease/hypertension)
