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Human Disease and Therapeutics > Quiz 4 Study Guide: Blood > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Study Guide: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What composes Primary Hemostasis?

A

Platelets

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2
Q

What composes Secondary Hemostasis?

A

Factors to cause adhesion for Platelets (Coagulation)

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3
Q

What are the features of platelets?

A

Anucleated
Lifespan of about 10 days
Circulating platelets do not adhere during stasis, adhesion occurs.

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4
Q

What are the features of Primary Hemostasis?

A
  • Typically initiated by injury
  • Adherence to subendothelium by interacting with Von Willebrand Factor
  • aggregate with other platelets and form surface for coagulation cascade
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5
Q

What are the features of Secondary Hemostasis?

A
  • Coagulation Cascade ( Factors from Liver)
  • Series of activating enzymatic conversions
  • Fibrin and platelet aggregates form stable clot
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6
Q

What factors are Vitamin K dependent necessary for calcium binding sites activation coagulation cascade?

A

Factors II, VII, IX, and X.

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7
Q

What are Checks and balances of Hemostasis?

A 
Natural Anticoagulants (Protein C: prevent growth of clot)
Fibrinolysis (breaks down clot)
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8
Q

What factors allow us to assess hemostasis?

A
  • Platelet Count (part of CBC)
  • Coagulation Cascade (PT and PTT)
  • Fibrinolysis
  • Prolonged coagulation tests may be due to deficiency or inhibitor of a coagulation factor.
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9
Q

What are features of Thrombotic Disorders?

A

Pathologic Counterpart of Hemostasis
Virchow’s Triad
Acquired Hypercoagulable States

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10
Q

What is Virchow’s Triad?

A

Endothelial Injury
Abnormal Blood Flow
Hypercoagulability (acquired/inherited factors)

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11
Q

What are Acquired Hypercoagulable States?

A 
Surgery/Trauma
Limb Immobilization
Bedridden
Long distance air travel
Pregnancy
Oral Contraceptives
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12
Q

Causes of Bleeding Disorders?

A

Abnormal Vessels
Decreased Platelets/Dysfunction
Abnormal Factors

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13
Q

What is Platelet-type bleeding?

A

-Mucocutaneous bleeding (e.g. Petechiae on Mucosal Surfaces)

* Caused by thrombocytopenia and Von Willebrand disease*

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14
Q

What causes Thrombocytopenia?

A
  • Decreased bone marrow production
  • Hemodilution due to multiple transfusions
  • Immune reaction due to platelet autoantibodies directed at platelet surface proteins.
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15
Q

What is the Clinical Presentation of Thrombocytopenia?

A

Platelet counts

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16
Q

What are the abnormalities in coagulation factors in Thrombocytopenia?

A

Inherited: von Willebrand disease (factor VIII), Hemophilia A and B

Acquired: Liver disease, Vitamin K deficiency

17
Q

What is a Complete Blood Count (CBC) and what does it include?

A

It is an automated hematological evaluation

It includes red and white blood cells and platelets.

18
Q

What Factors can alter a CBC?

A 
Iron Deficiency
Medications
Alcohol
Infections
Gender
Pregnancy
19
Q

Leukocyte counts include…

A

All nucleated hematopoietic cells except red blood cells.

20
Q

Why are White Blood Cell Counts important?

A

To evaluate infections, some drug effects (Cytotoxic and antimicrobial), and radiation therapy.

21
Q

What is a normal WBC count?

A

3500 - 10000 cells/microliter
Neutrophils =55%
Eosinophils = 3%
Lymphocytes =35%

22
Q

What is important to pay attention to in a WBC count.

A

Both TOTALS and PERCENTS

23
Q

What is Leukocytosis?

A

WBC >10,000

*** Caused by chronic infection/inflammation, Exercise, and some Leukemias

24
Q

What are the different types of Anemias?

A

Microcytic (too few cells)

Macrocytic Too many cells)

25
Q

Examples of Microcytic Anemias…

A

Iron deficiency -caused by hemorrhaging (glossitis)

Lead Poisoning

26
Q

Examples of Macrocytic Anemias…

A

Liver Disease
Drugs
Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency (includes neurologic findings)

27
Q

What are Leukemias?

A

Systemically distributed neoplasms of white cells.

28
Q

Characteristics of Acute myeloid or lymphatic Leukemias?

A

No evidence of maturation in blood or marrow
> 20% Blast (immature) cells
Can have skin and gum infiltration

29
Q

What two types of Leukemias are there?

A

Acute Myeloid or Lymphatic

Chronic Myeloid or Lymphatic

30
Q

What are Lymphomas?

A

Solid tumors of hematopoietic system/neoplasms of lymphoid tissue lymphadenopathy.

31
Q

What two types of Lymphomas are there?

A

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Hodgkin Lymphoma

*** Both are clonal expansions at various developmental stages.

32
Q

What is Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma?

A

Indolent to very aggressive

Survival is years to weeks depending on type

33
Q

What is Hodgkin Lymphoma

A

All types - Curable in most

34
Q

Lymphomas usually have…

A

Enlarged, painless, lymphadenopathy

Human Disease and Therapeutics (24 decks)

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