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Human Disease and Therapeutics > Quiz 4 Study Guide: Lungs > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Study Guide: Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

What is Atelectasis?

A

Inadequate expansion of airspaces.

Some cause of aspiration, pneumothorax, and pleural fibrosis.

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2
Q

What is caused by trauma to the lung resulting in inflammation resulting in generalized fluid accumulation? (Progression of acute injury and damage from activated neutrophils)

***High Rate of Fatalities

A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

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3
Q

What are three components of COPD?

A

Emphysema, Asthma, and Bronchiectasis

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4
Q

What is Emphysema and what causes it?

A

Destruction of Alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of airspaces.

Smoking, Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, air pollution

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5
Q

What is Chronic Bronchitis and what are its causes?

A

Persistent cough of 3 or more months in 2 consecutive years.

Smoking and air pollution

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6
Q

What is Bronchiectasis and what are its causes?

A

Obstruction of bronchi and persistent necrotizing infections.

Destruction of elastin and muscles in bronchial walls.

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7
Q

What is Asthma and what is it caused by?

A

Reactive airway disease and narrowing of airways (hyperactivity)

Hyperinflated lungs, thick mucus plugs in airways, smooth muscle hypertrophy.

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8
Q

What is Fibrosing Lung Disease?

A

Associated with collagen vascular diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.

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9
Q

What is Occupational Lung Disease?

A

Restrictive

E.g. Mineral dust induced, silicosis, asbestosis (mesothelioma)

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10
Q

What is Sarcoidosis?

A

Restrictive disease (abnormal connective tissue and reduced elastic properties)

*** Multi-organ involvement

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11
Q

What are the two vascular diseases of the lung?

A

Pulmonary Embolus

Pulmonary Hypertension

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12
Q

What is a Pulmonary Embolus?

A

A vascular disease of the lung that can cause sudden death if in the pulmonary artery. It originates from deep veins in the legs.

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13
Q

What is Pulmonary Hypertension?

A

Causes Heart Disease and recurrent Thromboemboli.

Cor Pulmonale

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14
Q

What is Cor Pulmonale?

A

Right Ventricular Failure

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of lung disease?

A

Restrictive
Vascular
Obstruction

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16
Q

What are characteristics of a Restrictive Lung Disease?

A

Caused by fibrosis or chest wall abnormalities
Gas exchange is impaired
Difficulty inhaling and expanding lungs

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17
Q

What are characteristics of a Vascular Lung Disease?

A

Gas exchange impaired by obstruction or hemmorage

May be abrupt or insidious

18
Q

What are characteristics of a Obstructive Lung disease?

A

Blocked airways
Gas exchange through septal walls not impaired
Unable to exhale

19
Q

What is the cause of Tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

20
Q

What are characteristics of Tuberculosis?

A
  • Usually in the Lungs but can affect other organs
  • Flourishes in crowded impoverished areas
  • Non-Contagious during long periods of dormancy
  • Problems with multi drug antibiotic resistance
  • Froms Necrotizing Granulomas
21
Q

95% of Lung tumors are…

A

Carcinomas

adeno and squamous cell types most common

22
Q

What population is 55X more likely to develop Lung tumors?

A

Smokers

23
Q

In what populations is Asthma the most prevalent?

A

Children and females

24
Q

What are the seven different types of asthma medication?

A 
Relievers
Controllers
Add-on Controllers
Antimuscarinics
Leukotriene Modifiers
Cromolyn
Omalizumab
25
Q

What are characteristics of Relievers?

A
  • Short Acting
  • Less Severe Cases
  • Typically Beta 2 agonist
26
Q

What two Beta 2 agonists are used as Relievers for asthma?

A

Albuterol: 4-6 Hour effect; Rapid onset
Salmetrol: 12 Hour effect; Slower onset

27
Q

What is the Mechanism of Action of Relievers?

A

Directly relax airway smooth muscle.

28
Q

What are the characteristics of controllers

A

Need to be taken long term for stable control (more side effects)

Normally inhaled (Corticosteroids, etc for moderate to severe asthma.

  • **Often combine with B2 agonist
  • **Chronic Management, not rescue
  • ** e.g. Fluticasone
29
Q

What are side effects of controllers?

A

Nose bleeds

Sores that don’t heal on the nose, tongue and mouth

30
Q

What are add on controllers?

A

Methyxanthine drugs

Theophylline (tablet or inhaler)

31
Q

What is the Mechanism of Action of add-on controllers?

A

Phosphodiesterase inhibitor along with the ability to increase cAMP and relax airway smooth muscle.

***These are combined with corticosteroids to reduce steroid doses and side effects.

32
Q

What is an example of a Antimuscarinic?

A

Ipatropium - Reverses contraction of smooth muscle from vagal activity
-usually a backup for beta 2 agonists

33
Q

Example of a Leukotriene modifier

A

Montelukast (Singulair)

***Used for prophylaxis in patients who have trouble with inhaled therapies. (Nasal bleeding, etc…)

34
Q

What does the anti-asthma drug Cromolyn do?

A

Inhibits release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine.

35
Q

What does the anti-asthma drug Omalizumab do?

A

Inhibits IgE binding to mast cells.

***Very Expensive and only used for severe non-responsive asthma.

36
Q

What is the dental relevance of asthma?

A 
Mouth Breathers (dry mouth)
Inhalers irritate mucosa, especially back roof of mouth

***Make sure patients bring inhalers to appts.

37
Q

What does COPD stand for?

A

Congestive Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

38
Q

COPD is caused by…

A
  • Long smoking history, or exposure to environmental irritants.
  • Airway limitations from progressive irreversible airway remodeling.
39
Q

What are Treatments for COPD?

A
  1. Tiotropium Bromide (Spireva) - Longer acting Bronchodilators
  2. Salmeterol - Longer acting B2 agonist
  3. Theopyline with glucocorticoids

***These responses typically aren’t as good as seen with asthma.

40
Q

What are three Antismoking treatments?

A

Nicotine Replacement Therapy
Bupropion-Wellbutrin or Zyban (antidepressants)
Varenicline (Chantix)

41
Q

How does Varenicline (Chantix) work?

A

Partial nicotine agonist that relieves the cravings to smoke.

Human Disease and Therapeutics (24 decks)

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