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Human Disease and Therapeutics > 3rd Midterm Study Guide: Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

3rd Midterm Study Guide: Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

What is chemical esophagitis?

A

Irritants to squamous mucosa

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2
Q

What is infectious esophagitis?

A

usually immunosuppressed (often Herpes, Candida, or Cytomegalovirus)

(Herpes = small ulcers)

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of Cytomegalovirus?

A
  • affects the entire GI tract
  • Well circumscribed, superficial ulcers
  • may be associated with irritable bowel disease
  • most likely in glandular epithelium, endothelial cells

*elderly or immunocompromised

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4
Q

What is Reflux Esophagitis?

A

Relaxation of gastroesophageal sphincter combined with reflux of gastric acid

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5
Q

What are the symptoms of Reflux esophagitis?

A

Burning, excessive salivation, choking

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6
Q

What are the aggravating factors of Reflux esophagitis?

A 
obesity
pregnancy
alcohol and tobacco use
caffeine
nicotine
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7
Q

What are treatments for Reflux esophagitis?

A

Antacids
H2 blockers
Proton Pump Inhibitors

*lose weight, stop smoking/drinking

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8
Q

What are complications of untreated Reflux esophagitis?

A

Ulceration
Constrictures
Barrett Esophagus

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9
Q

What is reactive (erosive) gastropathy induced by?

A 
alcohol
NSAIDS
iron
stress
bile reflux
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10
Q

What is acute injury (gastritis)?

A

asymptomatic with possible significant blood loss

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11
Q

What is characteristic of acute peptic ulceration?

A

Nausea, Vomitting, NSAIDS, Stress

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12
Q

What is characteristic of chronic gastritis?

A
  • H. Pylori gastritis
  • autoimmune gastritis
  • peptic ulcer disease
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13
Q

What is characteristic of H. pylori gastritis?

A

duodenal and pyloric ulcers; may lead to cancer

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14
Q

What is characteristic of Peptic Ulcer disease?

A
  • Caused by H. pylori or NSAIDS
  • increased acid
  • punched out ulcers- perforation and hemorrhage
  • Can lead to gastric ulcer, dysplasia, and adenocarcinoma

*can treat H. pylori w/ antibiotics

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15
Q

What is characteristic of gastric polyps?

A
  • They are hyperplastic
  • In response to gastric injury (around ulcers)
  • May contain some dysplasia
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16
Q

What is characteristic of gastric adenocarcinoma

A
  • intestinal type form glands

- diffuse type have signet cell morphology

17
Q

What is characteristic of an Intestinal Obstruction?

A

Usually mechanical (80%) - hernia or postsurgical adhesions

Neoplasm and infarction (20%)

Hirschsprung disease

18
Q

What is characteristic of Hirschsprung disease?

A
  • congenital defect/lack ganglia cells
    • can’t pass meconium
  • missing ganglion cells to stimulate smooth muscles
19
Q

What are the 4 selected diarrheal diseases?

A
  • Cilac Sprue
  • Irritable Bowel Syndrome
  • Infectious self-limiting colitis
  • Pseudomembranous colitis
20
Q

What is characteristic of Celiac Sprue?

A
  • Immune Mediated
  • Triggered by gluten, metabolite causes tissue damage
  • Blunts Villi
  • Oral effects:
    - Enamel Defects
    - Delayed eruptions
    - Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers
21
Q

What is characteristic of Irritable Bowel Syndrome?

A
  • Relapsing pain, bloating, constipation/diarrhea
  • Diet, abnormal motility and stress are factors
  • No Gross Microscopic Abnormalities
22
Q

What is characteristic of Infectious Self-limiting Colitis?

A

Caused by microorganisms such as salmonella, E.coli

23
Q

What is characteristic of Pseudomembranous Colitis?

A
  • Usually caused by C. Dificil (hard to kill)
  • Spread person to person
  • Often follows antibiotic therapy
  • MOST Common nosocomial infection in older adults
  • Toxin causes pseudomembranous formation, fluid secretions and ulceration.
  • 50% of neonates are carriers
24
Q

What are the 2 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases?

A
  • Crohn’s Disease

- Ulcerative Colitis

25
Q

What is characteristic of Crohn’s Disease?

A
  • Similar to Ulcerative Colitis
  • It has skipped areas that are non-lesioned and has intermediate strictures.
  • Granulomas
  • Fistulas and perianal disease
  • Also affects upper GI, but mostly lower GI
  • Can lead to cancer
  • Transmural lesions
26
Q

What is characteristic of ulcerative colitis?

A
  • More continuous, especially in the colon and no strictures.
  • More Superficial
27
Q

What is characteristic of a colon polyp?

A
  • Hyperplastic polyps = no malignancy

- Adenoma = may become malignant

28
Q

What is characteristic of Invasive Colonic Adenocarcinoma?

A
  • 15% cancer death in U.S.
  • Dietary Factor
    • Low vegetable Soluble Fiber
    • High fat/carbohydrate diet
  • Depth of invasion and lymph node involvement are prognostic

Human Disease and Therapeutics (24 decks)

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