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Human Disease and Therapeutics > 3rd Midterm Study Guide: Cancer Therapeutics > Flashcards

3rd Midterm Study Guide: Cancer Therapeutics Flashcards

1
Q

What cancer therapeutic cures 1/3 of cancers?

A

Local treatment

Surgery, radiotherapy

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2
Q

Chemotherapy is used for…

A

Advanced diseases
or
as an adjuvant

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3
Q

Where do anticancer medications usually exert action?

A

Cells in the cell cycle

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4
Q

Cancer therapy usually requires what?

A

A combination of drugs or drugs combined with radiation and or surgery.

*a single drug is rarely effective against cancer

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5
Q

Successful cancer therapy requires what?

A

Maximal cell killing within the range of toxicity required by the host.

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6
Q

Cancer therapy requires what to protect the host?

A

Adjustment of scheduling and overlapping toxicities.

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7
Q

What are the principles of use for Chemotherapy?

A
  • Primary induction for advanced disease or cancers without other treatment alternatives
  • Neoadjuvant
  • Adjuvant
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8
Q

What is a Neoadjuvant in chemotherapy used for?

A

localized disease where surgery/radiation alone are inadequate

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9
Q

What is an adjuvant in chemotherapy used for?

A

in addition to local methods such as radiation/surgery to prevent metastasis

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10
Q

What is important to achieve with drug combination therapy?

A

They to find a dose that provides maximum cancer-cell death while within there range of toxicity of the host.

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11
Q

What to drug combination therapies try to optimize?

A
  • Efficacy
  • Reduced toxicity
  • Optimum Scheduling
  • Mechanism of Interaction (If possible, Synergism)
  • Optimal Dosing
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12
Q

What leads to resistance to radiation and anti-cancer therapy in 50% of all human tumors?

A

p53 Mutation

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13
Q

What role does p53 play?

A

It senses sick or abnormal DNA, and it regulates apoptosis.

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14
Q

What cancers are the BRCA 1 and 2 genes related to?

A

Breast and ovary carcinoma

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15
Q

What is an example of an alkylating agent?

A

Cyclophosphamide

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16
Q

What is an alkylating agent like Cyclophosphamide used to treat?

A

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Leukemia
Breast Cancer

17
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Alkylating agents?

A

They transfer their alkyl groups to various cell constituents such as DNA (Causing miscoding)

18
Q

What are the adverse effects of Alkylating agents?

A
  • Nausea, vomiting
  • Damage to rapidly growing tissues (GI/oral mucosa)
  • Carcinogenic in nature
19
Q

What is a possible explanation for resistance to Alkylating agents?

A

increased ability of cancer cells to repair damaged DNA

20
Q

What are examples of Ntirosoureas?

A

Procarbazine and Decarbazine

*used for combo therapy of Hodgkin’s lymphoma

21
Q

What are characteristics of Nitrosoureas?

A
  • they require biotransformation to be effective

- they are highly lipophilic so they are used to treat brain tumors.

22
Q

What is an example of a Platinum Analog and what does it do?

A

Cisplatin - used on a broad range of solid tumors.

23
Q

What are examples of an antimetabolites and what do they do in general?

A

Methyltrexate and Fluorouracil

*these drugs act on intermediary metabolism of proliferating cells.

24
Q

Besides cancer therapy methyltrexate is used to treat what?

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

*folic acid analog

25
Q

What does the antimetabolite Fluorouracil do?

A

Inhibits thymidine synthesis.

26
Q

What does the antimetabolite methyltrexate do?

A
  • interferes with the formation of DNA, key proteins inhibit tetrahydrofolate.
  • treats head, neck, and breast cancers
  • causes mucositis and diarrhea.
27
Q

What are examples of Natural Product Cancer, chemotherapy drugs?

A
  • Vinblastine and Vincristine (Vinca Alkaloids)

- Etoposide

28
Q

How do Natural Product Cancer, chemotherapy drugs such as Vinblastine and Vincristine work?

A

Inhibit tubulin* polymerization

*cytoskeleton component

toxicity=mucositis

29
Q

How does the Natural Product Cancer, chemotherapy drug Etoposide work?

A

Inhibits topoisomerase II (interferes with DNA structuring)

*semisynthetic form of Mandrake

30
Q

What is an example of anti tumor antibiotics?

A

Anthracyclines (Doxorubicin and bleomycin -treat breast cancer)

31
Q

What does the cancer therapy drug Erlotineb do?

A

antagonize epidermal growth factors receptors

32
Q

What are the three cancers noted in the study guide as being treated by cancer therapeutics?

A

Hodgkins Lymphoma
Breast cancer
Prostate

Human Disease and Therapeutics (24 decks)

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