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Archaeology > Quiz #4 > Flashcards

Quiz #4 Flashcards

1
Q

political entity uniting diverse societies and cultures under a single supreme ruler (emperor)

A

empire

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2
Q

what type of relations did empires have?

A

core- periphery relations

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3
Q

how were core-periphery relations seen in empires?

A

dynamic between capital and provinces

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4
Q

what were empires regulated through? (2) (CF)

A

1) Communication

2) force

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5
Q

where was the Inca empire from and when?

A

South America, 1476-1533AD

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6
Q

what part of South America was the Inca Empire?

A

Chile to Ecuador

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7
Q

what did the location of the Inca empire show?

A

that they were environmentally diverse

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8
Q

who was involved in the Inca empire?

A

12 million people from 80 (conquered) provinces

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9
Q

in terms of language what was the inca empire?

A

linguistically diverse (a lot of languages)

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10
Q

what did the Inca empire merge from?

A

earlier states (conquest and alliances)

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11
Q

what type of economy did the inca empire have?

A

a Tribute economy

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12
Q

how was the tribute economy executed?

A

1) textiles
2) labor
(tax)

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13
Q

supreme ruler of the Inca empire. (always male)

A

the Inca

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14
Q

what happened after the Inca would die?

A

they were mummified/worshiped after death

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15
Q

what happens to the Inca’s wealth after they die?

A

it’s passed to descendents but NOT the next Inca

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16
Q

imperial capital of the Inca empire. cutstone masonry.

A

Cuzco

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17
Q

what type of tax did the Inca empire have?

A

labor tax; 20,000 over decades

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18
Q

example of other centers in the Inca empire in the Andes. feasting halls. vessels for corn beer, coca and meat

A

SITE: Hua’nuco Pampa

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19
Q

an example of other centers in the Inca empire in the Andes. Inca emperor. ceremonial retreat. sacred landscape.

A

SITE: Machu Picchu

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20
Q

what were roads used for the Inca empire?

A

1) communication

2) trade and conquest

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21
Q

charactertistics of roads in the Inca empire (2)

A

1) 40,000 km

2) stone lined

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22
Q

how were roads built in the Inca empire?

A

labor (corvee)

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23
Q

what type of bridges did the Inca empire have? (2)

A

1) floating

2) suspension (some 45m long)

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24
Q

how often were way stations in the Inca Empire?

A

every 6-9km along the road

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25
Q

what were way stations for in the Inca empire? (4) (ATLB)

A

1) administration
2) trade
3) lodging
4) barracks (military)

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26
Q

how was force seen in the Inca empire?

A

via warfare

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27
Q

characteristics of warfare in the Inca empire (3) (1MM)

A

1) 10k+ troops
2) multi-ethnic forces
3) massed frontal assaults

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28
Q

characteristics of massed frontal assualts (2) (AH)

A

1) arrows, slings, spears and clubs

2) hand-to-hand

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29
Q

was there a known written language in the inca empire?

A

no

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30
Q

what was found in the Inca empire that archaeologists throught might represent writing?

A

kipus (knotted cords)

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31
Q

what was believed to be true of the Kipus? (4) (UPPP)

A

1) undeciphered
2) possibly coded language
3) possibly accounting
4) possibly stones

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32
Q

how did the Inca empire end?

A

the Spanish conquest in 1533

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33
Q

who came to the inca empire during the Spanish conquest in 1533?

A

Pizaro + 168 men + 1 canon + 27 horses

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34
Q

what is a result of the spanish conquest in the Inca empire?

A

1) strife within empire and small pox

2) unrest= native allies for Pizaro (small pox killed 90% of people)

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35
Q

where was the Aztec empire and when?

A

Central Mexico, 1325-1519AD (post-classic period)

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36
Q

how big was the Aztec empire?

A

200,000 sq km

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37
Q

how were the inca and aztec placed?

A

inca was spread out and aztec is densly placed

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38
Q

characteristics of the Aztec empire (4) (6lct)

A

1) 6-10 million people
2) linguistically diverse
3) cultural/religious assimiliation NOT required
4) tribute economy

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39
Q

what were the Aztec origins?

A

nomads (tribal) found Tenochtitlan (lake Texcoco)

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40
Q

characteristics of aztec origins (2) (M1)

A

1) mercenaries

2) 1st Aztec king subjugaes surrounding city-states

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41
Q

in terms of warfare what type of society was the Aztec empire?

A

a militeristic society

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42
Q

what were military school for in the Aztec for?

A

commoners (men and women)

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43
Q

what role did men and women have in the military?

A

men did the fighting and women wrote poems about war

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44
Q

was the Aztec empire a warrior society?

A

yes

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45
Q

types of warriors in the aztec empire

A

1) eagle

2) jaguar

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46
Q

what did military success do for the aztec empire?

A

improves social standing

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47
Q

what type of network did the aztec empire have for warfare?

A

a spy network

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48
Q

what type of relay did the aztec empire have for warfare

A

a messenger relay

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49
Q

what did tribute provide for the aztec empire in warfare?

A

campaign supplies

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50
Q

how big was the army in the aztec empire?

A

approx 500,000

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51
Q

what is the Aztec capital?

A

Tenochtitlan

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52
Q

where was Tenochtitlan under?

A

Modern Mexico City

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53
Q

what did canals equal in Tenochtitlan?

A

streets

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54
Q

characteristics of Tenochtitlan (5) (PMASR)

A

1) palaces
2) marketplace
3) aqueducts
4) sewage system
5) religious architecture (heart of empire)

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55
Q

what made the Aztec empire more livable?

A

swamps were drained and chinpas built

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56
Q

how were swamps drained and chinpas built in the Aztec empire?

A

raised fields (“floating gardens”)

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57
Q

religious structure (heart of the city). pyramid for patron G-ds. cosmic center of universe. site of human sacrifice

A

templo mayer

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58
Q

characteristics of human sacrifice in the Aztec empire (3) (DHO)

A

1) deities keep cosmic order- sacrifice selves to create universe
2) human sustain them via rituals
3) offerings of tonalli (life force)

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59
Q

reasons for human sacrifice in the Aztec empire?

A

1) progmatic=domination/ritual intimidation

2) extension of idea of tribute

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60
Q

how was extension of the idea of tribute in the Aztec empire?

A

1) when material tributes those were refused.

2) when rebellion led to war (capital captive warriors)

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61
Q

when was the Aztec conqest?

A

1519

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62
Q

who conquested Aztec?

A

herman cortes + small force

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63
Q

what was captured in the Aztec empire?

A

Montezuma

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64
Q

characteristics of Conquest

A

1) with native allies

2) small pox

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65
Q

issues of archaeology and politics (2) (WW)

A

1) who has the right to interpret the past?

2) who owns the material remains of the past?

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66
Q

subject of the case study: who owns the past? (2) (NR)

A

1) native right in N. America

2) Repatriation (returning to people material remains of ancestors)

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67
Q

was repatriation simple or complicated?

A

very complicated

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68
Q

federally funded legal process for returning cultural items to native groups

A

NAGPRA (Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990)

69
Q

what items were examined for NAGPRA? (2) (HS)

A

1) human remains

2) sacred objects

70
Q

in NAGPRA what is balanced with ethical treatment of living descendents?

A

scholorly concerns

71
Q

before 1990 what did NAGPRA apply to?

A

existing museum collections

72
Q

how were existing museum collections for NAGRPA monitored?

A

must catalogue items and contact possible living heirs (federal funded)

73
Q

what senator supported NAGRPA?

A

Senator John McCain

74
Q

findings at museuems (3) (HAO)

A

1) human remains: 40,000
2) asscociated funerary objects: 1 million
3) other sacred objects: 6000

75
Q

after 1990 what did NAGPRA apply to?

A

newly discovered remains

76
Q

what did newly discovered items for NAGRPA include?

A

1) both “inadvertent” and “planned”

2) consultation with native groups

77
Q

what does NAGPRA allow for?

A

short time for anaysis

78
Q

what can happen if remains are determined American Indian?

A

analysis can occur only with documented tribal consent.

79
Q

problems with NAGPRA

A

1) only applies to public land

2) defines remains as “native american” if can be related to a culture that IS indigenous to the US (not WAS)

80
Q

what is an example of NAGRPA?

A

Kennewick Man

81
Q

what was Kennewick man?

A

a skeleton discovered in Kennewick, WA in 1996

82
Q

How old did C14 dating show Kennewick man was?

A

8400 yo

83
Q

how many tribes were there at Kennewick?

A

5

84
Q

what did the 5 tribes at Kennewick claim as?

A

ancestor, disputed by researchers

85
Q

when was the court case of the Kennewick man?

A

2002 ruling

86
Q

what was the result of the 2002 ruling of the Kennewick man?

A

does not qualify because of his age; permits analysis

87
Q

what did the skeletal analysis of the Kennewick man show?

A

unlike modern Native americans

88
Q

what did the DNA of the Kennewick man show?

A

Ainu SE Asia (old world population)

89
Q

what were some issues with the Kennewick man? (2) (SG)

A

1) should cultural value outweigh scientific value?

2) given his age, is he “Native American”/”indigenous”?

90
Q

how can archaeological remains and interpretations impact politics and vice versa?

A

1) destruction of cultural heritage as an act of war

2) archaeological remains used to justify war with conquest.

91
Q

what is an example of archaeological remains impacted politics?

A

Great Zimbabwe

92
Q

what is Great Zimbabwe and when is it from?

A

an African Chiefdom, 670-250ya

93
Q

who was part of Great Zimbabwe and why?

A

colonial eruopeans to justify conquest

94
Q

what were origins in Great Zimbabwe first attributed to?

A

Pheonician traders, not Native Africans

95
Q

example of Pheonician traders in Great Zimbabwe?

A

Palace of Queen of Sheba

96
Q

what hapened to the idea of African origins in Great Zimbabwe?

A

banned by Rhodesian government in the early 20th century

97
Q

what happened in 1980 in Great Zimbabwe?

A

Zimbabwe gains independence and names itself after ruins

98
Q

what is another example of politics impacted archaeology?

A

Nazi Germany

99
Q

what was archaeology used for in Nazi Germany?

A

to justify racism and political expansion

100
Q

who was a Nazi archaeologist?

A

Gustav Kossinna

101
Q

Nazi theories (2) (KS)

A

1) Kulturkeise theory

2) search for “Aryan culture” to justify conquest and racism

102
Q

anywhere that “Germanic” artifacts are found was once German territory and has been wrongfully usurped

A

Kulturkreise theory

103
Q

characteristics of Archaeology and ethics (3) (ADC)

A

1) archaeologists often outsiders
2) do locals have a moral/ethical right to participate in study of their past?
3) “community Archaeology”

104
Q

what is incorporated in “community archaeology?

A

locals in planning

105
Q

what is balanced in “community archaeology?

A

indigneous and scholarity interests

106
Q

what does “community archaeology” involve?

A

locals in research

107
Q

what is the purpose of using locals in research in “community arch.”?(2) (FD)

A

1) facilitates understanding archaeology

2) diminishes looting

108
Q

what is developed in “community arch.”

A

cultural centers

109
Q

what is the purpose of cultural centers in “community arch” (2) (FS)

A

1) facilitates interaction and education

2) stimulates tourism

110
Q

cons of “Community arch” (5) (ORWEC)

A

1) over emphasis on tourism/ commecialization
2) reduced access to local resources
3) women often exluded
4) existing power relations may threaten success.
5) conflicting viewpoints

111
Q

Time periods of the Archaeology of Manhattan (9) (PECDCRF1M)

A

1) Prehistory
2) Early History
3) Contact Period
4) Dutch New Amsterdam
5) Colonial New York
6) Revolutionary New York
7) Federal New York
8) 19th Century New York
9) Modern NYC

112
Q

during the pre-history era of Manhattan (2) (EB)

A

1) end of the ice age

2) big game hunters

113
Q

what was found in Staten Island 11000 ya? (2) (HM)

A

1) hearths, fluted points, hide-working tools

2) marine resources (oysters)

114
Q

what was happening during the prehistory of Manhattan 9000 ya?

A

climate warms- Holocene

115
Q

what was a result of the climate warming- Holocene in the Prehistory of Manahattan 9000 ya? (2) (MW)

A

1) megafauna die

2) waters rise- valleys become rivers (valley-> glacier -> river)

116
Q

what was happening during the prehistory of Manhattan 2500 ya?

A

local adaption

117
Q

what was a result of local adaption during the Prehistory of Manhattan 2500 ya? (3) (MMS)

A

1) marine resources
2) minimal farming (squash and sunflower 2500ya and corn 1000 ya)
3) seasonal farming

118
Q

What is the Early History of Manhattan known for?

A

the Arrival of Europeans

119
Q

who was the first European to be documented in NY?

A

Henry Hudson, 1609

120
Q

how did Henry Hudson arrive in NY?

A

on the Halve Maen (ship)

121
Q

what was the purpose of Hudson’s visit to NY and what happened while he was there? (2) (LE)

A

1) looking for the NW passage

2) encounter Lenape (native american troop)

122
Q

after Henry Hudson, what was the first European expedition to spend extended time there?

A

the Tijger, 1613 (ship)

123
Q

evidence found that dutch merchants existed during Early History Manhattan (2) (1E)

A

1) 1961 Village subway- ships remains

2) earliest archaeological evidence of Europeans

124
Q

When was New Amsterdam founded?

A

1624

125
Q

who founded New Amsterdam?

A

Dutch West India Trading company (Fort Amsterdam)

126
Q

who existed during the Contact period inf Manhattan?

A

Lenape Manhattan

127
Q

characteristics of the Lenape Manhattan

A

1) 100+ camps, fields, trials and paths across 5 boroughs

2) seasonal occupation

128
Q

evidence of Lenape/European interaction (3) (WFS)

A

1) wampum
2) fur trade
3) small pox

129
Q

What did Europeans view the wampum as?

A

native “currency”

130
Q

what was wampum accepted as in New Amsterdam?

A

money

131
Q

how was wampum made?

A

in a “factory” in the Bronx

132
Q

characteristics of fur trade in Manhattan

A

1) initially peaceful, eventually disruptive

2) altered Lenape enconomic and social life

133
Q

Characteristics of small pox in Manhattan

A

1) violence escalates

2) massacre in 1645

134
Q

what was a result of the massacre in 1645 in Manhattan? (2) (1D)

A

1) 1600 natives killed

2) dutch control solidified

135
Q

example of Dutch New Amsterdam. modern day Pearl and whitehall. early 1600s. foundations, floor and roof tiles. Dutch coins. Historial records, Hudson furs, Virginia tobacco

A

SITE: Heerman’s Warehouse

136
Q

example of Dutch New Amsterdam. Modern day Pearl and Coenties Alley. Current Goldman Sach headquarters. Old Dutch and Lovelace Tavern (clay pipes, wine bottles and glass)

A

SITE: Stadt Huys Block

137
Q

example of Dutch New Amsterdam. modern day pearl street. Double-wide streets=inland vessel slips.

A

SITE: Conties Slip

138
Q

when did Land filling occur at Coenties Slip?

A

1650

139
Q

How much of lower manhattan was land-filled?

A

1/3

140
Q

example of Dutch New Amsterdam. merchant vessel in the early 1700s. modern day water street. fitting stripped. sunk for landfill.

A

SITE: 175 Water Street

141
Q

what did holes in hull at 175 Water street mean?

A

tropical worms (West Indies trade)

142
Q

what happens during Colonial New York?

A

The British invade in 1664

143
Q

what do the British change about NY? (2) (TP)

A

1) They rename it New York

2) put an official government in place

144
Q

example of Colonial New York. City’s 1st almhouse (1730s)

A

SITE: City Hall Park

145
Q

what was being done at City Hall Park?

A

button manufacture= work for shelter. (buttons and blanks)

146
Q

when did the Northward expansion occur?

A

1790, n. limit= SoHo

147
Q

what was beyond SoHo in Manhattan in 1790?

A

villages and farms

148
Q

sheridan square. post holes and plow furrows.

A

Greenwich Village

149
Q

400 burials. 6 acres. modern day Elk and Duane. In used over a century (closed 1794) contained both enslaved and free African. Connection to Africa.

A

SITE: African Burial Ground

150
Q

what did females being buried with fetal remains mean at the African Burial ground?

A

deaths at childbirth

151
Q

In burial 101 what did an adult male. coffin with sankofa symbol (Ghana). teeth filled. no childhood malnutrition but breakage alone spines mean?

A

beatings in adulthood

152
Q

When did Revolutionary Warn New York occur?

A

1775-1783

153
Q

what was occuring in NYC in 1776?

A

NYC was occupied by British

154
Q

example of Revolutionary War NY. 50 huts; winter camp

A

SITE: Hesssian Soldiers Camp, Inwood

155
Q

findings at Hessian Soldiers camp (5) (RNLMC)

A

1) regimental buttons
2) needles (patching)
3) liquor bottles
4) musket ball molds
5) carved balls (for dice)

156
Q

When did Federal New York occur?

A

Post Revolutionary war- 1783

157
Q

when was NY the nation’s capital?

A

1789-1790

158
Q

characteristics of Federal New York (3) (SDC)

A

1) supreme court (first sitting)
2) drafting/ratification of Bill of Rights
3) economic center=explosive growth

159
Q

characteristics of Growth in NY during Federal NY (2) (EI)

A

1) erie canal 1825 (economic boom)

2) immigration (Irish famine)

160
Q

by 1850 who comprised 1/4 of NYC’s population?

A

Irish

161
Q

Example of 19th Century NY. 1800s. Charles Dickens called it “Poverty wretchedness andvice averife.

A

Five Points Slum, 500 Pearl

162
Q

characteristics of Five Points Slum (3) (BMM)

A

1) birth of middle class
2) mass-produced goods (similar to wealthier areas)
3) more stable part of city than previously realized

163
Q

what were excavated to be true of Five Points bad rep?

A

Brothels

164
Q

characteristics of findings from front of brothels

A

porcelin tea set, platters, punch cups, traces of food (wine, olive, meat) (entertaining an important element)

165
Q

characteristics of back of brothel (3) (DSF)

A

1) dangers of prostitution
2) syringes and medicine bottles (meds for Sarsparilla)
3) fetal infant skeleton

166
Q

when did NYC and Pulblic schools rise in Modern NYC?

A

1850s

167
Q

when did Central Park open?

A

1859

168
Q

when did the Brooklyn bridge get built?

A

1883 (brooklyn consolidated 1898)

169
Q

when did the inter borough rapid transit operate its first subway

A

1904

Archaeology (18 decks)

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