Quiz #4 Flashcards
political entity uniting diverse societies and cultures under a single supreme ruler (emperor)
empire
what type of relations did empires have?
core- periphery relations
how were core-periphery relations seen in empires?
dynamic between capital and provinces
what were empires regulated through? (2) (CF)
1) Communication
2) force
where was the Inca empire from and when?
South America, 1476-1533AD
what part of South America was the Inca Empire?
Chile to Ecuador
what did the location of the Inca empire show?
that they were environmentally diverse
who was involved in the Inca empire?
12 million people from 80 (conquered) provinces
in terms of language what was the inca empire?
linguistically diverse (a lot of languages)
what did the Inca empire merge from?
earlier states (conquest and alliances)
what type of economy did the inca empire have?
a Tribute economy
how was the tribute economy executed?
1) textiles
2) labor
(tax)
supreme ruler of the Inca empire. (always male)
the Inca
what happened after the Inca would die?
they were mummified/worshiped after death
what happens to the Inca’s wealth after they die?
it’s passed to descendents but NOT the next Inca
imperial capital of the Inca empire. cutstone masonry.
Cuzco
what type of tax did the Inca empire have?
labor tax; 20,000 over decades
example of other centers in the Inca empire in the Andes. feasting halls. vessels for corn beer, coca and meat
SITE: Hua’nuco Pampa
an example of other centers in the Inca empire in the Andes. Inca emperor. ceremonial retreat. sacred landscape.
SITE: Machu Picchu
what were roads used for the Inca empire?
1) communication
2) trade and conquest
charactertistics of roads in the Inca empire (2)
1) 40,000 km
2) stone lined
how were roads built in the Inca empire?
labor (corvee)
what type of bridges did the Inca empire have? (2)
1) floating
2) suspension (some 45m long)
how often were way stations in the Inca Empire?
every 6-9km along the road
what were way stations for in the Inca empire? (4) (ATLB)
1) administration
2) trade
3) lodging
4) barracks (military)
how was force seen in the Inca empire?
via warfare
characteristics of warfare in the Inca empire (3) (1MM)
1) 10k+ troops
2) multi-ethnic forces
3) massed frontal assaults
characteristics of massed frontal assualts (2) (AH)
1) arrows, slings, spears and clubs
2) hand-to-hand
was there a known written language in the inca empire?
no
what was found in the Inca empire that archaeologists throught might represent writing?
kipus (knotted cords)
what was believed to be true of the Kipus? (4) (UPPP)
1) undeciphered
2) possibly coded language
3) possibly accounting
4) possibly stones
how did the Inca empire end?
the Spanish conquest in 1533
who came to the inca empire during the Spanish conquest in 1533?
Pizaro + 168 men + 1 canon + 27 horses
what is a result of the spanish conquest in the Inca empire?
1) strife within empire and small pox
2) unrest= native allies for Pizaro (small pox killed 90% of people)
where was the Aztec empire and when?
Central Mexico, 1325-1519AD (post-classic period)
how big was the Aztec empire?
200,000 sq km
how were the inca and aztec placed?
inca was spread out and aztec is densly placed
characteristics of the Aztec empire (4) (6lct)
1) 6-10 million people
2) linguistically diverse
3) cultural/religious assimiliation NOT required
4) tribute economy
what were the Aztec origins?
nomads (tribal) found Tenochtitlan (lake Texcoco)
characteristics of aztec origins (2) (M1)
1) mercenaries
2) 1st Aztec king subjugaes surrounding city-states
in terms of warfare what type of society was the Aztec empire?
a militeristic society
what were military school for in the Aztec for?
commoners (men and women)
what role did men and women have in the military?
men did the fighting and women wrote poems about war
was the Aztec empire a warrior society?
yes
types of warriors in the aztec empire
1) eagle
2) jaguar
what did military success do for the aztec empire?
improves social standing
what type of network did the aztec empire have for warfare?
a spy network
what type of relay did the aztec empire have for warfare
a messenger relay
what did tribute provide for the aztec empire in warfare?
campaign supplies
how big was the army in the aztec empire?
approx 500,000
what is the Aztec capital?
Tenochtitlan
where was Tenochtitlan under?
Modern Mexico City
what did canals equal in Tenochtitlan?
streets
characteristics of Tenochtitlan (5) (PMASR)
1) palaces
2) marketplace
3) aqueducts
4) sewage system
5) religious architecture (heart of empire)
what made the Aztec empire more livable?
swamps were drained and chinpas built
how were swamps drained and chinpas built in the Aztec empire?
raised fields (“floating gardens”)
religious structure (heart of the city). pyramid for patron G-ds. cosmic center of universe. site of human sacrifice
templo mayer
characteristics of human sacrifice in the Aztec empire (3) (DHO)
1) deities keep cosmic order- sacrifice selves to create universe
2) human sustain them via rituals
3) offerings of tonalli (life force)
reasons for human sacrifice in the Aztec empire?
1) progmatic=domination/ritual intimidation
2) extension of idea of tribute
how was extension of the idea of tribute in the Aztec empire?
1) when material tributes those were refused.
2) when rebellion led to war (capital captive warriors)
when was the Aztec conqest?
1519
who conquested Aztec?
herman cortes + small force
what was captured in the Aztec empire?
Montezuma
characteristics of Conquest
1) with native allies
2) small pox
issues of archaeology and politics (2) (WW)
1) who has the right to interpret the past?
2) who owns the material remains of the past?
subject of the case study: who owns the past? (2) (NR)
1) native right in N. America
2) Repatriation (returning to people material remains of ancestors)
was repatriation simple or complicated?
very complicated
federally funded legal process for returning cultural items to native groups
NAGPRA (Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990)
what items were examined for NAGPRA? (2) (HS)
1) human remains
2) sacred objects
in NAGPRA what is balanced with ethical treatment of living descendents?
scholorly concerns
before 1990 what did NAGPRA apply to?
existing museum collections
how were existing museum collections for NAGRPA monitored?
must catalogue items and contact possible living heirs (federal funded)
what senator supported NAGRPA?
Senator John McCain
findings at museuems (3) (HAO)
1) human remains: 40,000
2) asscociated funerary objects: 1 million
3) other sacred objects: 6000
after 1990 what did NAGPRA apply to?
newly discovered remains
what did newly discovered items for NAGRPA include?
1) both “inadvertent” and “planned”
2) consultation with native groups
what does NAGPRA allow for?
short time for anaysis
what can happen if remains are determined American Indian?
analysis can occur only with documented tribal consent.
problems with NAGPRA
1) only applies to public land
2) defines remains as “native american” if can be related to a culture that IS indigenous to the US (not WAS)
what is an example of NAGRPA?
Kennewick Man
what was Kennewick man?
a skeleton discovered in Kennewick, WA in 1996
How old did C14 dating show Kennewick man was?
8400 yo
how many tribes were there at Kennewick?
5
what did the 5 tribes at Kennewick claim as?
ancestor, disputed by researchers
when was the court case of the Kennewick man?
2002 ruling
what was the result of the 2002 ruling of the Kennewick man?
does not qualify because of his age; permits analysis
what did the skeletal analysis of the Kennewick man show?
unlike modern Native americans
what did the DNA of the Kennewick man show?
Ainu SE Asia (old world population)
what were some issues with the Kennewick man? (2) (SG)
1) should cultural value outweigh scientific value?
2) given his age, is he “Native American”/”indigenous”?
how can archaeological remains and interpretations impact politics and vice versa?
1) destruction of cultural heritage as an act of war
2) archaeological remains used to justify war with conquest.
what is an example of archaeological remains impacted politics?
Great Zimbabwe
what is Great Zimbabwe and when is it from?
an African Chiefdom, 670-250ya
who was part of Great Zimbabwe and why?
colonial eruopeans to justify conquest
what were origins in Great Zimbabwe first attributed to?
Pheonician traders, not Native Africans
example of Pheonician traders in Great Zimbabwe?
Palace of Queen of Sheba
what hapened to the idea of African origins in Great Zimbabwe?
banned by Rhodesian government in the early 20th century
what happened in 1980 in Great Zimbabwe?
Zimbabwe gains independence and names itself after ruins
what is another example of politics impacted archaeology?
Nazi Germany
what was archaeology used for in Nazi Germany?
to justify racism and political expansion
who was a Nazi archaeologist?
Gustav Kossinna
Nazi theories (2) (KS)
1) Kulturkeise theory
2) search for “Aryan culture” to justify conquest and racism
anywhere that “Germanic” artifacts are found was once German territory and has been wrongfully usurped
Kulturkreise theory
characteristics of Archaeology and ethics (3) (ADC)
1) archaeologists often outsiders
2) do locals have a moral/ethical right to participate in study of their past?
3) “community Archaeology”
what is incorporated in “community archaeology?
locals in planning
what is balanced in “community archaeology?
indigneous and scholarity interests
what does “community archaeology” involve?
locals in research
what is the purpose of using locals in research in “community arch.”?(2) (FD)
1) facilitates understanding archaeology
2) diminishes looting
what is developed in “community arch.”
cultural centers
what is the purpose of cultural centers in “community arch” (2) (FS)
1) facilitates interaction and education
2) stimulates tourism
cons of “Community arch” (5) (ORWEC)
1) over emphasis on tourism/ commecialization
2) reduced access to local resources
3) women often exluded
4) existing power relations may threaten success.
5) conflicting viewpoints
Time periods of the Archaeology of Manhattan (9) (PECDCRF1M)
1) Prehistory
2) Early History
3) Contact Period
4) Dutch New Amsterdam
5) Colonial New York
6) Revolutionary New York
7) Federal New York
8) 19th Century New York
9) Modern NYC
during the pre-history era of Manhattan (2) (EB)
1) end of the ice age
2) big game hunters
what was found in Staten Island 11000 ya? (2) (HM)
1) hearths, fluted points, hide-working tools
2) marine resources (oysters)
what was happening during the prehistory of Manhattan 9000 ya?
climate warms- Holocene
what was a result of the climate warming- Holocene in the Prehistory of Manahattan 9000 ya? (2) (MW)
1) megafauna die
2) waters rise- valleys become rivers (valley-> glacier -> river)
what was happening during the prehistory of Manhattan 2500 ya?
local adaption
what was a result of local adaption during the Prehistory of Manhattan 2500 ya? (3) (MMS)
1) marine resources
2) minimal farming (squash and sunflower 2500ya and corn 1000 ya)
3) seasonal farming
What is the Early History of Manhattan known for?
the Arrival of Europeans
who was the first European to be documented in NY?
Henry Hudson, 1609
how did Henry Hudson arrive in NY?
on the Halve Maen (ship)
what was the purpose of Hudson’s visit to NY and what happened while he was there? (2) (LE)
1) looking for the NW passage
2) encounter Lenape (native american troop)
after Henry Hudson, what was the first European expedition to spend extended time there?
the Tijger, 1613 (ship)
evidence found that dutch merchants existed during Early History Manhattan (2) (1E)
1) 1961 Village subway- ships remains
2) earliest archaeological evidence of Europeans
When was New Amsterdam founded?
1624
who founded New Amsterdam?
Dutch West India Trading company (Fort Amsterdam)
who existed during the Contact period inf Manhattan?
Lenape Manhattan
characteristics of the Lenape Manhattan
1) 100+ camps, fields, trials and paths across 5 boroughs
2) seasonal occupation
evidence of Lenape/European interaction (3) (WFS)
1) wampum
2) fur trade
3) small pox
What did Europeans view the wampum as?
native “currency”
what was wampum accepted as in New Amsterdam?
money
how was wampum made?
in a “factory” in the Bronx
characteristics of fur trade in Manhattan
1) initially peaceful, eventually disruptive
2) altered Lenape enconomic and social life
Characteristics of small pox in Manhattan
1) violence escalates
2) massacre in 1645
what was a result of the massacre in 1645 in Manhattan? (2) (1D)
1) 1600 natives killed
2) dutch control solidified
example of Dutch New Amsterdam. modern day Pearl and whitehall. early 1600s. foundations, floor and roof tiles. Dutch coins. Historial records, Hudson furs, Virginia tobacco
SITE: Heerman’s Warehouse
example of Dutch New Amsterdam. Modern day Pearl and Coenties Alley. Current Goldman Sach headquarters. Old Dutch and Lovelace Tavern (clay pipes, wine bottles and glass)
SITE: Stadt Huys Block
example of Dutch New Amsterdam. modern day pearl street. Double-wide streets=inland vessel slips.
SITE: Conties Slip
when did Land filling occur at Coenties Slip?
1650
How much of lower manhattan was land-filled?
1/3
example of Dutch New Amsterdam. merchant vessel in the early 1700s. modern day water street. fitting stripped. sunk for landfill.
SITE: 175 Water Street
what did holes in hull at 175 Water street mean?
tropical worms (West Indies trade)
what happens during Colonial New York?
The British invade in 1664
what do the British change about NY? (2) (TP)
1) They rename it New York
2) put an official government in place
example of Colonial New York. City’s 1st almhouse (1730s)
SITE: City Hall Park
what was being done at City Hall Park?
button manufacture= work for shelter. (buttons and blanks)
when did the Northward expansion occur?
1790, n. limit= SoHo
what was beyond SoHo in Manhattan in 1790?
villages and farms
sheridan square. post holes and plow furrows.
Greenwich Village
400 burials. 6 acres. modern day Elk and Duane. In used over a century (closed 1794) contained both enslaved and free African. Connection to Africa.
SITE: African Burial Ground
what did females being buried with fetal remains mean at the African Burial ground?
deaths at childbirth
In burial 101 what did an adult male. coffin with sankofa symbol (Ghana). teeth filled. no childhood malnutrition but breakage alone spines mean?
beatings in adulthood
When did Revolutionary Warn New York occur?
1775-1783
what was occuring in NYC in 1776?
NYC was occupied by British
example of Revolutionary War NY. 50 huts; winter camp
SITE: Hesssian Soldiers Camp, Inwood
findings at Hessian Soldiers camp (5) (RNLMC)
1) regimental buttons
2) needles (patching)
3) liquor bottles
4) musket ball molds
5) carved balls (for dice)
When did Federal New York occur?
Post Revolutionary war- 1783
when was NY the nation’s capital?
1789-1790
characteristics of Federal New York (3) (SDC)
1) supreme court (first sitting)
2) drafting/ratification of Bill of Rights
3) economic center=explosive growth
characteristics of Growth in NY during Federal NY (2) (EI)
1) erie canal 1825 (economic boom)
2) immigration (Irish famine)
by 1850 who comprised 1/4 of NYC’s population?
Irish
Example of 19th Century NY. 1800s. Charles Dickens called it “Poverty wretchedness andvice averife.
Five Points Slum, 500 Pearl
characteristics of Five Points Slum (3) (BMM)
1) birth of middle class
2) mass-produced goods (similar to wealthier areas)
3) more stable part of city than previously realized
what were excavated to be true of Five Points bad rep?
Brothels
characteristics of findings from front of brothels
porcelin tea set, platters, punch cups, traces of food (wine, olive, meat) (entertaining an important element)
characteristics of back of brothel (3) (DSF)
1) dangers of prostitution
2) syringes and medicine bottles (meds for Sarsparilla)
3) fetal infant skeleton
when did NYC and Pulblic schools rise in Modern NYC?
1850s
when did Central Park open?
1859
when did the Brooklyn bridge get built?
1883 (brooklyn consolidated 1898)
when did the inter borough rapid transit operate its first subway
1904
