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Archaeology > Arch. Final Section III > Flashcards

Arch. Final Section III Flashcards

1
Q

differential access to resources (rich and poor) (conflict (leads to conflic)

A

status distinction

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2
Q

types of status distinctions

A

1) presitge
2) power
3) authority

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3
Q

respect conferred based on culturally valued qualities

A

prestige

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4
Q

ability to exercise one’s will over others (seizing leadership)

A

power

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5
Q

socially approved use of power (majority of people agree that this person is the leader)

A

authority

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6
Q

types of social structures from least complex to most

A

1) band
2) tribe
3) chiefdom
4) state

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7
Q

small group (60-100) in loosely defined territory

A

band

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8
Q

characteristics of a band (3) (EKH)

A

1) egalitarian (equal roles)
2 )kin-base
3) hunter gatherers (nomadic) (rely on wild resources)

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9
Q

culturally distinct groups

A

tribe

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10
Q

characteristics of tribes (3) (VCL)

A

1) village farmers
2) clan/lineage based
3) leaders; no formal gov’t

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11
Q

tribe leaders

A

1) Village head

2) the Big man

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12
Q

characteristics of the village head (2) (NM)

A

1) no real power, leads by example & persuasion (prestige)
2) mediates disputes

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13
Q

characteristics of the big man (4) (OPSO)

A

1) one per tribe
2) people who were well liked
3) similar to village head but wider reach
4) often charasmatic- respect

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14
Q

responsibilities of the big man (3) (FEF)

A

1) feasts
2) encourages group contribution
3) facilitates cooperation

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15
Q

society with social ranking and formal leaders

A

chiefdom

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16
Q

what is a chiefdom most like?

A

midway between a tribe and state

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17
Q

how is a chiefdom like a tribe?

A

kinbased

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18
Q

how is a chiefdom like a state?

A

institutional hierarchy (always have a ruler)

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19
Q

full time political specialist in a chiefdeom.

A

the chief

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20
Q

how does the chief regulate the economy?

A

through redstribution

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21
Q

system where goods more from local level to centralized collection point and back (feasting)

A

redistribution

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22
Q

how does the chief get into office?

A

inherits office (descent rather than achievement)

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23
Q

what does the chief have greater authority to do?

A

enforce decrees

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24
Q

formal government: hieracrchial.

A

state

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25
Q

how is power and authority enforced in a state?

A

by permanent military

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26
Q

how is power and authority enforced by permanant militaryin a state?

A

gov’t has a legal monopoly over use of force

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27
Q

what is membership based on in a state?

A

“citizenship” rather than kinship

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28
Q

how are citizen monitered in a state? (3) (CLE)

A

1) census
2) law and judiciary (protect and punish)
3) economic regulation and taxes (more formalized)

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29
Q

what is the difference between power and authority?

A

people with authority have power but they also have approval of those they rule over

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30
Q

evidence of social complexity

A

1) increase in social segementation/specialization
2) increase cultural differentiation
3) increase conflict

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31
Q

archaeological evidence of social complexity (4) (ABCR)

A

1) architecture
2) burials
3) craft specialization
4) raiding and warfare

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32
Q

what evidence did architecture show?

A

permanence (reflection on society that built it)

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33
Q

what does burial show for evidence in social complexity?

A

status distinction and identity differences between poor and rich

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34
Q

what did craft specialization show as evidence for social complexity?

A

technology and trade

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35
Q

what did raiding and warfare show as evidence for social complexity?

A

conflict

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36
Q

scales of violence (3) (HRW)

A

1) homicide
2) raiding
3) warfare

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37
Q

one-on-one violence

A

homicide

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38
Q

does homicide require complexity?

A

no

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39
Q

episodic group violence

A

raiding

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40
Q

what was raiding a precursor to and what was it tied to?

A

it was a precursor for war and it was tied to increasing complexity

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41
Q

sustained use of organized force against independent groups

A

warfare

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42
Q

characteristics of warfare

A

1) social rules

2) requires complexity (chiefdoms and states)

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43
Q

archaeological evidence for war (4) (SDWA)

A

1) skeletal evidencce
2) defensive fortifications, outlooks
3) weapons, armors, shields
4) artistic depictions

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44
Q

archaeological evidence for the rise of complexity

A

increase in social, political and economic segmentation

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45
Q

what type of architectural evidence was there in the complexity in Europe? (2) (CM)

A

1) complex settlement

2) megalithic monuments

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46
Q

what type of complex settlements were in Europe?

A

linearband Keramik (LBK) culture

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47
Q

how long ago was LBK culture and where?

A

7000 ya out of E. Europe (spread from East to west)

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48
Q

what type of house were there in LBK villages?

A

long houses

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49
Q

characertistics of long houses

A

1) length up to 70cm= status

2) special structures for feasting/ritual)

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50
Q

characteristics of LBK culture

A

1) farmers and cattle herders
2) inter-village interaction (cattle breeding, marriage)
3) standardized
4) rapid spread

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51
Q

what did rapid spread mean in LBK culture?

A

colonizing farmers (east to west)

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52
Q

types of megalithic monuments

A

1) chambered tombs
2) “stone settings”
3) “menhirs”

53
Q

what was the emphasis of megalithic monuments? (2) (CC)

A

1) communal work and trial

2) cultural permenence

54
Q

what did stability allow for in craft specialization? (3) (SSI)

A

1) social segmentation
2) specialization
3) innovation

55
Q

how did craft specialization show status distinction in Europe?

A

different crafts=different social value

56
Q

what type of craft specialization was invented in the complexity of europe?

A

metallurgy

57
Q

types of metallurgy invented

A

1) copper-working (6000)

2) bronze (4000)

58
Q

characteristics of copper-working (3)

A

1) possibly developed with a plow
2) personal adornment
3) weapons

59
Q

charcteristics of bronze-working

A

1) 90% copper (widely available)

2) 10% tin- less available (trade networks)

60
Q

where was bronze found?

A

internationally

61
Q

when was bell beaker pottery created?

A

4500 ya

62
Q

charcteristics of bell beaker pottery

A

1) standardized
2) wide distribution
3) drinking vessels in graves with copper weapons

63
Q

characteristics of Gold and Jade (3) (ADL)

A

1) adornment
2) display of wealth
3) long distance trade (rich burial)

64
Q

evidence of homicide. male 25-45 corpse frozen wind-dried. shot in the back with arrow. slash wounds on hands (palms) clothing/tools-show the blood of 4 people.

A

Otzi the Iceman, Swiss Alps (5000 ya)

65
Q

possible interpretations of Otzi

A

1) herder leading flock to pasture

2) shaman alone in mountain

66
Q

evidence of homicide. peat bogs/marshes. possible evidence of murder (excessively)

A

bog bodies (2000-3000ya in N. europe)

67
Q

example of bog body (homicide) 2 non-deadly blows to head. throat slit, neck broken (mummification by submerssion)

A

Lindow Man, England

68
Q

example of bog body (homicide) young girl in teens stabbed and strangled

A

yde girl

69
Q

what type of weapons did professional warriors use?

A

bronze

70
Q

what did bronze weapons consist of?

A

axes, swords, helmuts, breastplates

71
Q

what type of violence rose in Europe?

A

rise of the warrior class

72
Q

when was chaco canyon from and what type is it?

A

1) 1200 ya, chiefdom

73
Q

what type of houses were in Chaco canyon?

A

“great houses”

74
Q

what did great houses focus on”?

A

regional network

75
Q

what type of houses were Great houses? (squares)

A

apartment complexes

76
Q

who lived in great houses?

A

1) could hold over 1000

2) only 100 lived year round (feasting, episodic deposits)

77
Q

sources of power in chaco canyon

A

1) religion
2) water control
3) economy

78
Q

how was religion seen in chaco canyon?

A

kivas (circular strcutures in great houses)

79
Q

how was water control seen at chaco canyon?

A

1) desert

2) irrigation

80
Q

how was economy seen in chaco canyon?

A

1) road network

2) redistribution

81
Q

who was in charge in chaco canyon?

A

elites

82
Q

what did the size of chaco canyon runned by elites require?

A

overseers

83
Q

what did the size of chaco canyon requiring overseers show?

A

1) corvee labor (20,000 trees per greathouse)

2) dendrochronology

84
Q

what was evidence of status distinction in chaco canyon?

A

conspicous consumption

85
Q

what did conspicuous consumption consist of?

A

burial with 2 males, 50,000 pieces of turqoise and makaw skeletons

86
Q

causes of the chaco canyon collapse (3) (DFC)

A

1) drought 900 ya (great houses fall into abandonment)
2) fall of great houses
3) conflict

87
Q

types of conflict that caused the fall of chaco canyon

A

1) cannibalism (cowboy wash)

2) raiding (mass graves), skeletal trauma)

88
Q

where did the Cahokian Chiefdom take place?

A

in the Mississippi river valley

89
Q

when did the cahokia chiefdom take place?

A

during the Mississippian period (1000-600 ya)

90
Q

who did the Cahokia chiefdom consist of?

A

mound-builders and settled farmers

91
Q

support wooden structures

A

mound building

92
Q

how is mound building built?

A

in stages (over many generations) possible corvee labor

93
Q

characteristics of Monks Mounds (3) (E3E6)

A

1) example of mound-building
2) 30m high
3) earthen
4) 600,000 cubic meters

94
Q

sources of power at Cahokia

A

1) ritual

2) economy

95
Q

how is ritual seen at cahokia

A

“The Woodhenge”

96
Q

solar alignment at equinoxes

A

“The woodhenge”

97
Q

how was economy seen at cahokia?

A

feasting

98
Q

what does feasting do at cahokia?

A

manifests status differences and reinforces solaridaridy

99
Q

what is evidence of who’s in charge and status distinction at Cahokia?

A

“Birdman” burial

100
Q

characteristics of birdman burial (2) (CS)

A

1) carved shell mound

2) sacrifices (4 men and 50 young women)

101
Q

what caused the collapse at Cahokia?

A

1) possible deforestation (20,000 trees for pallisade alone)

2) possible backlash against chiefly authority

102
Q

what is complexity stimulated by?

A

trade

103
Q

what are the trade routes in Africa?

A

1) Trans-Saharan trade routes (north)

2) Indian Oceanic Trade routes (south)

104
Q

what were oasis trading posts for in saharan Africa?

A

camel caravans

105
Q

what was occuring in Timbuktu from 1000-600 ya?

A

merchants build market, permanent structures

106
Q

what was ocurring in Timbuktu in AD 1330? (3) (CMC)

A

1) captured by the Mali Empire
2) muslin center for trade and learning
3) catapulted from tribe to state overnight

107
Q

characteristics of sub sahaharan Africa(2) (CI)

A

1) cattle farming and gold mines

2) indian oceanic trade

108
Q

3 sections of great zimbabwe (3) (HGV)

A

1) hill complex
2) great enclosure
3) valley complex

109
Q

oldest section of Great Zimbabwe on a granite hill. possible ceremonial

A

hill complex

110
Q

what was found at the hill complex?

A

zimbabwe birds

111
Q

characteristics of zimbabwe birds (2) (MZ)

A

1) monoliths atop walls

2) zimbabwe flags

112
Q

occupied second in Great Zimbabwe. on plain below hill. 11m high. 1 million granite blocks.

A

Great enclosure

113
Q

occupied thrid in Great Zimbabwe. residential enclosures.. pottery copper and iron. Animal remains

A

valley complex

114
Q

interpretations of there being 3 parts of the Great Zimbabwe site

A

1) 3 parts= different chiefs

2) 3 parts= different functions

115
Q

if the reason there are 3 parts of Great Zimbabwe is because there are different functions, what are they?

A

1) hill (ritual)
2) Enclosure (political)
3) Valley (residential)

116
Q

what generally had the biggest impact on the rise of complexity in Africa?

A

trade networks (trans-saharan and indian oceanic)

117
Q

a chief buried on a bed of carved shell and interred with sacrificial victims

A

Cahokia “birdman”

118
Q

where were great houses of chaco canyon located?

A

at the center of a network of roads

119
Q

how does bell beaker pottery indicate the rise of complexity in Europe? (3) (ESO)

A

1) evidence of craft specialization
2) standardized, suggesting the spread of shared ideas through long distance trade
3) often appears in graves of archers, indicating the rise of warrior class in Europe and prevalence of organized violence

120
Q

what happened at cowboy wash?

A

people were murdered in a raid and then cannibalized

121
Q

can homicide occur in any society, regardless of their level of social and political complexity/

A

yes

122
Q

what stimulated the rise of long distance trade in Europe and why?

A

bronze-working in Holocene Europe because two metals were needed for smelting, tin and copper.

123
Q

divided into 3 components and built at different times

A

Great Zimbabwe

124
Q

what did the appearance of gold and jade give evidencce for in Holocene Europe?(2) (RC)

A

1) rise of status distinction

2) craft specialization

125
Q

what is evidence for the emergence of complexity in the Cahokia Chiefdom?

A

large scale public works, like monk’s mound

126
Q

what is the primary responsibility of the chief?

A

controlling the economy through the economic principle of redistribution

127
Q

characteristics of the Great Archer (3) (BBM)

A

1) buried near archaeological site of Stonehenge in England though isotope analysis show he was born elsewhere in Europe
2) buried with metal working, archery equipment and bell beaks
3) may have been a traveling warrior

128
Q

was the presence of the bow and arrow definitive arhcaeological evidence that raiding and warfare were common in that society?

A

no

Archaeology (18 decks)

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