Arch. Final Section III Flashcards
differential access to resources (rich and poor) (conflict (leads to conflic)
status distinction
types of status distinctions
1) presitge
2) power
3) authority
respect conferred based on culturally valued qualities
prestige
ability to exercise one’s will over others (seizing leadership)
power
socially approved use of power (majority of people agree that this person is the leader)
authority
types of social structures from least complex to most
1) band
2) tribe
3) chiefdom
4) state
small group (60-100) in loosely defined territory
band
characteristics of a band (3) (EKH)
1) egalitarian (equal roles)
2 )kin-base
3) hunter gatherers (nomadic) (rely on wild resources)
culturally distinct groups
tribe
characteristics of tribes (3) (VCL)
1) village farmers
2) clan/lineage based
3) leaders; no formal gov’t
tribe leaders
1) Village head
2) the Big man
characteristics of the village head (2) (NM)
1) no real power, leads by example & persuasion (prestige)
2) mediates disputes
characteristics of the big man (4) (OPSO)
1) one per tribe
2) people who were well liked
3) similar to village head but wider reach
4) often charasmatic- respect
responsibilities of the big man (3) (FEF)
1) feasts
2) encourages group contribution
3) facilitates cooperation
society with social ranking and formal leaders
chiefdom
what is a chiefdom most like?
midway between a tribe and state
how is a chiefdom like a tribe?
kinbased
how is a chiefdom like a state?
institutional hierarchy (always have a ruler)
full time political specialist in a chiefdeom.
the chief
how does the chief regulate the economy?
through redstribution
system where goods more from local level to centralized collection point and back (feasting)
redistribution
how does the chief get into office?
inherits office (descent rather than achievement)
what does the chief have greater authority to do?
enforce decrees
formal government: hieracrchial.
state
how is power and authority enforced in a state?
by permanent military
how is power and authority enforced by permanant militaryin a state?
gov’t has a legal monopoly over use of force
what is membership based on in a state?
“citizenship” rather than kinship
how are citizen monitered in a state? (3) (CLE)
1) census
2) law and judiciary (protect and punish)
3) economic regulation and taxes (more formalized)
what is the difference between power and authority?
people with authority have power but they also have approval of those they rule over
evidence of social complexity
1) increase in social segementation/specialization
2) increase cultural differentiation
3) increase conflict
archaeological evidence of social complexity (4) (ABCR)
1) architecture
2) burials
3) craft specialization
4) raiding and warfare
what evidence did architecture show?
permanence (reflection on society that built it)
what does burial show for evidence in social complexity?
status distinction and identity differences between poor and rich
what did craft specialization show as evidence for social complexity?
technology and trade
what did raiding and warfare show as evidence for social complexity?
conflict
scales of violence (3) (HRW)
1) homicide
2) raiding
3) warfare
one-on-one violence
homicide
does homicide require complexity?
no
episodic group violence
raiding
what was raiding a precursor to and what was it tied to?
it was a precursor for war and it was tied to increasing complexity
sustained use of organized force against independent groups
warfare
characteristics of warfare
1) social rules
2) requires complexity (chiefdoms and states)
archaeological evidence for war (4) (SDWA)
1) skeletal evidencce
2) defensive fortifications, outlooks
3) weapons, armors, shields
4) artistic depictions
archaeological evidence for the rise of complexity
increase in social, political and economic segmentation
what type of architectural evidence was there in the complexity in Europe? (2) (CM)
1) complex settlement
2) megalithic monuments
what type of complex settlements were in Europe?
linearband Keramik (LBK) culture
how long ago was LBK culture and where?
7000 ya out of E. Europe (spread from East to west)
what type of house were there in LBK villages?
long houses
characertistics of long houses
1) length up to 70cm= status
2) special structures for feasting/ritual)
characteristics of LBK culture
1) farmers and cattle herders
2) inter-village interaction (cattle breeding, marriage)
3) standardized
4) rapid spread
what did rapid spread mean in LBK culture?
colonizing farmers (east to west)
types of megalithic monuments
1) chambered tombs
2) “stone settings”
3) “menhirs”
what was the emphasis of megalithic monuments? (2) (CC)
1) communal work and trial
2) cultural permenence
what did stability allow for in craft specialization? (3) (SSI)
1) social segmentation
2) specialization
3) innovation
how did craft specialization show status distinction in Europe?
different crafts=different social value
what type of craft specialization was invented in the complexity of europe?
metallurgy
types of metallurgy invented
1) copper-working (6000)
2) bronze (4000)
characteristics of copper-working (3)
1) possibly developed with a plow
2) personal adornment
3) weapons
charcteristics of bronze-working
1) 90% copper (widely available)
2) 10% tin- less available (trade networks)
where was bronze found?
internationally
when was bell beaker pottery created?
4500 ya
charcteristics of bell beaker pottery
1) standardized
2) wide distribution
3) drinking vessels in graves with copper weapons
characteristics of Gold and Jade (3) (ADL)
1) adornment
2) display of wealth
3) long distance trade (rich burial)
evidence of homicide. male 25-45 corpse frozen wind-dried. shot in the back with arrow. slash wounds on hands (palms) clothing/tools-show the blood of 4 people.
Otzi the Iceman, Swiss Alps (5000 ya)
possible interpretations of Otzi
1) herder leading flock to pasture
2) shaman alone in mountain
evidence of homicide. peat bogs/marshes. possible evidence of murder (excessively)
bog bodies (2000-3000ya in N. europe)
example of bog body (homicide) 2 non-deadly blows to head. throat slit, neck broken (mummification by submerssion)
Lindow Man, England
example of bog body (homicide) young girl in teens stabbed and strangled
yde girl
what type of weapons did professional warriors use?
bronze
what did bronze weapons consist of?
axes, swords, helmuts, breastplates
what type of violence rose in Europe?
rise of the warrior class
when was chaco canyon from and what type is it?
1) 1200 ya, chiefdom
what type of houses were in Chaco canyon?
“great houses”
what did great houses focus on”?
regional network
what type of houses were Great houses? (squares)
apartment complexes
who lived in great houses?
1) could hold over 1000
2) only 100 lived year round (feasting, episodic deposits)
sources of power in chaco canyon
1) religion
2) water control
3) economy
how was religion seen in chaco canyon?
kivas (circular strcutures in great houses)
how was water control seen at chaco canyon?
1) desert
2) irrigation
how was economy seen in chaco canyon?
1) road network
2) redistribution
who was in charge in chaco canyon?
elites
what did the size of chaco canyon runned by elites require?
overseers
what did the size of chaco canyon requiring overseers show?
1) corvee labor (20,000 trees per greathouse)
2) dendrochronology
what was evidence of status distinction in chaco canyon?
conspicous consumption
what did conspicuous consumption consist of?
burial with 2 males, 50,000 pieces of turqoise and makaw skeletons
causes of the chaco canyon collapse (3) (DFC)
1) drought 900 ya (great houses fall into abandonment)
2) fall of great houses
3) conflict
types of conflict that caused the fall of chaco canyon
1) cannibalism (cowboy wash)
2) raiding (mass graves), skeletal trauma)
where did the Cahokian Chiefdom take place?
in the Mississippi river valley
when did the cahokia chiefdom take place?
during the Mississippian period (1000-600 ya)
who did the Cahokia chiefdom consist of?
mound-builders and settled farmers
support wooden structures
mound building
how is mound building built?
in stages (over many generations) possible corvee labor
characteristics of Monks Mounds (3) (E3E6)
1) example of mound-building
2) 30m high
3) earthen
4) 600,000 cubic meters
sources of power at Cahokia
1) ritual
2) economy
how is ritual seen at cahokia
“The Woodhenge”
solar alignment at equinoxes
“The woodhenge”
how was economy seen at cahokia?
feasting
what does feasting do at cahokia?
manifests status differences and reinforces solaridaridy
what is evidence of who’s in charge and status distinction at Cahokia?
“Birdman” burial
characteristics of birdman burial (2) (CS)
1) carved shell mound
2) sacrifices (4 men and 50 young women)
what caused the collapse at Cahokia?
1) possible deforestation (20,000 trees for pallisade alone)
2) possible backlash against chiefly authority
what is complexity stimulated by?
trade
what are the trade routes in Africa?
1) Trans-Saharan trade routes (north)
2) Indian Oceanic Trade routes (south)
what were oasis trading posts for in saharan Africa?
camel caravans
what was occuring in Timbuktu from 1000-600 ya?
merchants build market, permanent structures
what was ocurring in Timbuktu in AD 1330? (3) (CMC)
1) captured by the Mali Empire
2) muslin center for trade and learning
3) catapulted from tribe to state overnight
characteristics of sub sahaharan Africa(2) (CI)
1) cattle farming and gold mines
2) indian oceanic trade
3 sections of great zimbabwe (3) (HGV)
1) hill complex
2) great enclosure
3) valley complex
oldest section of Great Zimbabwe on a granite hill. possible ceremonial
hill complex
what was found at the hill complex?
zimbabwe birds
characteristics of zimbabwe birds (2) (MZ)
1) monoliths atop walls
2) zimbabwe flags
occupied second in Great Zimbabwe. on plain below hill. 11m high. 1 million granite blocks.
Great enclosure
occupied thrid in Great Zimbabwe. residential enclosures.. pottery copper and iron. Animal remains
valley complex
interpretations of there being 3 parts of the Great Zimbabwe site
1) 3 parts= different chiefs
2) 3 parts= different functions
if the reason there are 3 parts of Great Zimbabwe is because there are different functions, what are they?
1) hill (ritual)
2) Enclosure (political)
3) Valley (residential)
what generally had the biggest impact on the rise of complexity in Africa?
trade networks (trans-saharan and indian oceanic)
a chief buried on a bed of carved shell and interred with sacrificial victims
Cahokia “birdman”
where were great houses of chaco canyon located?
at the center of a network of roads
how does bell beaker pottery indicate the rise of complexity in Europe? (3) (ESO)
1) evidence of craft specialization
2) standardized, suggesting the spread of shared ideas through long distance trade
3) often appears in graves of archers, indicating the rise of warrior class in Europe and prevalence of organized violence
what happened at cowboy wash?
people were murdered in a raid and then cannibalized
can homicide occur in any society, regardless of their level of social and political complexity/
yes
what stimulated the rise of long distance trade in Europe and why?
bronze-working in Holocene Europe because two metals were needed for smelting, tin and copper.
divided into 3 components and built at different times
Great Zimbabwe
what did the appearance of gold and jade give evidencce for in Holocene Europe?(2) (RC)
1) rise of status distinction
2) craft specialization
what is evidence for the emergence of complexity in the Cahokia Chiefdom?
large scale public works, like monk’s mound
what is the primary responsibility of the chief?
controlling the economy through the economic principle of redistribution
characteristics of the Great Archer (3) (BBM)
1) buried near archaeological site of Stonehenge in England though isotope analysis show he was born elsewhere in Europe
2) buried with metal working, archery equipment and bell beaks
3) may have been a traveling warrior
was the presence of the bow and arrow definitive arhcaeological evidence that raiding and warfare were common in that society?
no
