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Archaeology > Quiz #1 > Flashcards

Quiz #1 Flashcards

1
Q

3 subfields of Anthropology (Study of Humans)

A

1) biological anthropology
2) cultural anthropology
3) Linguistics

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2
Q

the study of the human past through material remains

A

archeology

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3
Q

how does archaeology differ from history? (2 (MA)

A

1) Material remains & written ones

2) all levels of society (rich & poor, literate & illiterate)

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4
Q

How do we do archaeology? (4) (SEAI)

A

1) survey
2) excavation
3) analysis
4) interpretation

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5
Q

archaeological evidence for origins & early cultural development (3) (FRI)

A

1) fossils
2) rise of homo species
3) interaction with neandrathrals

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6
Q

what impact did domestication have on culture?

A

rise of complexity

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7
Q

Rise of complexity (8) (SWRTRDWK)

A

1) statues distinctions
2) warfare & violence
3) religion
4) tribes & chiefdoms
5) rise & fall of states
6) development of government & state religion
7) writing & law
8) kings, armies & conquest

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8
Q

2 types of empires

A

1) Inca

2) aztec

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9
Q

2 types of archaeological methods (RO)

A

1) recovery techniques

2) objects of study

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10
Q

challenges of archaeological methods (3) (PGH)

A

1) preservation (intentional)
2) Geologic & environmental factors (unintentional)
3) human activity (unintentional)

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11
Q

Preservation (2) (PN)

A

1) processes affect remains

2) needs to be put back together (like a puzzle)

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12
Q

examples of geologic and environmental factors

A

Earthquakes, wind, rain, erosion

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13
Q

geologic & environmental factors (2) (OA)

A

1) organic materials can decay

2) artifacts can get washed away and moved

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14
Q

human activity (3) (PFL)

A

1) people leave or die
2) farming (plows over archaeological sites)
3) looting (intentional)

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15
Q

Types of recovery methods (3) (SED)

A

1) survey
2) excavation
3) documentation

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16
Q

identifying and mapping physical remains of human activity

A

survey

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17
Q

how is survey done? (2) (WT)

A

1) walk around the grounds

2) talking to people in the area

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18
Q

challenges of survey (2) (TV)

A

1) terrain

2) vegetation (covered by dense foliage with insects)

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19
Q

findings of survey (2) (SR)

A

1) Site

2) region .

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20
Q

culturally or geographically defined by cluster of sites

A

region

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21
Q

any loci of past human activity (Ancient City of Or)

A

site

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22
Q

survey techniques (2) (GR)

A

1) GPS

2) Remote sensings

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23
Q

Types of remote sensings (2) (AL)

A

1) aerial photography (planes)

2) lidar (light detection and ranging)

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24
Q

how is aerial photography beneficial during surveying?

A

because it’s able to see remains that vegetation blocks

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25
Q

Lidar (2) (A3)

A

1) aerial laser survey

2) 3D topographical map

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26
Q

Example of Lidar

A

Caracol, Belize (4 days lidar vs. 2 years of foot survey)

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27
Q

advantages of survey (4) (NIS)

A

1) non-destructive
2) identify relationships (between sites and between sites and landscapes)
3) surface artifacts

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28
Q

exposure of remains via controlled digging

A

excavation

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29
Q

what is the goal of control?

A

to reconstruct everything and see how they fit together in space

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30
Q

layers represent activities and deposit (cultural and natural) from different time periods

A

STRATA

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31
Q

sequence of strata built up in layers

A

Stratigraphy

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32
Q

in an undisturbed stratigraphic sequence each layer (strata) is younger than the layer beneath

A

Law of Superposition

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33
Q

problems with the law of superposition? (3) (WMC)

A

1) wall can be built on top of older strata
2) making sense of what you’re digging during excavation is most challenging
3) controlled

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34
Q

activities at any point in time

A

grids (horizontal)

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35
Q

single fixed point that all depth points are taken from- how site changed

A

datum points (vertical)

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36
Q

goal of excavation (3) (IRR)

A

1) identify strata
2) recover remains
3) reconstruct horizontal (same time) and vertical (throughout time) relationships

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37
Q

excavation techniques (4) (DBSF)

A

1) digging (axes, trowels, picks)
2) brushing
3) screening (put dirt through screens and find artifacts)
4) flotation(stones will sink and bones and artifacts will float)

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38
Q

excavation strategies

A

1) horizontal excavation

2) vertical excavation

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39
Q

expose remains from the SAME period

A

horizontal excavation

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40
Q

expose a sequence from successive time periods

A

vertical excavation

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41
Q

excavated materials (3) (AFE)

A

1) artifacts
2) features
3) ecofacts

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42
Q

evidence of human manufacture (large fraction)

A

artifacts

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43
Q

non-portable cultural items (buildings, monuments, burials)

A

features

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44
Q

remains of biological organisms (human bones, animals, seeds, wood)

A

ecofacts

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45
Q

is a mammoth foot bone that was carved into a flute an artifact or ecofact?

A

an artifact because it was modified

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46
Q

techniques of documentation (4) (NPDD)

A

1) notes and forms
2) photographs
3) drawings and maps
4) digitization

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47
Q

what is the goal of documentation?

A

reconstruction of remains in context

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48
Q

the significance of remains interpreted based on where they deposited (provenience) and what they were deposited with (association)

A

context

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49
Q

types of archaeological method & theory (3)(DAS)

A

1) dating analysis
2) artifact analysis
3) skeletal analysis

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50
Q

chronology based on stratigraphic sequences. not sure of the actual date

A

relative dating

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51
Q

a dating technique. relative frequencies through time

A

seriation

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52
Q

dating contexts & artifacts in calandar years via scientific tests

A

absolute chronology

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53
Q

what is an example of an absoolute dating technique?

A

radio carbon dating

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54
Q

measures how long it has been since something organic died. must have once been alive.

A

radio carbon dating

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55
Q

measurement of the rate of decay of the radioactive (unstable) carbon isotope C14 from dead plant/animal remains

A

radio active carbon dating

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56
Q

facts about C14 (5) (DOCAA)

A

1) decays in body
2) once one dies it stops taking in C14
3) continues in body until it is all decayed
4) able to figure out how long it’s been since they stopped taking in C14 (since death) (withing a few hundred years)
5) after 40,000 years all decay is gone
6) doesn’t work on something older than 40,000

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57
Q

counts rings in tree-cross sections. absolute age.

A

dendrochronology (tree-ring dating)

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58
Q

measures rate of decay of isotope potassium 40 into argon 40

A

potassium-argon dating

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59
Q

what is potassium-argon dating good for?

A

fossil contexts

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60
Q

analyzing human remains

A

skeletal analysis

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61
Q

how is age assessed?

A

by tooth erruption and bone fusion for individuals under 25 (no matter where you’re from)

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62
Q

what affects assesment of age?

A

health

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63
Q

what is the best indicator of biological sex (not gender)?

A

the pelvis

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64
Q

types of artifact analysis (4) (SPEM)

A

1) stone tools (use wear, source material)
2) pottery (form techniques, designs, clay source)
3) ecofacts (past environments & Diets: pollen, seed etc.)
4) microarcheology

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65
Q

analysis microscopic residue from flotation and soil samples.

A

microarcheology

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66
Q

what type of artifact analysis radically alters interpretation and what is an example?

A

microarcheology

Site: Ashkelon, Israel “plaster” was actually decayed plants and fecal material

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67
Q

another example of an artifact analysis that alters interpretation. Lint suggests clay cylinders- loom weights.

A

flotation

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68
Q

another example of an artifact analysis that alters the interpretation. alter wasn’t for burning incense from pouring libations

A

soil chemistry

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69
Q

measures the light (stable) elements of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen & sulfur in organic samples to determine composition. (drinking water) (expensive)

A

stable Isotope analysis

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70
Q

what is stable isotope analysis done on?

A

animal bone, teeth and hair to determine diet and origins

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71
Q

types of professional archeology & theory (3) (CPP)

A

1) culture history (oldest)
2) processualism
3) Post Poccesualism

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72
Q

Precursors (2) (AI)

A

1) age of discovery: 15th and 17th centuries

2) Industrial revolution: late 18th and 19th centuries (western world began to change)

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73
Q

Intellectual developments during this time (3) (OOD)

A

1) order the living world
2) observe change
3) develop theory about cultural and biological evolution

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74
Q

Charles Lyell (4) (GFSC)

A

1797-1875

1) Geologist
2) fossils=time markers
3) stone tools and extinct fauna
4) convinced of antiquity of humans

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75
Q

The three age system (3) (SRF)

A

1) Stone age, bronze age, iron age
2) rooted in technology
3) focus on artifacts

76
Q

Christian Jurgensen Thompsen (3) (SBI)

A

1816

1) stone age
2) bronze age
3) iron age

77
Q

what was a concern when profesisonal archaeology emerged?

A

methodology

78
Q

Sir Flinders Petrie (3) (FSS)

A

1) first to pose standardization
2) stratigraphic excavation
3) seriation (relative dating)

79
Q

Culture history (4) (CDDM)

A

1) classifies “culture areas”
2) development over time
3) descriptive
4) material culture (pots=people)

80
Q

geographic location with lots of remains

A

“culture areas”

81
Q

V. Gordon Childe (2) (NU)

A

1) neolithic revolution

2) urban revolution (remains from middle east and Europe- found key moments)

82
Q

settled life and beginnings of agriculture

A

neolithic revolution

83
Q

cities and complex government

A

urban revolution

84
Q

Processualism (3) (NAA)

A

1) “The New Archaeology”
2) American graduate students (1970) (reject descriptive approach of culture historians)
3) arcehology as a science (hypothesis testing and scientific method)

85
Q

Lewis Binford (3) (SCE)

A

1) search for universal laws and process
2) culture = adaption to the environment
3) etic approacch

86
Q

“objective, outsider’s view of culture” (how cultures worked from an outsider point of view)

A

etic approach

87
Q

Post Processualism (5) (1BAAAE)

A

1) 1980s-1990s
2) Backlash against processualism
3) archaelogical excavation not replicable
4) archeology more like history than science (archaelogical remains in a “text”
5) Emic perspective

88
Q

the “insiders” view of their own culure

A

Emic perspective

89
Q

what is the archaelogical theory today?

A

anthropologists strive to achieve a balance between the scientific and intepertive

90
Q

approacches to explain culture

A

scientific theory

91
Q

approaches to understand meaning

A

interpretive theory

92
Q

what are the cultural characteristics of a human?

A

complex thought & symbolism

93
Q

what are the physical characteristics of a human?

A

large brains, bipedialism

94
Q

members of human lineage after split with chimpanzee lineage

A

hominin

95
Q

evidence of hominin origins (3) (GFT)

A

1 ) Geologic content (dating)

2) fossil remains
3) tools

96
Q

what are the characteristics of the cranial capacity?

A

larger, rounder brain case

97
Q

what was the volume of the brain on the earliest hominins?

A

350cc

98
Q

what is the volume of modern brain?

A

1300-1400 cc

99
Q

Characteristics of the human shrinking jaw (SL)

A

1) smaller canine and molar size

2) less prognathism (stuck forward)

100
Q

why do humans have a shrinking jaw?

A

your bigger brain allows to make tools rather than use teeth and teeth get smaller

101
Q

characteristics of bipedalism (5) (WCFAI)

A

1) walking upright
2) curved lumbar
3) foreshadowed pelvis
4) angled femurs/fully extendable lower limbs
5) inflexible ankles

102
Q

where were humans discovered?

A

in Africa

103
Q

sahelanthropus and chadensis (3) (EC7)

A

1) earliest hominin
2) chad
3) 7 million years ago

104
Q

characteristics of an ape (2) (CL)

A

1) cranium 350cc

2) long arms = aboreal

105
Q

characteristics of a human (3) (JSA)

A

1) jaw
2) small canines
3) angled femur = bipedialism

106
Q

Ardipithicus ramidus (S4)

A

1) Site: Aramis, Ethiopia

2) 4.5 million years ago

107
Q

Australopithecus (5) (ME364)

A

1) many species of hominin
2) east and south Africa
3) 3.5 million years ago
4) 6 species
5) 450-475 cc

108
Q

what is an example of australopithecus (5) (LHSF3)

A

1) Lucy
2) Hadar, Ethiopia
3) 60% complete
4) fully bipedal
5) 3.3 tall, female

109
Q

another example of austlopithecus (4) (LT3S)

A

1) Laetoli
2) Tanzania
3) 3.8 million years ago
4) side-by-side foot prints (volcanic erruption)

110
Q

example of Genus Homo (our ancestors)(4)

A

1) Homo habilis
2) east and south Africa
3) 2.5-1.6 million years ago
4) more gracile
brain: 500-800cc

111
Q

what is the earliest form of genus homo?

A

homo habilis

112
Q

another example of Genus Homo (4) (HA1B)

A

1) homo erectus
2) Africa, Asia, Europe
3) 1.9 mya-45,000 mya
4) Brain: 750-1250 cc

113
Q

what was the first genus homo outside of Africa?

A

homo erectus

114
Q

flint- knapping (3) (CFM)

A

1) core: raw material being struck (rock)
2) flake (material struck from core)
3) Method: “percussion”

115
Q

what is the earliest tool type

A

oldowan industry (2.5mya)

116
Q

archeulian industry (3) (1BH)

A

1) 1.7mya-200,000
2) bifacial “handaxes” (front and back has been worked)
3) homoerectus

117
Q

microaraeology at koobi fora (2) (WH)

A

1) wear pattern and polish

2) high powerscope

118
Q

results of microarchaeology at koobi fora (4) (AWCS)

A

1) animal butchery
2) woodworking
3) cutting plants
4) smashing bones for bone marrow

119
Q

newly discovered hominin. first fossils of this species ever discovered

A

homo naledi

120
Q

characteristics of homo naledi (7) (MTTFHLH)

A

1) mosaic species (a lot of elements of other species in one)
2) teeth were similar to humans but not all the teeth
3) tiny brains but skull was shaped like humans
4) feet were like human (not upper leg)
5) hands similar to humans but not finger tips
6) looks more like a homo erectus than an austrolopithicus
7) haven’t been able to date remains because they were found in loose soil

121
Q

homo erectus site in Dmanisi, Georgia (4) (1ECT)

A

1) 1.7- 1.8 mya
2) earliest evidence
3) crania 3 homo erectus
4) tools and animal bones

122
Q

`homo erectus site in Atapuerca, Spain (3) (8CH)

A

1) 800,000 years ago
2) cave
3) homo ancestor- transitional? (30 speciman)

123
Q

what time period are neanderthals from?

A

Pleistocene (Ice age) (cycles of extreme cold)

124
Q

where were neanderthals primarily from?

A

Europe

125
Q

what did neanderthals evolve from?

A

initial migration of homo erectus

126
Q

origins of neanderthals (4) (2GMB)

A

1) 200,000-30,000 years ago
2) glacial Europe
3) Middle East
4) Brain: 1200-1700ccs

127
Q

3 theories of neanderthals (3) (OMH)

A

1) “out of Africa”
2) multiregionalism
3) hybridization

128
Q

the belief that neanderthals and homosapiens evolve separatly from homo erectus. Neanderthals in Europe and homo sapiens in Africa (knows it’s not accurate)

A

“Out of Africa” Theory

129
Q

the belief that neanderthals and homo sapiens both evolve from 1st migration of homo erectus . Gene flow. both contribute to human genome. (logistics: not accurate because homo sapiens evolved from Africa not Europe)

A

Multiregionalism theory

130
Q

same theory as “out of Africa” but instead of replacement, interbreeding (today’s theory)

A

hybridization

131
Q

characteristics of a neanderthals skull (4) (EOSP)

A

1) elongated rather than rounded
2) occipital bun
3) sloping forehead
4) prognathic nose and brow

132
Q

characteristics of a neanderthals body (4) (MSBL)

A

1) muscular
2) shorter
3) bowed legs
4) large rib cage

133
Q

differences due to cold weather adaption (2) (LL)

A

1) larger nostrils for warm air
2) larger rib cage to breath easier cold air/higher altitudes
3) robust withstands cold- bowed legs from support

134
Q

physical attributes of a neanderthals language ability

A

Hyoid bone (connects tongue and larynx) (higher on throat than humans)

135
Q

neanderthals site at Kebara Cave, Israel

A

skeleton found with intact hyoid bone

136
Q

controls movement of tongue

A

hypoglossal canal and nerve

137
Q

speech articulation gene (DNA)

A

FoxP2

138
Q

DNA evidence of neanderthals (2) (EID)

A

1) extraction and sequencing from skeletal specimans (within in range of modern human variation) (hybridization)
2) interbreeding 85,000-37,000 years ago
3) DNA for skin, hair, disease resistance and lower fertility

139
Q

what race are neanderthals usually?

A

white

140
Q

what hair color is common on neanderthals

A

red

141
Q

what was the earliest discovery of neanderthals? (arrival)

A

Ehringsdorf, Germany 200,000-250,000 years ago

142
Q

what was the latest discovery of neanderthals? (final replacement)

A

Mezmais Kaya Cava, Russia 30,000 years ago

143
Q

retouched flakes used to discover neanderthals

A

“mousterian” tradition

144
Q

la cotte de st Brelade, English Channel (3) (O2S)

A

1) organized hunting site
2) 20 mammoths and Swoolly rhinos
3) stampede

145
Q

Schunigen, Germany(3) (MWS)

A

1) mass-kill site
2) wooden spear
3) simple but specialized

146
Q

what is there a high % of in skeletal studies?

A

healed trauma (broken bones)

147
Q

social organization of the occupation of Europe

A

1) home base sites in caves

148
Q

what did the home base sites in caves tell us? (4) (SSHB)

A

1) sheltered
2) succesive occupation
3) hearths/fire
4) burials (first to intentionally bury dead)
(homosapians seemed to learn from them)

149
Q

what did burials tell us about neanderthals?

A

1) compassion and possibly concept of after life

150
Q

characteristics of burials of neanderthals (3) (CPS)

A

1) child and adult
2) pits, cave ledges and niches
3) sometimes with grave goods

151
Q

neanderthal site in Shanidar Cave, Iraq (3) (AFE)

A

1) adult cave burial pit
2) flower pollen (pollen didn’t grow near cave, therefore it was intentional)
3) excavated in the 1970s

152
Q

neanderthal site in Amud Cave, Israel (2) (CR)

A

1) child in cave niche

2) redder maxilla (buried with child)

153
Q

what led people to believe that neanderthals practiced cannibalism

A

cut marks (defleshing) and percussion marks (marrow extraction)

154
Q

a north African stone tool industry distinguished by the presence of points with a pronounced tang- a small projection at the base of the point and used to secure the point to a spear or handle.

A

Aterian

155
Q

3 major time periods during the Upper Paleolithic (3) (AGM)

A

1) Aurignacian
2) Gravettian (Solutrean)
3) Magdalenian

156
Q

what are the 3 major time periods of the upper paleolithic based on?

A

stone tool technologies

157
Q

what else is the upper paleolithic referred to as?

A

the ice age

158
Q

when did the upper paleolithic occur?

A

40,000-11,000 years ago

159
Q

When did the migration of homo sapiens out of Africa occur?

A

approx 200,000 years ago

160
Q

when did the Aurignacian occur?

A

40,000-26,000 years ago

161
Q

what species co-exist during the Aurignacian period?

A

Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens

162
Q

where do homo sapiens migrate from and encounter during the Aurignancian period?

A

Africa and encounter the neanderthals

163
Q

when did homo sapiens arive?

A

36,000 years ago

164
Q

Homo Sapiens (3) (NDS)

A

1) Nomadic hunter gatherers
2) diverse tool kit (stone and bone and bladelets)
3) symbolism and art

165
Q

what did homo sapien jewelery include?

A

beads (animal teeth, ivory and shell)

166
Q

evidence of shoes from homo sapiens

A

1) toe evidence 30,000 ya

weaker toe bones= suppoortive footwear

167
Q

when were neanderthals present since?

A

20,000 ya

168
Q

when was the first interaction in Europe between neanderthals and homo sapiens

A

36,000 ya

169
Q

when were the last neanderthals?

A

30,000 ya

170
Q

when did the Gravettian period occur?

A

between 26,000-23,000 ya

171
Q

what type of species were present ONLY during the Gravettian?

A

homo sapien

172
Q

characteristics of the Gravettian period (4) (TVFN)

A

1) tools= increased hunting
2) venus figurines and cave art
3) formal burials
4) nomadic camps

173
Q

tools used during the Gravettian (2) (HBBA))

A

1) hunting points w/ hafting
2) “Burins”= working hides
3) Bow & arrow
4) atlatl

174
Q

Site: Kostenski, Russia ( Gravettian)

A

1) semi-subterranean dwellings (mammoth bone/fur)
2) central hearths
3) storage pits

175
Q

burials during the Gravettian period (2) (MG)

A

1) multiple individuals

2) grave offerings

176
Q

child burial with grave good that could possibly represent inherited social status

A

Site: Sungir, eastern europe

177
Q

“venus” figurines during the Gravettian period in Europe/Russia

A

Mobiliary art

178
Q

stone, bone, ivory clay small in size (4-25cm high) that represent cultural ideas about “gender” (idealized, not realistic)

A

venus figurines

179
Q

what do venus figurines mean?

A

1) Erotica
2) self-portraits
3) great goddess/fertility cult
4) marriage exchanges/ regional groups

180
Q

when did the Solutrean period occur?

A

23,000-20,000 ya

181
Q

what did the solutrean period represent?

A

regional developments and solutrean points

182
Q

net-hunting characteristics (solutrean) (small game)

A

1) net impressions in burned clay
2) faunal analysis= 46% (small game)
3) paleobotanical studies= foraging for roots

183
Q

when did the Magdalenian period occur?

A

20,000-11,000 ya

184
Q

characteristics of the magdelnian (2) (LI)

A

1) last ice age advance

2) intesification of previous trends

185
Q

tools during the magdalenian period

A

1) harpoons (fish enter diet)

2) variety= less chance of stravation

186
Q

apogee of cave art. 2,000 figures (animal human, abstract) with the color red or black done in painting & engraving. Natural relief for perspective

A

Site: Lascaux, France

Archaeology (18 decks)

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