LAB Final extras Flashcards
what are suspension feeders and what is an example?
many aquatic animals that sift small food particles from the water ex: Baleen whale,
what are substrate feeders and an example?
animals that live in or on their food source ex: caterpillar
what are fluid feeders and an example?
sucks nutrient-rich food from a living host Ex: leech, mosquito, hummingbird
what are bulk feeders and what is an example?
eats relatively large pieces of food ex: humans, snakes
where does most chemical digestion take place?
in the duodenum by chemicals secreted by the liver, pancreas, and small intestine
where does most mechanical digestion take place?
begins in mouth and is continued by the walls of the espophagus, stomach and intestines
where are proteins digested?
stomach, small intestine (enzymes from pancreas) and small intestine (enzymes from intestinal epithelium)
where are carbohydrates digested?
in the oral cavity, stomach, small intestine (enzymes from pancreas) and small intestine (enzymes from intenstinal epithelium)
where are nucleic acids digested?
small intestine (enzymes from pancreas) and small intestine (enzymes from intestinal epithelium)
where are fats digested?
in the small intestine (enzymes from pancreas)
what does bile do and what does it destroy?
aids digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine and destroys non functional red blood cells
what does the bile duct do?
carries bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine
what does insulin and glucagon do?
regulates the breakdown of glycogen and glucose
where does glucose homeostasis take place?
the liver
what is glucose?
a major fuel for cellular respiration and a key source of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis
when glucose goes up what does it stimulate?
insulin
when glucose goes does what does it stimulate?
glucagon
when glucose stimulates glucagon what happens next?
glucose is restored
what is type 1 diebetes?
the person is born with it and they don’t produce insulin
what is type 2 diabetes?
an autoimmune disorder where the body destroys cells that make insulin
what circulatory fluid is in an open circulatory system?
hemolymph
what is the circulatory fluid in a closed circulatory system?
blood
what is the difference between an open and closed circulatory system?
in an open one fluid is pumped through open ended vessels and flows out among cells (no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid) and in a closed one blood is confined to vessels
what is the systemic circuit?
the place where oxygen-rich blood delivers oxygen through
what is the pulmonary circuit?
the place where oxygen-poor blood (mammals and reptiles) flows through to pick up oxygen from the lungs
what is the pulmocutaneous circuit?
place where amphibians oxygen-poor blood flows through to pick up oxygen through lungs and skin
what does EPO regulate?
how many RBCs we need
what is plasma
blood in vertebrates which is a connective tissue consisting of cells suspended in a liquid matrix
what are the cellular components of blood?
RBCs (erythrocytes), platelets (thrombocytes) and 5 types of WBCs (luekocytes)
what is partial pressure?
pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gasses
what is countercurrent exchange?
blood flows in opposite direction to water passing over gills. blood is always less saturated with O2 than the water it meets (fish)
what is surface tension in the resp system?
pull alveoli shut and uses surfactant
where does air moves through in the respiratory system?
the pharynx, the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles to the alveoli where gas exchange occurs
what is diffusion?
the way that gas exchange takes place across repiratory surfaces
where does diffusion occur?
it varies among animals, skin, gills, trachea and lungs
what is positive pressure breathing and what animals use it?
air is forced into lungs because pressure outside lungs is greater (amphibians)
what is negative pressure breathing and what animals use it?
air is drawn into lungs because pressure is lower than the atmospheric pressure (mammals)
what are respiratory pigments?
proteins that transport oxygen and greatly increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry (hemoglobin)
hemoglobin characteristics
1) four globin subunits
2) each subunit has a heme group
3) each heme has an iron atom
4) each subunit can bind one oxygen molecule
5) four in total per hemoglobin
6) binds oxygen in cooperative fashion
what is cooperative binding?
when the first oxygen molecule binds to hemoglobin, the structure of protein changes so that the next molecule of oxygen can find easier
how is carbon dioxide transported in the body?
diffuses into blood and is transported in blood (bound to hemoglobin)
what is osmoregulation?
controls solute concentrations and balances water gain and loss
what is osmorality?
the solute concentration of solutions that determines the movement of water across a selectively permiable membrane
what is issoosmotic?
when in two solutions, water molecules will cross the membrane at equal rates in both directions
what is hypoosmotic?
the net flow of water in two solution differ in osmorality (less concentrated)
what is hyerpsmotic?
when two solution differ in osmarality but her higher concentrated
energy needed to produce ammonia, urea and uric area (highest to lowest)
1) uric acid
2) urea
3) ammonia
toxicity of ammonia, urea and uric acid (highest to lowest)
1) Ammonia
2) urea
3) uric acid
water needed for ammonia, urea and uric acid from (most to least)
1) ammonia
2) urea
3) uric acid
what is a sacromere?
functional unit of cell that is bordered by z lines where thin filaments attach
what is a thick filament?
staggared arrays of myosin
what is a thin filament?
actin
how does the sliding filament model work?
thin and thick filaments slide past each other longitudally powered by myosin molecules. relies on interaction between actin and myosin
what is the Mline?
center of the sacromere and attaches to this filaments
what is the Zline?
where thin filaments attach to
what does trypomyosin regulate?
regulatory protein
what is the roleof calcium?
a muscle contracts when calcium binds to the troponin complex and expose the myosin-binding sites
when does contraction of a muscle occur?
when calcium concentration is high
when does relaxation of a muscle occur?
when calcium concentration is low
steps of actin/myosin contraction cycle
1) ATP binds to myosin head causing it to detach from actin (low energy)
2) ATP is hydrolized into ADP and p to make myosin in a high energy state
3) myosin-head forms cross bridge with actin
4) myosin moves towards actin filament
5) ADP and P are release, cycle can repeat
what does acetycholine do?
depolarizes the muscle causing it to produce an action potential
where is cardiac muscle found?
only in the heart (consists of striated cells of electrically connected by intercalated disks)
where is smooth muscle found?
in hollow organs such as the digestive system
order of flow
1) proximal tube
2) descending loop of henle (removal of water)
3) ascending loop of henele (salt removal)
4) distal tubule (reg NACL and K+)
5) collecting duct (to renal pelvis)
which lipoprotein prevents our alveoli from collapsing?
pulmonary surfactant
types of asexual reproduction
1) budding
2) fission
3) fragmentation
4) parthenogenosis
differences between sexual and asexual reproduction
1) sexual reproduction includes fusion of sperm and egg, asexual reproduction creates an offspring with no fusion
2) sexual females have half as many daughters as asexual females
3) sexual reproduction increases genetic variation
