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Archaeology > LAB Final extras > Flashcards

LAB Final extras Flashcards

1
Q

what are suspension feeders and what is an example?

A

many aquatic animals that sift small food particles from the water ex: Baleen whale,

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2
Q

what are substrate feeders and an example?

A

animals that live in or on their food source ex: caterpillar

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3
Q

what are fluid feeders and an example?

A

sucks nutrient-rich food from a living host Ex: leech, mosquito, hummingbird

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4
Q

what are bulk feeders and what is an example?

A

eats relatively large pieces of food ex: humans, snakes

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5
Q

where does most chemical digestion take place?

A

in the duodenum by chemicals secreted by the liver, pancreas, and small intestine

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6
Q

where does most mechanical digestion take place?

A

begins in mouth and is continued by the walls of the espophagus, stomach and intestines

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7
Q

where are proteins digested?

A

stomach, small intestine (enzymes from pancreas) and small intestine (enzymes from intestinal epithelium)

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8
Q

where are carbohydrates digested?

A

in the oral cavity, stomach, small intestine (enzymes from pancreas) and small intestine (enzymes from intenstinal epithelium)

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9
Q

where are nucleic acids digested?

A

small intestine (enzymes from pancreas) and small intestine (enzymes from intestinal epithelium)

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10
Q

where are fats digested?

A

in the small intestine (enzymes from pancreas)

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11
Q

what does bile do and what does it destroy?

A

aids digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine and destroys non functional red blood cells

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12
Q

what does the bile duct do?

A

carries bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine

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13
Q

what does insulin and glucagon do?

A

regulates the breakdown of glycogen and glucose

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14
Q

where does glucose homeostasis take place?

A

the liver

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15
Q

what is glucose?

A

a major fuel for cellular respiration and a key source of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis

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16
Q

when glucose goes up what does it stimulate?

A

insulin

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17
Q

when glucose goes does what does it stimulate?

A

glucagon

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18
Q

when glucose stimulates glucagon what happens next?

A

glucose is restored

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19
Q

what is type 1 diebetes?

A

the person is born with it and they don’t produce insulin

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20
Q

what is type 2 diabetes?

A

an autoimmune disorder where the body destroys cells that make insulin

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21
Q

what circulatory fluid is in an open circulatory system?

A

hemolymph

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22
Q

what is the circulatory fluid in a closed circulatory system?

A

blood

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23
Q

what is the difference between an open and closed circulatory system?

A

in an open one fluid is pumped through open ended vessels and flows out among cells (no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid) and in a closed one blood is confined to vessels

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24
Q

what is the systemic circuit?

A

the place where oxygen-rich blood delivers oxygen through

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25
Q

what is the pulmonary circuit?

A

the place where oxygen-poor blood (mammals and reptiles) flows through to pick up oxygen from the lungs

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26
Q

what is the pulmocutaneous circuit?

A

place where amphibians oxygen-poor blood flows through to pick up oxygen through lungs and skin

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27
Q

what does EPO regulate?

A

how many RBCs we need

28
Q

what is plasma

A

blood in vertebrates which is a connective tissue consisting of cells suspended in a liquid matrix

29
Q

what are the cellular components of blood?

A

RBCs (erythrocytes), platelets (thrombocytes) and 5 types of WBCs (luekocytes)

30
Q

what is partial pressure?

A

pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gasses

31
Q

what is countercurrent exchange?

A

blood flows in opposite direction to water passing over gills. blood is always less saturated with O2 than the water it meets (fish)

32
Q

what is surface tension in the resp system?

A

pull alveoli shut and uses surfactant

33
Q

where does air moves through in the respiratory system?

A

the pharynx, the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles to the alveoli where gas exchange occurs

34
Q

what is diffusion?

A

the way that gas exchange takes place across repiratory surfaces

35
Q

where does diffusion occur?

A

it varies among animals, skin, gills, trachea and lungs

36
Q

what is positive pressure breathing and what animals use it?

A

air is forced into lungs because pressure outside lungs is greater (amphibians)

37
Q

what is negative pressure breathing and what animals use it?

A

air is drawn into lungs because pressure is lower than the atmospheric pressure (mammals)

38
Q

what are respiratory pigments?

A

proteins that transport oxygen and greatly increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry (hemoglobin)

39
Q

hemoglobin characteristics

A

1) four globin subunits
2) each subunit has a heme group
3) each heme has an iron atom
4) each subunit can bind one oxygen molecule
5) four in total per hemoglobin
6) binds oxygen in cooperative fashion

40
Q

what is cooperative binding?

A

when the first oxygen molecule binds to hemoglobin, the structure of protein changes so that the next molecule of oxygen can find easier

41
Q

how is carbon dioxide transported in the body?

A

diffuses into blood and is transported in blood (bound to hemoglobin)

42
Q

what is osmoregulation?

A

controls solute concentrations and balances water gain and loss

43
Q

what is osmorality?

A

the solute concentration of solutions that determines the movement of water across a selectively permiable membrane

44
Q

what is issoosmotic?

A

when in two solutions, water molecules will cross the membrane at equal rates in both directions

45
Q

what is hypoosmotic?

A

the net flow of water in two solution differ in osmorality (less concentrated)

46
Q

what is hyerpsmotic?

A

when two solution differ in osmarality but her higher concentrated

47
Q

energy needed to produce ammonia, urea and uric area (highest to lowest)

A

1) uric acid
2) urea
3) ammonia

48
Q

toxicity of ammonia, urea and uric acid (highest to lowest)

A

1) Ammonia
2) urea
3) uric acid

49
Q

water needed for ammonia, urea and uric acid from (most to least)

A

1) ammonia
2) urea
3) uric acid

50
Q

what is a sacromere?

A

functional unit of cell that is bordered by z lines where thin filaments attach

51
Q

what is a thick filament?

A

staggared arrays of myosin

52
Q

what is a thin filament?

A

actin

53
Q

how does the sliding filament model work?

A

thin and thick filaments slide past each other longitudally powered by myosin molecules. relies on interaction between actin and myosin

54
Q

what is the Mline?

A

center of the sacromere and attaches to this filaments

55
Q

what is the Zline?

A

where thin filaments attach to

56
Q

what does trypomyosin regulate?

A

regulatory protein

57
Q

what is the roleof calcium?

A

a muscle contracts when calcium binds to the troponin complex and expose the myosin-binding sites

58
Q

when does contraction of a muscle occur?

A

when calcium concentration is high

59
Q

when does relaxation of a muscle occur?

A

when calcium concentration is low

60
Q

steps of actin/myosin contraction cycle

A

1) ATP binds to myosin head causing it to detach from actin (low energy)
2) ATP is hydrolized into ADP and p to make myosin in a high energy state
3) myosin-head forms cross bridge with actin
4) myosin moves towards actin filament
5) ADP and P are release, cycle can repeat

61
Q

what does acetycholine do?

A

depolarizes the muscle causing it to produce an action potential

62
Q

where is cardiac muscle found?

A

only in the heart (consists of striated cells of electrically connected by intercalated disks)

63
Q

where is smooth muscle found?

A

in hollow organs such as the digestive system

64
Q

order of flow

A

1) proximal tube
2) descending loop of henle (removal of water)
3) ascending loop of henele (salt removal)
4) distal tubule (reg NACL and K+)
5) collecting duct (to renal pelvis)

65
Q

which lipoprotein prevents our alveoli from collapsing?

A

pulmonary surfactant

66
Q

types of asexual reproduction

A

1) budding
2) fission
3) fragmentation
4) parthenogenosis

67
Q

differences between sexual and asexual reproduction

A

1) sexual reproduction includes fusion of sperm and egg, asexual reproduction creates an offspring with no fusion
2) sexual females have half as many daughters as asexual females
3) sexual reproduction increases genetic variation

Archaeology (18 decks)

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