Quiz #2 Flashcards
4 theories of migration into the Americas
1) Clovis first
2) pre-clovis
3) solutrean hypothesis
4) early arrival
when did the Clovis first theory take place?
during the Pleistocene (ice age) 12,000 ya (close to the end of the ice age)
what route would have been taken for the Clovis First theory ?
From Asia across Beringia through an ice-free corridor (by walking because water wasn’t there)
Who would have been part of the Clovis first theory? (4) (BFIE)
1) Big-game hunters
2) fluted clovis points
3) ice-age megafauna
4) extinction: 13,000-11,000 ya
what most likely caused the extinction during the Clovis first theory?
the changing climate
examples of clovis-first sites
1) Blackwater Draw, NM (typical)
2) Gault, Texas (not typical)
3) Polwars II, Wyoming (not typical)
problem associated with clovis first theory and example
1) should find fluted points in Alaska earlier but don’t. Broken Mammoth, Alaska.
2) timing of ice-free corridor between glacial sheets
3) dates recalibrated (10,500 ya- too late)
When did the Pre-clovis theory occur?
arrival 13,500 ya
what route would the pre-clovis theory take?
from Asia via coastal migration
examples of pre-clovis theory
1) Meadowcroft Rockshelter, PA (discovered older sites than clovis first)
2) Monte Verde, Chile
findings at Monte Verde, Childe (pre clovis) (SORSA)
1) settlement with wood and hide tents
2) organic remains
3) rope, wood, tools, stone points (not clovis)
4) seeds = foraging
5) animal bones (hunting large and small game)
facts about Pre-clovis theory (3) (PNP)
1) people far south by 13,000 ya +
2) not big game hunters (no clovis points, foraging, small game, marine resources)
3) Possible multiple cultural groups and different routes (not a simple answer)
problems with Pre-clovis (2) (MC)
1) meadowcroft: contaminated dates
2) coastal migration route: no coastal sites- underwater?
when did the Solutrean hypothesis occur?
15,000-13,000 ya
what route did the solutrean hypothesis take? (2) (EA)
1) European origins
2) atlantic “ice edge” route (by boat)
who was part of the solutrean hypothesis?
big-game (clovis) hunters
evidence from Solutrean hypothesis (2) (FM)
1) fluted points similar to European Solutrean
2) meadowcroft Rockshelter (very far east) “Mille Point” (proves that people came from Europe, not Asia)
problems with the solutrean hypothesis (3) (CDD)
1) clovis 5,000 years later than Solutrean
2) dangerous passage requiring maritime skill
3) differences in technology (no channel)
When did Early arrival occur?
30,000 ya
what route did Early arrival take?
from Asia via coastal route (pre-pre clovis model)
examples of evidence of early arrival sites
1) Yana River, Siberia (earliest evidence near Beringia)
2) Pedra Furada, Brazil
Genetic Data of the New World(3) (5MG)
1) 5 “clades” for native new world peoples
2) MtDNA
3) Genetic similarity between dispersed peoples
where are all 5 “clades” for the native new world peoples traced back to according to genetic data?
Siberia
what does MtDNA (DNA from mom to child) trace back to according to genetics?
Siberia and Mongolia
what two genetic simalarity are dispersed between peoples
Eskimo and Yanomamo
how many years ago was a single dispersal of Eskimos and Yanomamos?
16,000 ya
what does the dispersal of Eskimos and yanomamos suggest?
that people came to the Americas 16,000 ya and separated geographically (pre-clovis and early arrival)
3 main groups of linguistic data
1) Eskimo- Aleut (Alaska)
2) Na-Dene (Northern N. America)
3) Amerind (Central & South America)
two hypothesis of linguistic data
1) three migrations
2) one migration (pre-20,000 ya)
what does the three migrations hypothesis include?
1) first Amerind speakers
2) second Na Dene Speakers
3) Third Eskimo-Aleut
