Quiz #2 Flashcards
4 theories of migration into the Americas
1) Clovis first
2) pre-clovis
3) solutrean hypothesis
4) early arrival
when did the Clovis first theory take place?
during the Pleistocene (ice age) 12,000 ya (close to the end of the ice age)
what route would have been taken for the Clovis First theory ?
From Asia across Beringia through an ice-free corridor (by walking because water wasn’t there)
Who would have been part of the Clovis first theory? (4) (BFIE)
1) Big-game hunters
2) fluted clovis points
3) ice-age megafauna
4) extinction: 13,000-11,000 ya
what most likely caused the extinction during the Clovis first theory?
the changing climate
examples of clovis-first sites
1) Blackwater Draw, NM (typical)
2) Gault, Texas (not typical)
3) Polwars II, Wyoming (not typical)
problem associated with clovis first theory and example
1) should find fluted points in Alaska earlier but don’t. Broken Mammoth, Alaska.
2) timing of ice-free corridor between glacial sheets
3) dates recalibrated (10,500 ya- too late)
When did the Pre-clovis theory occur?
arrival 13,500 ya
what route would the pre-clovis theory take?
from Asia via coastal migration
examples of pre-clovis theory
1) Meadowcroft Rockshelter, PA (discovered older sites than clovis first)
2) Monte Verde, Chile
findings at Monte Verde, Childe (pre clovis) (SORSA)
1) settlement with wood and hide tents
2) organic remains
3) rope, wood, tools, stone points (not clovis)
4) seeds = foraging
5) animal bones (hunting large and small game)
facts about Pre-clovis theory (3) (PNP)
1) people far south by 13,000 ya +
2) not big game hunters (no clovis points, foraging, small game, marine resources)
3) Possible multiple cultural groups and different routes (not a simple answer)
problems with Pre-clovis (2) (MC)
1) meadowcroft: contaminated dates
2) coastal migration route: no coastal sites- underwater?
when did the Solutrean hypothesis occur?
15,000-13,000 ya
what route did the solutrean hypothesis take? (2) (EA)
1) European origins
2) atlantic “ice edge” route (by boat)
who was part of the solutrean hypothesis?
big-game (clovis) hunters
evidence from Solutrean hypothesis (2) (FM)
1) fluted points similar to European Solutrean
2) meadowcroft Rockshelter (very far east) “Mille Point” (proves that people came from Europe, not Asia)
problems with the solutrean hypothesis (3) (CDD)
1) clovis 5,000 years later than Solutrean
2) dangerous passage requiring maritime skill
3) differences in technology (no channel)
When did Early arrival occur?
30,000 ya
what route did Early arrival take?
from Asia via coastal route (pre-pre clovis model)
examples of evidence of early arrival sites
1) Yana River, Siberia (earliest evidence near Beringia)
2) Pedra Furada, Brazil
Genetic Data of the New World(3) (5MG)
1) 5 “clades” for native new world peoples
2) MtDNA
3) Genetic similarity between dispersed peoples
where are all 5 “clades” for the native new world peoples traced back to according to genetic data?
Siberia
what does MtDNA (DNA from mom to child) trace back to according to genetics?
Siberia and Mongolia
what two genetic simalarity are dispersed between peoples
Eskimo and Yanomamo
how many years ago was a single dispersal of Eskimos and Yanomamos?
16,000 ya
what does the dispersal of Eskimos and yanomamos suggest?
that people came to the Americas 16,000 ya and separated geographically (pre-clovis and early arrival)
3 main groups of linguistic data
1) Eskimo- Aleut (Alaska)
2) Na-Dene (Northern N. America)
3) Amerind (Central & South America)
two hypothesis of linguistic data
1) three migrations
2) one migration (pre-20,000 ya)
what does the three migrations hypothesis include?
1) first Amerind speakers
2) second Na Dene Speakers
3) Third Eskimo-Aleut
what does the one migration hypothesis inculde?
original proto-paleoindian language regionalized into groups
if the one migration hypothesis is the case what does that mean?
that it supports the Early Arrival
which theories have the most supported evidence?
pre-clovis
facts about peopling of the Americas (6) (SSPCCA)
1) siberian/asian origins
2) single migration w/ groups brancing
3) pre-clovis- 13,000 ya or earlier
4) coastal route
5) culture: mixed hunters and foragers and regional adaptations (Clovis)
6) Archaeological evidence: About 15,000 ya and linguistic and genetic data older
what is V. Gordon Chile known for coining?
the Neolithic “Revolution”
what did the neolithic revolution bring? (2) (CB)
1) control nature
2) “becoming cultural”
what did the neolithic revolutions bring rise to? (3) (VRC)
1) village life
2) religion
3) complexity etc.
most of the time on the planet what were we?
hunter/gatherers
false perceptions during the neolithic revolution (2) (HA)
1) hunting & gather is “precarious” (difficult)
2) agriculture is beneficial/positive
reality of those false perceptions during the neolithic revolution
1) hunting & gathering is healthier, more leisure time
2) farming= more disease & malnutrition
what does the transition to farming impact? (3) (DHP)
1) diet- food groups
2) health/disease
3) physical activity
(starvation is less likely for h/g)
facts about the neolithic revolution (4) (ADNI)
1) arose independently in different regions
2) domestication = changes in technology & lifestyle
3) not initially intentional
4) ireversable (fo)od surplus= population increase which makes people dependent on agriculture
what do dramatic changes require which causes domestication?
a trigger
triggers that caused domestication
1) climate change
2) population growth- feedback loop
facts about climate change which triggered domestication during the neolithic period (2) (EN)
1) end of the pleistocene (10,000 ya)
2) new flora & fauna
domestication of the middle east (2) (FL)
1) “fertile crescent”
2) long transitional process (25,000-7,000 ya)
when did the Kebaran Period occur?
25,000-15,000 ya
characterizations of the Kebaran period (2) (HN)
1) hunter-gatherers (shot occupation camps)
2) no domestication
site during the Kebaran period
Ohalo, Israel
when did the Natufian period occur?
15,000-12,000 ya
characteristics of the natufian period (6) (HFTPNP)
1) hunter/gatherers
2) first arhictecture
3) technological innovation
4) possible organized religion
5) no domestication
6) people settle & form groups BEFORE inventing agriculture
hunting during the natufian period (2) (GW)
1) Gazelle= 80% of wild fauna
2) wild goat, sheep, cattle
site during representing permanent architecture during the natufian period
Hureyra, Syria
characteristics of dog domestication during the natufian period (2) (BS)
1) buried with humans
2) shorter snout than wild
charactertistics of technical innovation during the natufian period (2) (LG)
1) lunates- composite tools (sickles)
2) grinding stones (reliance on wild grains)
site that suggests organized relgiion during natuifian period
Hilazon Tachtit, Israel
another site that represents organized religions during the natufian period
Gobekli, Tepe, Turkey
what does the site in Gobekli Tepe, Turkey suggest evidence of?
religious pilgramage
when did the early neolithic period occur?
12,000-8,500 years ago
what did the early neolithic period consist of?
younger dryas (little “Ice Age.”
younger dryas characteristics (3) (RHI)
1) rapid onset (single human generation)
2) habitable area reduced
3) impacts cultural development
two periods of early neolithic period (2) (PP)
1) pre-pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
2) pre-pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
when did the PPNA period occur?
12,000-11,000 ya during the younger dryas (cold)
when did the PPNB period occur/
11,000-8,500 years after the younger dryas
characteristics of the PPNA
1) increasingly complex tools
2) larger villages (more organized)
3) communal buildings (group labor, group benefit)
4) Y.D. speaks cooperation & need for protection
what type of complex tools were introduced during the PPNA?
blades (Sickle pollish”- harvesting wild plants) and arrowheads (hunting)
site from the PPNA
Jerf el Ahmar, Syria
is there domestication during the PPNA?
no
evidence for domestication during the PPNB (4) (CPLC)
1) cereals (wheat & barley)
2) pulses (peas & lentils)
3) legumes (chickpeas)
4) changes from wild forms (bigger and more seeds) (tough rachis)
domestication of animals (2) (FD)
1) falloff of wild gazelle
2) domesticated goat, sheep, cattle & pigs (slaughtered young males) (outside natural range)
evidence of crowded organized settlements during the PPNB
1) rectangular buildings
2) planning
3) handling conflict (rules)
site during the PPNB
Abu Hureyra (population grows to 5,000)
when did the late neolithic period occur?
8,500-7,000 ya
what happens during the late neolithic period?
villages collapse
characteristics of villages collapsing during the PPNB (3) (DPT)
1) decline in number & size of sites
2) possible shift to nomadic pastoralism (live a nomadic lifestyle but move form place to place)
3) temporary- village rebound & grow
What is the main difference between the clovis first and solutrean model?
The route of migration
