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Archaeology > Arch. Final Section IV > Flashcards

Arch. Final Section IV Flashcards

1
Q

what is the Mesopotamian state known as and when is it from?

A

“Cradle of Civilization” 8000-4000ya

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2
Q

what rivers are in the Mesopotamia rivers

A

Tigris and Euphrates river

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3
Q

accomplishments of the Mesopotamian state (5) (DAMWS)

A

1) developed wheel
2) astronomy
3) math
4) writing and law
5) state religion

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4
Q

when did the Ubaid period occur in Mesopotamia?

A

7000-6000ya

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5
Q

characteristics of the Ubaid period in Mesopotamia (3) (EFL)

A

1) establishment of large villages
2) first steps towards urbanization
3) long distance trade

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6
Q

what is a trigger during the Ubaid period in Mesopotamia?

A

irrigation

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7
Q

how is irrigation a trigger during the ubaid period? (2) (TP)

A

1) transforms deset (expands in S. Mesopotamia)

2) population growth

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8
Q

what were the earliest sites during the Ubaid period?

A

deeply buried

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9
Q

temple sequence at Eridu

A

1) water G-d Enki
2) fish and ash deposits
3) priestly authority

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10
Q

what happens as the village grows at Eridu?

A

the temple grows

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11
Q

when was the Uruk period in Mesopotamia?

A

6000-5200ya

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12
Q

characteristics of the Uruk period

A

1) “Type site” Uruk, Iraq

2) oldest known city in the world

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13
Q

concentration of people (10k+) living in a well-defined space with structures and zones designated for specific purposes. (administrative, commercial, residential, ritual)

A

city

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14
Q

what is the Uruk period known for?

A

rise of cities

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15
Q

what is the city of Uruk centered around?

A

temple precent

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16
Q

characteristics of temple precent in Uruk

A

1) limestone and bitumen (imports)

2) decorated with colored mosaics

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17
Q

who were the temples to in Uruk?

A

1) Goddess Eama (war and love) and G-d Anu (sky) “house” of the G-ds

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18
Q

what was invented during the Uruk period?

A

writing

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19
Q

what type of writing was in Mesopotamia?

A

cuneiform

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20
Q

when was cuneirfom?

A

5000 ya

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21
Q

characteristics of cuneiform tools

A

1) clay tablets

2) stylus

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22
Q

where were the earliest examples of cuneiform found and may be it’s possible origins?

A

Uruk

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23
Q

characteristics of cuneiform

A

1) 850 different signs
2) pictographs and numbers
3) subject: administration/eocnomy/growing gov’t

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24
Q

examples of cueneiform

A

1) epic of Gilgamesh

2) code of ur nammu

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25
Q

when was the epic of gilgamesh and code of Ur-Nammu found?

A

4000 ya

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26
Q

characteristics of Epic of Gilgamesh

A

1) 12 clay tablets

2) King Gilgamesh and Enkidu’s quests and feats

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27
Q

who was King Gilgamesh?

A

the real king of Uruk

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28
Q

characteristics of the Code of Ur-Nammu (4) (LDWP)

A

1) legal document (oldest known document and rules)
2) distinguishes between slaves and free people
3) widely used
4) predates Code of Hammurabi by 300 years

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29
Q

how was the Code of Ur-Nammu widely used?

A

copies at Ur, Nippur and Sippar

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30
Q

what did power in the Mesopotmian state originally derive from?

A

religion, with priests emerging as political leaders

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31
Q

where is the Egyptian state?

A

in the Nile Valley, North Africa

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32
Q

what is the Egyptian state defined by?

A

the nile river

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33
Q

what does cuneiform begin as?

A

to keep track of beauracratic record

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34
Q

what is an important feature of the Nile river?

A

annual flooding

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35
Q

is annual flooding a good thing from an agricultural point of view?

A

yes (soil gets renewed)

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36
Q

characteristics of Annual flooding (3) (RNN)

A

1) rich, narrow zone
2) no need for irrigation
3) no mineral resources

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37
Q

how is Egypt divided?

A

upper and lower egypt

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38
Q

what does Egypt go through cycles of?

A

unification and disunification

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39
Q

when was the invention of writing in theEgyptian State?

A

towards the end of the Pre-dynastic period

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40
Q

what type of writing was in the egyptian state?

A

Egyptian hieroglyphs

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41
Q

types of egyptian hieroglyphs (3) (LPD)

A

1) logograms (signs for words)
2) phonograms (signs for sounds)
3) determatives (signs indicating meaning)

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42
Q

2 languages of Egyptian hieroglyphs

A

1) demotic (monuments, hieroglyphics)

2) hieratic (cursive script, papyrus for everyday records)

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43
Q

what was writing for the Egyptian state? (2) (KB)

A

1) key in emergence of state (language)

2) bereaucratic needs

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44
Q

how was Egyptian hieroglyphs deciphered?

A

rosetta stone

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45
Q

when was Rosetta stone founded?

A

1799

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46
Q

how old was the Rosetta Stone?

A

2000 years old

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47
Q

what languages was the Rosetta stone in?

A

1) demotic
2) hieratic
3) greek

48
Q

what does the rosetta stone allow for?

A

comparative translation

49
Q

what period was the rise of the Pharaohs?

A

the Early Dynastic period

50
Q

characteristic of phaorohs

A

1) G-d kings
2) living incarnation of Horus (falcon)
3) in death becomes Osiris (G-d of death)

51
Q

what do the pharoahs based their rules on?

A

Principle of Ma’at (balance and justice)

52
Q

what period was the pharaoh king tut from?

A

The New Kingdom

53
Q

King Tut characteristics

A

1) Pharoah at age 9
2) died of malaria at age 19
3) product of incesterous marriage
4) valley of the kings tomb undisturbed

54
Q

who was the possible first Pharaoh and where?

A

Scorpion King in Hierakonpolis, Upper Egypt

55
Q

what was the scorpion king believed to have did from the Narmer palette?

A

Some believe he was the pharaoh of a unified state

56
Q

characteristics of the mortuary complex, Mastaba

A

1) tombs to honor pharaoh in life and death

2) precursors to Pyramids

57
Q

how was the Step Pyramid of Saqqara innovated from a Mastaba?

A

1) not smooth like later pyramids
2) 60 m high
3) 330,400 cubic meters

58
Q

when was the time of the pyramids

A

the old kingdom

59
Q

how were pyramids built (2) (BB)

A

1) built by 3 generations of kings (later replaced by mastaba and rock-cut tombs)
2) Basis of Old King Economy (pharaoh collects labor and goods, taxation)

60
Q

what were the largest and most complex pyramids in egypt?

A

Giza pyramids

61
Q

what does the pyramid provide for the pharaoh?

A

everything they need for the afterlife

62
Q

a corpse whose skin and organs have been preserved by intentional or accidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, aridity or water logging

A

mummification

63
Q

why are Egyptians mummified and is it on purpose?

A

they believe in the afterlife and it is on purpose

64
Q

steps of Embalming (9) (BOCBBBDCW)

A

1) body washed
2) organs removed and dried
3) cavity stuffed with natron to encourage desiccation
4) brain removed
5) body covered with natron to dry (40 days)
6) body washed, oiled
7) dried organs wrapped and returned to body
8) cavity stuffed with sawdust
9) wrapped in linens and entombed

65
Q

what did the Egyptian economy consist of?

A

1) taxes

2) Bureacraccy (Vizier)

66
Q

what were taxes for in the Egyptian economy?

A

goods and labor supports state projects (pyramids)

67
Q

what was beauracracy for in egyptian economy?

A

1) republic of trade

2) oversee artisans, architects, surveyors and scribes

68
Q

what did kingdoms represent in Egypt?

A

unified

69
Q

what did intermediate periods represent in Egypt?

A

not unified

70
Q

why was Egypt divided during the 1st intermediate period?

A

warring factions

71
Q

how was Egypt divided during the 1st intermediate period?

A

1) upper egypt: Thebes

2) lower Egypt: Hierakleopolis

72
Q

what type of state was the Indus state and where was it located?

A

Mercantile state in India and Pakistan

73
Q

when did the Era of Intergration occur in the Indus state?

A

4500-4000ya

74
Q

what occured during the Era of Intergration in the Indus state?

A

Rise of the Indus state

75
Q

what was the rise of the Indus state contemporanous with?

A

Old kingdom Egypt and Ur

76
Q

characteristics of the Indus State (5) (WSSUC)

A

1) writing
2) standardized
3) settlements hierarchy
4) urban planning
5) centralized economy

77
Q

what was the most significant part of the Indus state?

A

urban planning

78
Q

what type of writing was in the Indus state?

A

The indus script

79
Q

was the indus script deciphered?

A

no

80
Q

3 reasons the indus script wasn’t deciphered

A

1) no bilingual text
2) short inscriptions (26 signs or less)
3) language family unknown

81
Q

characteristics of citties under Urban planning in the Indus state (3) (OHU)

A

1) organized on grid
2) have sewage systems
3) use standardized constructed materials

82
Q

characteristics of the citadel excavations at Mohenjo-Daro

A

1) granary (loading and storage with ventilation)

2) bath (steps to rick lined pool/bath)

83
Q

characteristics of lower city excavations at Mohenjo-Daro (3) (BSD)

A

1) bulk of city (469 acres)
2) sub-divided by grid streets
3) drainage and wells

84
Q

evidence of elite rulers in the Indus state (3) (NNC)

A

1) no temples, pyramids
2) no high status, rich burials
3) citadels, urban planning and taxation government structure

85
Q

was warfare important in the emergence of the Indus state or in power while flourishing?

A

no

86
Q

evidence that warfare wasn’t important in the Indus state

A

1) no evidence of cities destroyed/burned
2) skeleton=no signs of violent death
3) art= none show military,fighting

87
Q

purpose of fortification in warfare in the Indus state

A

1) regulate economy
2) enforce taxation
3) protection against flood

88
Q

what was the importance of the economy in the indus state?

A

propels the emergence of the state

89
Q

how did the economy in the indus state propel the emergence of the state?

A

uniformity of settlements, goods, etc. (spread by trade, not conquest)

90
Q

evidence of specialized crafts from the indus state

A

1) raw material imported

2) goods produced in “factories” (jewelry, pottery etc)

91
Q

characteristics of taxes in the indus state?

A

1) trades regulated through taxation

2) earliest evidence of weights and measures (decimal)

92
Q

when does the Indus state fall?

A

3900ya

93
Q

what is standardization replaced with after the fall of the Indus state?

A

regionalization

94
Q

characteristics of dynastic kings in Maya (2) (LP)

A

1) lineal descent from founder

2) Patrilineal Primogeniture (father’s first born son)

95
Q

what is an exception to the rule of descent in kingship?

A

queens

96
Q

example of queens that were an exception to the rule of descent in Maya (2) (PN)

A

1) Palenque (Lady Zackuk)

2) Naranjo (Lady Six Sky)

97
Q

how do dynastic kings express power

A

via ritual (monuments, stela, altars, temples, text, images)

98
Q

important ceremonies for dynastic kings

A

1) incense burning
2) “feeding the G-ds”
3) Bloodletting

99
Q

what type of writing was there in Maya?

A

Syllabic and logographic

100
Q

how was maya writing read?

A

from top to bottom and left to right

101
Q

what did Mayan texts discuss(4)(HSAR)

A

1) history
2) specific kings
3) alliances and war
4) religion

102
Q

was the Mayan writing focused around economy or bureacracy?

A

no

103
Q

findings in Yax K’uk Mo (founder’s) tomb (2)(PH)

A

1) pectoral of kingship

2) healed traumas

104
Q

evidence of healed traumas on Yax K’uk Mo’s tomb (3) (PSC)

A

1) parry fracture, right forearm
2) stable isotope analysis
3) childhood at Tikal

105
Q

what was found at Altar Q?

A

16 kings of Copan

106
Q

evidence of the 16 kings of Copan found at Altar Q? (3)(SPS)

A

1) sceptor of kingship
2) pectoral
3) shield

107
Q

how long ago did the mayan state collapse?

A

1000 ya

108
Q

evidence of the Mayan collapse (2) (BM)

A

1) building and monument construction stops

2) major centers abandoned

109
Q

what were the causes of the Mayan collapse? (3) (FWD)

A

1) failure of divine kingship (pathalogical ideology- doomed to fail)
2) warfare (warring elites, opressed peasents)
3) drought/population presssure/famine

110
Q

evidence that drought/pop pressure/famine could be the cause of the Mayan collapse?

A

1) sediment and cores= drought conditions

2) skeleton= malnutrition

111
Q

what was the likely cause of the collapse of the Mayan state?

A

a combination of all the causes

112
Q

what was cuneform originally for and what did it later become for? (2) (FL)

A

1) first developed to support growing burrearcacy

2) later used to document laws and write down stories and myths

113
Q

characteristics of cities in the Indus state

A

1) bathrooms in every home
2) a drainage system to remove waste from city
3) a citadel quarter and a lower city where occupants lived and worked

114
Q

what does Mayan hieroglyphics writing recount for?

A

information about individual kings, alliances and wars

115
Q

what states did warfare play an important role in?

A

1) Mesopotamian
2) Mayan
3) egyptian

116
Q

what provides evidence for Maya warfare?

A

the existence of tzompantli monuments where the skulls of defeated warriors were displayed

117
Q

was the existence of an elite class ruling over Indus valley attested to directly by temples, tombs and palaces?

A

no

Archaeology (18 decks)

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