Arch. Midterm #2 Flashcards
types of status distinction in social complexity
1) prestige
2) power
3) authority
respect conferred based on culturally valued qualities
prestige
ability to exercise one’s will over others (seizing leadership)
power
socially approved use of power (majoirty of people agree that this person is a leader)
authority
sources of power for emerging leaders (ERM) (3)
1) economy
2) religion
3) military etc.
types of social structures from less complex (less hierarchy) to more complex (more hierarchy)
1) Band
2) Tribe
3) Chiefdom
4) State
small group (60-100) in loosely defined territory
Band
characteristics of a Band (3) (EKH)
1) Egalitarian (equal roles)
2) kin-base (membership because born in)
3) H/G (nomadic) (rely on wild resources)
culturally distinct groups
tribe
characteristics of a tribe (3) (VCL)
1) village farmers
2) clan/lineage based (kin-based)
3) leaders (no formal gov’t) (there are influential people)
types of leaders in a tribe
1) The village head
2) The big man
charactertistics of the village head (2) (NM)
1) no real power, leads by example and persuasion (“Prestige”)
2) mediates disputes
charactertistics of the big man (3) (SOO)
1) similar to village head but wider reach
2) one per tribe (people who are well-liked)
3) often charismatic- respect
responsibilities of the big Man
1) feasts
2) encourages group contribution
3) facilitates cooperation
society with social ranking and formal leaders
Chiefdom
what is a chiefdom most like?
mid-way between a tribe and state
how is a chiefdom like a tribe?
kin-based
how is a chiefdom like a state?
institutional hierarchy (always have the office of ruler)
full-time political specialist in a chiefdom.
the chief
how does the chief regulate the economy?
through redistribution
system where goods more from local level to centralized collection point and back (e.g feasting)
redistibution
how does the chief come into office?
inherits office (descent rather than achievement)
what does a chief have great authority to do?
enforce decrees
formal government (hierarchial).
state
how is power and authority enforced in a state?
by permanent military
how is power and authority enforced by permenant military in a state?
Gov’t has legal monopoly over use of forced
what type of membership does a state have?
based on “citizenship” rather than kinship
how are the lives of citizens of a state monitered?
1) census
2) law and judiciary (protect and punish)
3) economic regulation and taxes (more formalized)
what is the difference between “power” and “authority”?
Someone with authority has power but they also have approval of those they rule over
archaeological evidence for social complexity (3) (III)
1) increase in social segmentation/specialization
2) increase in cultural differentiation
3) increase in conflict
episodic group violence
raiding
inherent human behavior (but so is compassion!)
violence
sustained use of organized force against independent groups
warfare
characteristics of warfare
1) Social rules
2) requires complexitiy (chiefdoms and states)
one-on-one violence
homicide
what does homicide not reqiure?
complexity
origins of war in tribes(3) (SCI)
1) social org. rooted in kinship
2) culturally distinct groups
3) interpersonal conflicts escalate because attack on kin- attack on self (eye for an eye)
two theories of the origin of war
1) Materialist
2) Darwinian
conflict arises over material resources (land, food, trade goods)
materialist
when are lives risked during materialist theory?
only if survival depends on it
when does warfare rise during?
times of scarcity
people engage in war because it benefits their kin-group
Darwinian
how is Materialist theory similar to dawinian?
extends to gaining status and prestige by young males
archaeological evidence for the origins of war
1) skeletal evidence
2) defensive fortifications, outlooks
3) weapons, armor shield
4) artistic depictions
where would warfare most likely occur in?
chiefdom and states
evidence of cannibalism at Cowboy Wash (4) (CBBP)
1) cutmarks
2) burn patterns
3) breakage
4) pot polish
where were cutmarks founds at cowboy wash and what did it mean proving cannibalism occured?
at muscle attachments. disarticulation/removal of flesh= possible eating
what did the exposure to direct heat that the burn patterns showed at cowboy wash that proved cannibalism occured?
possible cooking
how did breakage present itself at cowboy wash proving cannibalism occured?
smashing along long-bone shafts= access to marrow
what did pot polish show to prove that cannibalism/raiding took place?
rounding and burnishing of bone ends
what can pot polish only mean
cooking
context of finds of cannibalism and raiding (5) (SCPSW)
1) sites rapidly abandoned
2) covered with sterile soil
3) pattern repeated
4) some pottery at sites non-local
5) widespread drought
interpretations of findings of cannibalism and raiding (3) (SCT)
1) “social control” exerted by emerging elites
2) cultural practices brought by outsiders
3) terrorism by locals to drive away outsides
types of archeological evidence of social complexity (4) (ABCR)
1) architecture
2) burials
3) craft speicalization
4) raiding and warfare
what did architecure show in social complexity?
permanence (refelection on society that built it)
What did burials show in social complexity?
status distinctions and identity differences between rich and poor.
what did raiding and warfare show evidence for in socical complexity?
conflict
what did general classes of archaeological data in social complexity signal?
1) rise of complex societies
2 )increase in social, political and economic segmenation
what increases are seen with social complexity in Europe (3) (SCC)
1) social segmentation/specialization
2) cultural differentiation
3) conflict
when did complexity in Europe occur?
7,000-2,000 ya
characteristics of social complexity in Europe (3) (FTR)
1) farming spreads into Europe
2) transition from stone to bronze age
3) rise of social complexity
material evidence for social complexity in Europe
1) architecture (permanence)
2) craft specialization (technology and trade)
3) raiding (conflict) (Not warfare)
what type of complex settlements of architecture were there in Europe?
Linearband Keramik (LBK) culture
when did LBK culture occur and where?
7,000 ya out of E. Europe (spread from east to west)
what type of houses were there in LBK villages?
Long Houses
characteristics of long houses (2) (LS)
1) lenght upto 70m= status
2) special structures for feasting/ritual
characteritics of LBK culture (4) (FISR)
1) farmers and cattle herders
2) inter-village interaction (cattle breeding, marriage)
3) standardized
4) rapid spread
what did rapid spread in LBK culture represent?
colonizing farmers (east to west)
3 types of megalithic monuments
1) chambered tombs
2) “stone settings”
3) “menhirs”
what emphasis was seen in megalithic monuments?
1) communal work and trial
2) cultural permanence
what did stability allow for in craft specialization in Europe? (3) (SSI)
1) Social segmentation
2) specialization
3) innovation
what did craft specialization in Europe show and how?
status distinction, different crafts= different social value
types of metallurgy that were invented in Europe (2)
1) copper-working
2) Bronze-working
when was copper-working invented?
6,000 ya
how was copper-working developed?
possibly with a plow
what was copper-working used for? (2) (PW)
1) personal adornment
2) weapons
when was bronze-working invented?
4,000 ya
what was bronze made out of?
90% copper (widely available) and 10% tin (less available)= trade networks
where was bronze found?
“international”
when did Bell Beaker pottery (part of craft specialization in Europe) occur?
4,500 ya
characteristics of bell beaker pottery
1) standardized
2) wide distribution
3) drinking vessels in graves with copper weapons
types of status items
1) gold
2) jade
characteristics of gold and jade
1) adornment
2) display of wealth
3) long distance trade (rich burial)
what signals possible status distinctions at LBK sites?
long houses in the villages of different sizes; larger houses had nice goods
types of conflict in Europe
1) homicide
2) raiding
3) rise of “warrior” class
example of homicide. male 25-45 years old, corpse frozen and wind-dried. (natural mummification) shot in the back with arrow. slash wounds on hands (palms). clothing/tools showed the blood of 4 people.
Otzi the Iceman, Swiss Alps 5,000ya
possible interpretations of Otzi the Iceman
1) herder leading flock to pasture
2) shaman alone in mountains
example of homicide in Europe. peat bogs/marshes. possible evidence of murder (excessively)
Bog Bodies 2,000-3,000 ya in N. Europe
example of a bog body. 2 non-deadly blows to head. throat slit, neck broken. (mummification by submersion)
Lindow Man, England
example of bog body. a young girl in teens that was stabbed and strangled.
Yde girl
what type of weapons were used by professional warriors
bronze weapons
what did bronze weapons consist of that were used by professional warriors?
axes, swords, helmets, breast plates
what rose from professional warriors?
the “warrior class”
what increased with complexity in the new and old worlds? (3) (SCC)
1) social segmentation/specialization
2) cultural differentiation
3) conflict
what type of settlement was chaco canyon and when was it from?
a chiefdom from 1200 ya
what type of houses were there in chaco canyon and what was their focus?
“great houses”- focus on regional network
characteristics of great houses (squares) (3) (ACO)
1) “apartment complexes”
2) could hold over 1,000
3) only 100 lived year round (feasting- middens)
sources of power in Chaco Canyon (3) (RWE)
1) Religion
2) water control
3) economy
how was relgion displayed in chaco canyon?
kivas (circular structures in great houses)
how was water control displayed at chaco canyon? (2)
1) desert
2) irrigation
how was economy displayed at chaco canyon?
1) road network
2) redistribution
who was in charge at chaco canyon?
Elites
what did the size of chaco canyon which was run by elites required to have?
overseers
what did the requirement of overseers show?
corvee labor (200,000 trees per house) and dendrochronology
what type of consumption was in chaco canyon?
conspicuous
how was status distinction shown through conspicuous consumption in chaco canyon?
burial with 2 males, 50,000 pieces of turquoise and macaw skeletons
causes of the collapse of chaco canyon? (3) (DFC)
1) drought 900 ya
2) fall of great houses
3) conflict
what type of conflict caused the collapse of chaco canyon? (2) (CR)
1) Cannabilism (cowboy wash)
2) raiding (mass graves and skeletal trauma)
where is the Cahokia Chiefdom?
Mississippi river valley
what period was the Cahokia Chiefdom occur and when
Mississippian Period (1000-600ya)
what type of people were part of the Cahokia Chiefdom?
Mount-builders/settled farmers
support wooden structures
mound building
how is mound buildng built?
in stages (over many generations) (corvee labor?)
example of moundbuilding
Monks Mound
characteristics of Monks Mound (3) (3E6)
1) 30 m high
2) earthen
3) 600,000 cubic meters
sources of power at cahokia (2) (RE)
1) ritual
2) economy
example of ritual at Cahokia. solar alignments at equinoxes.
“The Woodhenge”
example of economy at cahokia.
feasting
how does feasting affect the economy?
manifests status differences and reinforces solidarity
evidence of status distinction showing who’s in charge at cahokia
“birdman” burial
characteristics of the “birdman” burial
1) carved shell mound
2) sacrifices (4 men and 50 young women)
Possible reasons for cahokia collapsing
1) deforestation (20,000 trees for palisade alone)
2) backlash againsubst chiefly authority
case studies from the old world (Africa)
1) Sahara (west/north) (Farmers and nomads)
2) sub-saharan (south) (Chiefdoms)
3) Nile Valley (north/east) (Ancient States) (Egypt)
what was complexity stimulated by in Africa?
trade
2 trade networks in Africa
1) Trans-saharan trade routes (north)
2) Indian Oceanic trade routes (south)
what were oasis trading posts for in Saharan Africa?
camel caravans
what occured in Timbuktu from 1000-600 ya?
merchants build market, permenant structures
what occured in Timbuktu in AD 1330? (3) (CMC)
1) captured by Mali empire
2) muslin center of trade and learning
3) catapulted from tribe to state overnight
characteristics of sub-saharan africa
1) cattle farming and gold mines -
2) indian oceanic trade
when was Great Zimbabwe
670-250 ya
characteristics of hill complex at Great Zimbabwe
1) oldest
2) on granite hill
3) possibly ceremonial
items found at Hill complex in Great Zimbabwe?
“zimbabwe birds” (monoliths a top walls and Zimbabwe flag)
3 divisions of Great Zimbabwe
1) hill complex
2) great enclosure
3) valley complex
occupied second. on plain below hill. 11 m high. 1 million granite blocks.
great enclosure
occupied third. residential enclosures. pottery, copper and iron. Animal remains.
valley complex
possible interpretations of there being 3 parts of site
1) 3 parts = different chiefs
2) 3 parts= different functions
if the 3 parts of great zimabwe was for different functions what were they?
1) Hill (ritual)
2) enclosure (political)
3) Valley (residential)
changes seen with Rise of the state (4) (HACC)
1) hierarchial gov’t
2) authority enforced by standing army
3) “citizenship”
4) citizens are monitered
how are citizens monitored after rise of the state? (2) (LT)
1) law and judiciary
2) taxes
characteristics of states (4) (FWAL)
1) formal rulers (kings, queens, etc.)
2) writing
3) art (music, painting, etc.)
4) laws
what was another name for Mesopotamia?
“cradle of civilization”
when did Mesopotamia occur?
8,000-4,000 ya
what rivers were in Mesopotamia?
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
Accopmplishments of Mesopotamia (5) (DAMWS)
1) developed wheel
2) astronomy
3) mathematics
4) writing and law
5) state religion
Periods of the Mesopotamian state (3) (UUE)
1) Ubaid Period
2) Uruk Period
3) Early Dynastic period
when did the Ubaid period occur?
7,000-6,000 ya
characteristics of the Ubaid period (3) (EFL)
1) Establishment of large villages
2) first steps toward urbanization
3) long distance trade
what was the trigger for the rise of the state during the Ubaid period?
irrigation
how was irrigation a trigger for the rise of the state during the Ubaid period?
1) transforms dessert (expands into S. Mesopotamia)
2) population growth
Temple sequence at Eridu (3) (WFP)
1) Water g-d Enki
2) fish and ash deposits
3) priestly authority
what happens as the village grows in Eridu?
the temple grows
when did the Uruk period occur?
6,000-5,200 ya
what type of city is Uruk (2) (TO)
1) “type site” Uruk, Iraq
2) oldest known city in the world
concentration of people (10k+) living in a well-defined space with structures and zones designated for specific purposes (administrative, commercial, residential, ritual)
city
characteristsics of Uruk the city (3) (OBC)
1) origins in Ubaid period (2 smaller sites merge into one)
2) banks of Euphrates grown to 2.5km2
(20,000-40,000 people)
3) centered on Temple precent
characteristics of temple precent in Uruk (2) (LD)
1) limestone and bitumen (imports)
2) decorated with colored mosaics
who were the temples to in the city of Uruk?
Goddess Eama (war and love) and G-d Anu (sky) “houses” of the g-ds
how was an urban spread seen in the city of Uruk?
small sites abandoned. people concentrate around Uruk
what was invented during the Uruk period
writing
what type of writing was used in Mesopotamia?
Cuneiform
when was cuneiform from?
5,500 ya
what was cuneiform tools? (2)
1) clay tablets
2) stylus
where were the earliest examples and possible origins of cuneiform?
Uruk
how was cuneiform depicted?
1) 850 different signs
2) pictographs and numbers
what was the subject of cuneiform
1) administration
2) economy
3) growing gov’t
how does cuneiform begins and then what does it get?
it begins simple and gets complex
what did writing begin for?
to keep track of beaurecratic record
examples of cuneiform (2) (EC)
1) The Epic of Gilgamesh
2) The Code of Ur Nammu
when was the Epic of Gilgamesh from?
4,000 ya
findings at Epic of Gilgamesh
1) 12 clay tablets
2) King Gilgamesh and Enkidu’s quests and feats
what did Gilgamesh represent?
real King of Uruk
when was The Code of Ur- Nammu from?
4,000 ya
characteristics of the code of Ur-Nammu (4) (LDWP)
1) legal document
2) distinguishes between slaves and free men/women
3) widely used
4) predates Code of Hammurabi by 300 years
what was the oldest known legal document containing rules
the Code of Ur-Nammu
how was the Code of Ur-Nammu widely used?
copies found at Ur, Nippur and Sippar
how does mesopotamia state expand? (2)
1) control of trade
2) warfare
how does mesopotamia display control of trade?
goods from across Mesopotamia and beyond (timber, lapis, lazuli, copper, gold, tin, slaves)
how does mespotamia display warfare?
1) conflict over resources, irrigation rights
2) professional armies
3) texts relating victories, defeats
when did the Early Dynastic period occur?
5,000-4,000 ya
what type of city/states were there during the Early Dynastic period?
kings and sumerian
how were kings and sumeria city/states displayed during the Early Dynastic period (2) (CE)
1) cities under one king
2) each territory marked by canals and boundary stones
evidence of Kings and Queens in Ur in Mesopotamia
16 royal tombs (burial of kings and queens with lavish good and sacrificed slaves)
characteristics of the “death pit of Ur” (3) (CCS)
1) contains 74 bodies
2) chariots, etc.
3) sacrificed attendants
evidence of Queen Pu’abi’s chamber in Ur (3) (CGS)
1) cylinder seal with her name
2) golden diadem
3) sacrificed attendants
when is the emergence of Empires in Mesopotamia?
in the Early Bronze age
what happens to Ur in the Early Bronze age?
it becomes an empire (conquers other states)
when does Ur become an empire?
4,000 ya
what happens to Ur after it becomes an empire?
Ur rules several hundred years before being conquered by the Elamites.
where is the Egyptian state located?
Nile valley, North Africa
what is the Egyptian state defined by?
the Nile river
what is a significant characteristic of the Nile River
annual flooding
is annual flooding a good or bad thing from an agricultural point of view?
good (soil gets renewed)
characteristics of annual flooding of the nile river (3) (RNN)
1) rich, narrow zone
2) no need for irrigation
3) no mineral resources
what is the Egyptian state divided into?
upper and lower egypt
characteristics of upper and lower egypt
cycles of unification and dis-unification
when did the pre-dyanstic period in the Egyptian state occur?
6,500-5,000 ya
characteristics of the pre-dynastic period in the egyptian state (2) (VF)
1) villages along the nile
2) farming and herding (cereals, cattle, goats and sheep)
what emerges during the pre-dyanstic period in egypt?
larger centers
where does larger centers emerge in Egypt during the pre-dynastic period?
in Upper Egypt (Abydos and Hierakonpolis)
what does larger centers during the pre-dyanstic period in egypt bring rise to?
elites
what unifies because larger center emerges during the pre-dyanstic period in egypt?
sacred and secular
where do we see the first pharaoh?
possibly in Hierakonpolis, upper egypt
evidence for the first possible pharaoh being the “Scopion King”
white crown (upper egypt) and depiction of scorpion
besides the scorpion king what else was found at Hierankonpolis?
Narmer Palette
characteristics of the Narmer Palette (2) (OO)
1) one side: crown of Upper Egypt
2) other side: crown of Lower Egypt (red)
what do some believve from the narmer palette?
that the scorpion king was pharoah of a unified state
what do settlements during the pre-dynastic period in Egypt specialize in? (3) (CRP)
1) craft production
2) religion
3) politics
what was invented towards the end of the pre-dyanstic period in Egypt?
writing
what type of writing was invented towards the end of the pre-dyanstic period in Egypt?
Egyptian Hieroglyps
types of Egyptian Hieroglyps
1) logograms (signs for words)
2) phonograms (signs for sounds)
3) determinatives (signs indicating meaning)
2 languages of the Egyptian state
1) demotic (monuments- hieroglyphics)
2) hieratic (cursive script, papyrus for everday records)
what was language for the Egyptian state for?
1) key in emergence of state
2) Bureaucratic needs
how was language deciphered in the Egyptian state?
the Rosetta Stone
when was the Rosetta stone found?
in 1799
how old was the Rosetta stone?
2,000+ years
what languages was the Rosetta Stone in?
deomotic, hieratic and Greek
what did the Rosetta stone allow for?
comparative translation
when did the Early Dynastic period in the Egyptian state occur?
4,950-4,575 ya
what is the Early Dynastic period known for in Egypt
the Rise of the Pharaohs
what were pharaohs known as?
G-d kings
characteristic of g-d kings (pharaohs)
1) living incarnation of Horus (falcon)
2) in death becomes Osiris (G-d of death)
what was the rule of the Pharaoh based on?
pricnciple of ma’at (balance and justice)
what type of tombs were there for pharaohs during the Early dynastic period in egypt?
Mastuba
what did Mastubas honor?
pharaoh in life and death (outside cities)
what were the Mastuba precursors for?
pyramids
how was the step pyramid of Saqqara innovated from Mastuba?
not smooth-side like later Pyramids
characterstics of the Pyramid of Saqqara
1) 60m high
2) 330,400 cubic meters
when did the Old Kingdom in Egypt occur?
4,575-4150 ya
characteristics of the old kingdom in Egypt (3) (SCT)
1) stable and prosperous- unified Egypt
2) continuation of Early Dynastic period
3) Time of the pyramids
characteristics of time of the periods during the Old Kingdom
1) built by 3 generations of Kings
2) basis of Old Kingdom economy
what were pyramids later replaced by?
mastaba and rock-cut tombs
what was the old king economy?
pharaohs collect labor and goods (taxation)
characteristics of the Cheops Pyramid in Giza (5) (LS12P)
1) largest
2) smooth sided, each 230m across
3) 146 m high
4) 2,300,000 limestone block (2.5 tons each)
5) possible corvee labor
what did the pyramids and tombs provide for the pharoah?
everything they needed for after life
what was Cheops pyramid also known as?
Khufu
cat with human head. largest statue. no inscriptions explain purpose or construction
the Sphinx
what was the Sphinx’s head possibly?
head of Khafre (Chepheren)
a corpse whose skin and organs have been preserved by intentional or accidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, aridity (dryness) or water logging
mummification
were the egyptians mummified on purpose?
yes
steps of embalming (9) (BOCBBBDCW)
1) body washed
2) organs removed and dried
3) cavity stuffed with natron (salt) to encourage desiccation
4) brain removed (long hook)
5) body covered with natron to dry (40 days)
6) body washed, oiled
7) dried organs wrapped and returned to body
8) cavity stuffed with sawdust
9) wrapped in linens and entombed es
what did the Egyptian economy consist of?
1) tax
2) Bureaucracy (Vizier) (man behind throne)
how were taxes used in the Egyptian economy?
goods and labor support state projects (e.g. pyramids)
how was bureaucracy used in the Egyptian economy? (2) (RO)
1) republic trade
2) oversee artisans, architects, surveyors and scribs
what did Kingdoms represent in the Egyptian state?
unified
what did intermediate periods represent in the Egyptian state?
not unified
when did the 1st intermediate period occur in egypt
4,125-3,975 ya
what did the 1st intermediate period in egypt represent?
division of Egypt into Warring faction
how was egypt divided during the 1st intermediate period?
1) Upper Egypt: Thebes
2) lower Egypt: Hierakleoplis
when did the Middle Kingdom in Egypt occur?
3,975-3,640 ya
what did the Middle Kingdom period represent in Egypt? (2) (RS)
1) re-unification under Theban Pharaoh
2) stable until war with Nubia (Africa) and Palestine
when did the 2nd intermediate period in Egypt occur?
3,630-3,540 ya
what did the 2nd intermediate period in egypt represent
foreign influence breaks unified Egypt but new technology is introduced
what new technology is introduced during 2nd intermediate period?(3) (BHN)
1) Bronze-working
2) Horse and chariot
3) new crops
when did the New Kingdom occur in Egypt?
3,540-3,075 ya
characteristics of the new kingdom in Egypt (2) (RD)
1) re-unification of Egypt
2) dynasties 18-20
what did the 18-20 dynasties in the new kingdom in Egypt include?
famous pharaohs
what famous pharaohs did the 18-20 dynasties in the new kingdom include? (4) (SRTA)
1) Seti I
2) Ramses II
3) Thutmos
4) Amenhotep II
characteristics of King Tut
1) pharaoh at age 9
2) died at 19 of Malaria
3) product of incentuous marriage
4) valley of the kings tomb undisturbed
characteristics of the Late period and conquest in Egypt
1) 30th Dynasty
2) conquered by the Greek and Romans (Cleopatra reins during this time)
what type of state is the Indus Valley State and where is it located?
Mercantile state in India and Pakistan
what are the borders of the Indus Valley State?
West: Arabian Sea
East: Ganges
North: Hindu Kush and Himalayan Mts.
Precursors of the Indus Valley State (3) (VFD)
1) village life (8,000 ya)
2) fertile indus valley foothills
3) domesticated wheat, barley, cattle and wild resources
when did the Kot Diji Period in the Indus Valley occur?
5000 ya
characteristics of the Kot Diji period in the the Indus Valley
1) regional organization- precursor to cities
2) standardized crafts
characteristics of standardized crafts in the Indus Valley (2) (WS)
1) widespread
2) shared ideology
when did the Era of Integration occur in the Indus Valley
4500-4000 ya
what happened during the era of integration?
Rise of the Indus State
what is the Rise of the Indus State contemporaneous with?
the old kingdom Egypt and Ur
characteristics of the Rise of the Indus State (5)(WSSUC)
1) writing
2) standardized
3) settlement hierarchy
4) urban planning
5) centralized economy
what is the most important characteritic of rise of the Indus State?
urban planning
what type of writing was there in the Indus State?
The indus script
characertistics of the Indus Script (3) (42I)
1) 400+ signs (half simple, half composite)
2) 2700+ samples on objects
3) incorporate animal figures (tiger, elephant, rhionoceres)
what did the indus script possibly represent?
families, clans or merchant guild
was the Indus script deciphered?
no
what were 3 reasons Indus script wasn’t deciphered?
1) no bilingual text
2) short inscription (26 or less signs)
3) language family unknown
did Ancient Egypt have true cities?
no
what happens to cities during urban planning in the Indus state? (3) (OHU)
1) organized on grid
2) have sewage systems
3) use standardized constructed materials.
what were the two zones in the city of Harrappa?
civic (citadel) and residential (lower city)
characteristics of the residential zones in the city of Harrapa? (2) (WB)
1) walled compounds with internal divisions
2) bathrooms
what was the layout of Mohenjo-Daro
1) 494 acres
2) two zones (civic and residential)
types of citadel excacations at Mohenjo-Daro
1) granary (loading and storage with ventalation)
2) bath- (steps to brick-lined pool/bath)
characteristics of lower city excavations at Mohenjo-Daro
1) buld ok city (469 acres)
2) sub-divided by grid streets
3) dranage and wells
missing evidence proving there were elite rulers in the Indus state? (2) (NN)
1) no temples, pyramids
2) no high status, rich burials
evidence for possible elite rulers in the Indus State?
citadels, urban planning and tax (gov’t structure)
evidence proving that there wasn’t warfare in the Indus Valley state? (3) (NSA)
1) no evidence of cities destroyed/burned
2) skeletons= no signs of violent death
3) art= none show military,fighting
was warfare important in the emergence of state or in power while flourishing in the Indus state?
no
what did fortification do in the indus valley state?
1) regulate economy
2) enforce taxation
3) protection against flood (reason wall was needed)
importance of economy in the indus state?
propels the emergence of state
how did the economy propel the emergence of state in the indus state?
uniformity of settlements, goods, etc. (spread by trade, not conquest)
how was specialized production seen in the indus state?
1) raw materials imported
2) goods produced in “factories” (jewelry, pottery, etc.)
how were trades regulated in the indus valley state?
through taxation
what is the earliest evidence of taxes in the indus valley state?
weights and measures (decimal)
what were ancient Mesopotamian cities centered around temple periods known as?
ziggurats
what happened to the Indus civilization?
it fell, by 3900 ya- cessation of Indus lifestyle
outcome of indus civilization falling
1) cities, crafts, trade, script dissapear
2) standardization is replaced by regionalization
what are possible causes of the fall of Indus civilization? (3) (IME)
1) Invasion
2) Mass burial at Mohenjo-Daro
3) environmental change
what is the earliest theory of what caused the indus civilization to fall?
invasion
what did the reanalysis show of the theory that the fall of Indus civilization was caused by a mass burial at Mohenjo-Daro?
that people didn’t die violently and had grave goods
what evidence was there that environmental changes could have caused the fall of indus civilization? (3) (SDD)
1) shifting course of indus and tributaries
2) drought
3) disease
what was a result of shifting course of indus and tributaries?
1) isolation
2) flooding
3) disruption of trade
precursors of the Maya state (2) (DP)
1) domesticate corn and squash (8000-
6000ya)
2) Pottery, villages and farming (3000 ya)
what is Pre-Columbian Meso America known for?
being culturally diverse
temporal sequence of the Maya State (3) (FCP)
1) Formative (pre-classic)
2) classic
3) post classic
when was the formative period during the maya state and who was part of it?
1800BC-AD200/ Olmec/Maya
when was the classic period during the maya state and who was a part of it?
AD250-900/ Maya/Teoihuacan
when was the postclassic period during the maya state and who was a part of it?
AD900-1521- Maya/Toltec/Aztec
how long ago was the formative period (maya)
3000 ya
what is the formative period known for?
Maya cities and the first kings
what did the murals show evidence for in San Bartolo?
1) origin stories
2) first kings
3) writing
how long ago was the classic period (maya)
2000-1000ya
what was the classic period (maya) the time of?
Maya Kingdoms (“city-states”)
what did the time of the Maya kingdoms power and authority focus on?
single individual (the king)
characteristics of Dynastic Kings (maya)
1) lineal descent from founder
2) partrilineal, primogeniture (father’s son) (first born)
example of depiction of dynastic kings
Copan Altar Q
what is an excetpion to the rules of descent in the maya state?
queens
example of queens from the Maya state?
1) Palenque (Lady Zackuk)
2) Naranjo (Lady Six Sky)
how do dynastic kings express power? (maya)
via ritual
what is evidence showing that dynastic kings express power via ritual in the maya state? (4) (MTTI)
1) monuments (Stela, altars)
2) temples
3) texts
4) images
how was religions and politics displayed by Dynastic kings (maya)
important ceremonies (incense burning and “feeding the g-ds” and bloodletting)
types of maya writing (2)
1) syllabic
2) logographic
how was maya writing written?
top to bottom and left to right
what did Mayan texts disccuss? (4) (HSAR)
1) history
2) specific kings
3) alliances and war
4) religion
what was mayan writing NOT focused on?
economy or bureaucracy
how was politics shown in the Maya state?
warring city-states
what did multiple city-states center on in the maya state?
polity capital (where the king lived)
what was found at polity capitals (maya) (4) (KMSE)
1) king’s home
2) monumental architecture
3) Stela
4) “emblem glyphs”
sections of cities and settlements (4) (PMMF)
1) polity capitals
2) minor ceremonial centers
3) minor centers
4) farming villages
what did minor ceremonial centers include? (2) (MA)
1) monumental architectures and nobles (lords, rules)
2) allegiance to capital
what did minor centers include (2) (MU)
1) minor elites
2) usually no monuments
what did farming villages include?
commoners
when was Tikal (largest and most powerful in Maya) founded?
during the formative period
what was the renewal of Tikal stimulated by?
Teotihuacan influence
What does Tikal become?
major classic power
what did Tikal include? (4) (TCDR)
1) temples (some 30m high)
2) causeways
3) defensive earthworks
4) reservoirs (water control)
what was an Alli to Tikal?
Copan, Honduras
tomb of the founder (king) deep in the acropolis at Copan.
Yax K’uk Mo
findings at Yax K’uk Mo’s tomb (2) (PH)
1) pectoral of kingship
2) healed traumas
findings from healed traumas at Yax K’uk Mo’s tomb (3) (PSC)
1) Parry fracture, right forearm
2) stable Isotope Analyses
3) childhood at Tikal
16 Kings of Copan.
Altar Q
findings of the 16 kings of Copan at Altar Q (3) (SPS)
1) sceptor of kingship
2) pectoral
3) shield
when is the time of the pyramids when the majority of Egyptian pyramids were built?
the Old Kingdom
types of mathematics in the Maya State(3) (VCP)
1) vigesimal (base 20)
2) concept of zero
3) positional system to create larger numbers
how is the concept of zero interpreted in mathematics in Maya? (3) (DBS)
1) dot= 1
2) bar=5
3) shell=0
what did heavenly bodies equal in Astronomy in Maya state?
g-ds
what was the significance of astronomy in Maya state? (2) (SE)
1) solstice
2) equinox
what recorded movements were found in astronomy in maya state? (3) (SMV)
1) sun
2) moon
3) venus
evidence for warfare in Maya state (4) (TMWT)
1) texts
2) murals (depicts warriors and violence)
3) weapons, fortifications, victims bodies
4) Tzompantli (skull racks)
characteristics of the Maya ballgame (4) (ARYF)
1) “alley” style court with hoops
2) rubber ball
3) yoke
4) found at polity capitals
interpretations for the Mayan ballgame (3) (PRS)
1) proxy for warfare
2) ritual re-enactment of heroes Twins’ Journey
3) solidify alliances
(all could be true)
When did the Maya collapse?
1000 ya
evidence for the Maya collapse (2) (BM)
1) Building and monument construction stops
2) major centers abandoned
possible causes of the Maya collapse?
1) failure of divine kingship (pathalogical ideology) (doomed to fail)
2) warfare (warring elites and oppressed peasents)
3) drought/pop. pressure/famine
what evidence did they have of a drought/pop. pressure or famine caused the collapse of the maya?
1) sediments cores= drought conditions
2) skeleton= malnutrition
what is most likely the cause of the Maya collapse?
a combination of all the causes
