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Archaeology > Arch. Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Arch. Midterm #2 Flashcards

1
Q

types of status distinction in social complexity

A

1) prestige
2) power
3) authority

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2
Q

respect conferred based on culturally valued qualities

A

prestige

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3
Q

ability to exercise one’s will over others (seizing leadership)

A

power

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4
Q

socially approved use of power (majoirty of people agree that this person is a leader)

A

authority

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5
Q

sources of power for emerging leaders (ERM) (3)

A

1) economy
2) religion
3) military etc.

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6
Q

types of social structures from less complex (less hierarchy) to more complex (more hierarchy)

A

1) Band
2) Tribe
3) Chiefdom
4) State

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7
Q

small group (60-100) in loosely defined territory

A

Band

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8
Q

characteristics of a Band (3) (EKH)

A

1) Egalitarian (equal roles)
2) kin-base (membership because born in)
3) H/G (nomadic) (rely on wild resources)

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9
Q

culturally distinct groups

A

tribe

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10
Q

characteristics of a tribe (3) (VCL)

A

1) village farmers
2) clan/lineage based (kin-based)
3) leaders (no formal gov’t) (there are influential people)

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11
Q

types of leaders in a tribe

A

1) The village head

2) The big man

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12
Q

charactertistics of the village head (2) (NM)

A

1) no real power, leads by example and persuasion (“Prestige”)
2) mediates disputes

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13
Q

charactertistics of the big man (3) (SOO)

A

1) similar to village head but wider reach
2) one per tribe (people who are well-liked)
3) often charismatic- respect

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14
Q

responsibilities of the big Man

A

1) feasts
2) encourages group contribution
3) facilitates cooperation

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15
Q

society with social ranking and formal leaders

A

Chiefdom

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16
Q

what is a chiefdom most like?

A

mid-way between a tribe and state

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17
Q

how is a chiefdom like a tribe?

A

kin-based

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18
Q

how is a chiefdom like a state?

A

institutional hierarchy (always have the office of ruler)

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19
Q

full-time political specialist in a chiefdom.

A

the chief

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20
Q

how does the chief regulate the economy?

A

through redistribution

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21
Q

system where goods more from local level to centralized collection point and back (e.g feasting)

A

redistibution

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22
Q

how does the chief come into office?

A

inherits office (descent rather than achievement)

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23
Q

what does a chief have great authority to do?

A

enforce decrees

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24
Q

formal government (hierarchial).

A

state

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25
Q

how is power and authority enforced in a state?

A

by permanent military

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26
Q

how is power and authority enforced by permenant military in a state?

A

Gov’t has legal monopoly over use of forced

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27
Q

what type of membership does a state have?

A

based on “citizenship” rather than kinship

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28
Q

how are the lives of citizens of a state monitered?

A

1) census
2) law and judiciary (protect and punish)
3) economic regulation and taxes (more formalized)

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29
Q

what is the difference between “power” and “authority”?

A

Someone with authority has power but they also have approval of those they rule over

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30
Q

archaeological evidence for social complexity (3) (III)

A

1) increase in social segmentation/specialization
2) increase in cultural differentiation
3) increase in conflict

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31
Q

episodic group violence

A

raiding

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32
Q

inherent human behavior (but so is compassion!)

A

violence

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33
Q

sustained use of organized force against independent groups

A

warfare

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34
Q

characteristics of warfare

A

1) Social rules

2) requires complexitiy (chiefdoms and states)

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35
Q

one-on-one violence

A

homicide

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36
Q

what does homicide not reqiure?

A

complexity

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37
Q

origins of war in tribes(3) (SCI)

A

1) social org. rooted in kinship
2) culturally distinct groups
3) interpersonal conflicts escalate because attack on kin- attack on self (eye for an eye)

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38
Q

two theories of the origin of war

A

1) Materialist

2) Darwinian

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39
Q

conflict arises over material resources (land, food, trade goods)

A

materialist

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40
Q

when are lives risked during materialist theory?

A

only if survival depends on it

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41
Q

when does warfare rise during?

A

times of scarcity

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42
Q

people engage in war because it benefits their kin-group

A

Darwinian

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43
Q

how is Materialist theory similar to dawinian?

A

extends to gaining status and prestige by young males

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44
Q

archaeological evidence for the origins of war

A

1) skeletal evidence
2) defensive fortifications, outlooks
3) weapons, armor shield
4) artistic depictions

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45
Q

where would warfare most likely occur in?

A

chiefdom and states

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46
Q

evidence of cannibalism at Cowboy Wash (4) (CBBP)

A

1) cutmarks
2) burn patterns
3) breakage
4) pot polish

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47
Q

where were cutmarks founds at cowboy wash and what did it mean proving cannibalism occured?

A

at muscle attachments. disarticulation/removal of flesh= possible eating

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48
Q

what did the exposure to direct heat that the burn patterns showed at cowboy wash that proved cannibalism occured?

A

possible cooking

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49
Q

how did breakage present itself at cowboy wash proving cannibalism occured?

A

smashing along long-bone shafts= access to marrow

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50
Q

what did pot polish show to prove that cannibalism/raiding took place?

A

rounding and burnishing of bone ends

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51
Q

what can pot polish only mean

A

cooking

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52
Q

context of finds of cannibalism and raiding (5) (SCPSW)

A

1) sites rapidly abandoned
2) covered with sterile soil
3) pattern repeated
4) some pottery at sites non-local
5) widespread drought

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53
Q

interpretations of findings of cannibalism and raiding (3) (SCT)

A

1) “social control” exerted by emerging elites
2) cultural practices brought by outsiders
3) terrorism by locals to drive away outsides

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54
Q

types of archeological evidence of social complexity (4) (ABCR)

A

1) architecture
2) burials
3) craft speicalization
4) raiding and warfare

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55
Q

what did architecure show in social complexity?

A

permanence (refelection on society that built it)

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56
Q

What did burials show in social complexity?

A

status distinctions and identity differences between rich and poor.

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57
Q

what did raiding and warfare show evidence for in socical complexity?

A

conflict

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58
Q

what did general classes of archaeological data in social complexity signal?

A

1) rise of complex societies

2 )increase in social, political and economic segmenation

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59
Q

what increases are seen with social complexity in Europe (3) (SCC)

A

1) social segmentation/specialization
2) cultural differentiation
3) conflict

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60
Q

when did complexity in Europe occur?

A

7,000-2,000 ya

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61
Q

characteristics of social complexity in Europe (3) (FTR)

A

1) farming spreads into Europe
2) transition from stone to bronze age
3) rise of social complexity

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62
Q

material evidence for social complexity in Europe

A

1) architecture (permanence)
2) craft specialization (technology and trade)
3) raiding (conflict) (Not warfare)

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63
Q

what type of complex settlements of architecture were there in Europe?

A

Linearband Keramik (LBK) culture

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64
Q

when did LBK culture occur and where?

A

7,000 ya out of E. Europe (spread from east to west)

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65
Q

what type of houses were there in LBK villages?

A

Long Houses

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66
Q

characteristics of long houses (2) (LS)

A

1) lenght upto 70m= status

2) special structures for feasting/ritual

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67
Q

characteritics of LBK culture (4) (FISR)

A

1) farmers and cattle herders
2) inter-village interaction (cattle breeding, marriage)
3) standardized
4) rapid spread

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68
Q

what did rapid spread in LBK culture represent?

A

colonizing farmers (east to west)

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69
Q

3 types of megalithic monuments

A

1) chambered tombs
2) “stone settings”
3) “menhirs”

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70
Q

what emphasis was seen in megalithic monuments?

A

1) communal work and trial

2) cultural permanence

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71
Q

what did stability allow for in craft specialization in Europe? (3) (SSI)

A

1) Social segmentation
2) specialization
3) innovation

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72
Q

what did craft specialization in Europe show and how?

A

status distinction, different crafts= different social value

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73
Q

types of metallurgy that were invented in Europe (2)

A

1) copper-working

2) Bronze-working

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74
Q

when was copper-working invented?

A

6,000 ya

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75
Q

how was copper-working developed?

A

possibly with a plow

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76
Q

what was copper-working used for? (2) (PW)

A

1) personal adornment

2) weapons

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77
Q

when was bronze-working invented?

A

4,000 ya

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78
Q

what was bronze made out of?

A

90% copper (widely available) and 10% tin (less available)= trade networks

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79
Q

where was bronze found?

A

“international”

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80
Q

when did Bell Beaker pottery (part of craft specialization in Europe) occur?

A

4,500 ya

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81
Q

characteristics of bell beaker pottery

A

1) standardized
2) wide distribution
3) drinking vessels in graves with copper weapons

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82
Q

types of status items

A

1) gold

2) jade

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83
Q

characteristics of gold and jade

A

1) adornment
2) display of wealth
3) long distance trade (rich burial)

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84
Q

what signals possible status distinctions at LBK sites?

A

long houses in the villages of different sizes; larger houses had nice goods

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85
Q

types of conflict in Europe

A

1) homicide
2) raiding
3) rise of “warrior” class

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86
Q

example of homicide. male 25-45 years old, corpse frozen and wind-dried. (natural mummification) shot in the back with arrow. slash wounds on hands (palms). clothing/tools showed the blood of 4 people.

A

Otzi the Iceman, Swiss Alps 5,000ya

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87
Q

possible interpretations of Otzi the Iceman

A

1) herder leading flock to pasture

2) shaman alone in mountains

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88
Q

example of homicide in Europe. peat bogs/marshes. possible evidence of murder (excessively)

A

Bog Bodies 2,000-3,000 ya in N. Europe

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89
Q

example of a bog body. 2 non-deadly blows to head. throat slit, neck broken. (mummification by submersion)

A

Lindow Man, England

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90
Q

example of bog body. a young girl in teens that was stabbed and strangled.

A

Yde girl

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91
Q

what type of weapons were used by professional warriors

A

bronze weapons

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92
Q

what did bronze weapons consist of that were used by professional warriors?

A

axes, swords, helmets, breast plates

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93
Q

what rose from professional warriors?

A

the “warrior class”

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94
Q

what increased with complexity in the new and old worlds? (3) (SCC)

A

1) social segmentation/specialization
2) cultural differentiation
3) conflict

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95
Q

what type of settlement was chaco canyon and when was it from?

A

a chiefdom from 1200 ya

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96
Q

what type of houses were there in chaco canyon and what was their focus?

A

“great houses”- focus on regional network

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97
Q

characteristics of great houses (squares) (3) (ACO)

A

1) “apartment complexes”
2) could hold over 1,000
3) only 100 lived year round (feasting- middens)

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98
Q

sources of power in Chaco Canyon (3) (RWE)

A

1) Religion
2) water control
3) economy

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99
Q

how was relgion displayed in chaco canyon?

A

kivas (circular structures in great houses)

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100
Q

how was water control displayed at chaco canyon? (2)

A

1) desert

2) irrigation

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101
Q

how was economy displayed at chaco canyon?

A

1) road network

2) redistribution

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102
Q

who was in charge at chaco canyon?

A

Elites

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103
Q

what did the size of chaco canyon which was run by elites required to have?

A

overseers

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104
Q

what did the requirement of overseers show?

A

corvee labor (200,000 trees per house) and dendrochronology

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105
Q

what type of consumption was in chaco canyon?

A

conspicuous

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106
Q

how was status distinction shown through conspicuous consumption in chaco canyon?

A

burial with 2 males, 50,000 pieces of turquoise and macaw skeletons

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107
Q

causes of the collapse of chaco canyon? (3) (DFC)

A

1) drought 900 ya
2) fall of great houses
3) conflict

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108
Q

what type of conflict caused the collapse of chaco canyon? (2) (CR)

A

1) Cannabilism (cowboy wash)

2) raiding (mass graves and skeletal trauma)

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109
Q

where is the Cahokia Chiefdom?

A

Mississippi river valley

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110
Q

what period was the Cahokia Chiefdom occur and when

A

Mississippian Period (1000-600ya)

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111
Q

what type of people were part of the Cahokia Chiefdom?

A

Mount-builders/settled farmers

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112
Q

support wooden structures

A

mound building

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113
Q

how is mound buildng built?

A

in stages (over many generations) (corvee labor?)

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114
Q

example of moundbuilding

A

Monks Mound

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115
Q

characteristics of Monks Mound (3) (3E6)

A

1) 30 m high
2) earthen
3) 600,000 cubic meters

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116
Q

sources of power at cahokia (2) (RE)

A

1) ritual

2) economy

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117
Q

example of ritual at Cahokia. solar alignments at equinoxes.

A

“The Woodhenge”

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118
Q

example of economy at cahokia.

A

feasting

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119
Q

how does feasting affect the economy?

A

manifests status differences and reinforces solidarity

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120
Q

evidence of status distinction showing who’s in charge at cahokia

A

“birdman” burial

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121
Q

characteristics of the “birdman” burial

A

1) carved shell mound

2) sacrifices (4 men and 50 young women)

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122
Q

Possible reasons for cahokia collapsing

A

1) deforestation (20,000 trees for palisade alone)

2) backlash againsubst chiefly authority

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123
Q

case studies from the old world (Africa)

A

1) Sahara (west/north) (Farmers and nomads)
2) sub-saharan (south) (Chiefdoms)
3) Nile Valley (north/east) (Ancient States) (Egypt)

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124
Q

what was complexity stimulated by in Africa?

A

trade

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125
Q

2 trade networks in Africa

A

1) Trans-saharan trade routes (north)

2) Indian Oceanic trade routes (south)

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126
Q

what were oasis trading posts for in Saharan Africa?

A

camel caravans

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127
Q

what occured in Timbuktu from 1000-600 ya?

A

merchants build market, permenant structures

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128
Q

what occured in Timbuktu in AD 1330? (3) (CMC)

A

1) captured by Mali empire
2) muslin center of trade and learning
3) catapulted from tribe to state overnight

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129
Q

characteristics of sub-saharan africa

A

1) cattle farming and gold mines -

2) indian oceanic trade

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130
Q

when was Great Zimbabwe

A

670-250 ya

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131
Q

characteristics of hill complex at Great Zimbabwe

A

1) oldest
2) on granite hill
3) possibly ceremonial

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132
Q

items found at Hill complex in Great Zimbabwe?

A

“zimbabwe birds” (monoliths a top walls and Zimbabwe flag)

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133
Q

3 divisions of Great Zimbabwe

A

1) hill complex
2) great enclosure
3) valley complex

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134
Q

occupied second. on plain below hill. 11 m high. 1 million granite blocks.

A

great enclosure

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135
Q

occupied third. residential enclosures. pottery, copper and iron. Animal remains.

A

valley complex

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136
Q

possible interpretations of there being 3 parts of site

A

1) 3 parts = different chiefs

2) 3 parts= different functions

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137
Q

if the 3 parts of great zimabwe was for different functions what were they?

A

1) Hill (ritual)
2) enclosure (political)
3) Valley (residential)

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138
Q

changes seen with Rise of the state (4) (HACC)

A

1) hierarchial gov’t
2) authority enforced by standing army
3) “citizenship”
4) citizens are monitered

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139
Q

how are citizens monitored after rise of the state? (2) (LT)

A

1) law and judiciary

2) taxes

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140
Q

characteristics of states (4) (FWAL)

A

1) formal rulers (kings, queens, etc.)
2) writing
3) art (music, painting, etc.)
4) laws

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141
Q

what was another name for Mesopotamia?

A

“cradle of civilization”

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142
Q

when did Mesopotamia occur?

A

8,000-4,000 ya

143
Q

what rivers were in Mesopotamia?

A

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

144
Q

Accopmplishments of Mesopotamia (5) (DAMWS)

A

1) developed wheel
2) astronomy
3) mathematics
4) writing and law
5) state religion

145
Q

Periods of the Mesopotamian state (3) (UUE)

A

1) Ubaid Period
2) Uruk Period
3) Early Dynastic period

146
Q

when did the Ubaid period occur?

A

7,000-6,000 ya

147
Q

characteristics of the Ubaid period (3) (EFL)

A

1) Establishment of large villages
2) first steps toward urbanization
3) long distance trade

148
Q

what was the trigger for the rise of the state during the Ubaid period?

A

irrigation

149
Q

how was irrigation a trigger for the rise of the state during the Ubaid period?

A

1) transforms dessert (expands into S. Mesopotamia)

2) population growth

150
Q

Temple sequence at Eridu (3) (WFP)

A

1) Water g-d Enki
2) fish and ash deposits
3) priestly authority

151
Q

what happens as the village grows in Eridu?

A

the temple grows

152
Q

when did the Uruk period occur?

A

6,000-5,200 ya

153
Q

what type of city is Uruk (2) (TO)

A

1) “type site” Uruk, Iraq

2) oldest known city in the world

154
Q

concentration of people (10k+) living in a well-defined space with structures and zones designated for specific purposes (administrative, commercial, residential, ritual)

A

city

155
Q

characteristsics of Uruk the city (3) (OBC)

A

1) origins in Ubaid period (2 smaller sites merge into one)
2) banks of Euphrates grown to 2.5km2
(20,000-40,000 people)
3) centered on Temple precent

156
Q

characteristics of temple precent in Uruk (2) (LD)

A

1) limestone and bitumen (imports)

2) decorated with colored mosaics

157
Q

who were the temples to in the city of Uruk?

A

Goddess Eama (war and love) and G-d Anu (sky) “houses” of the g-ds

158
Q

how was an urban spread seen in the city of Uruk?

A

small sites abandoned. people concentrate around Uruk

159
Q

what was invented during the Uruk period

A

writing

160
Q

what type of writing was used in Mesopotamia?

A

Cuneiform

161
Q

when was cuneiform from?

A

5,500 ya

162
Q

what was cuneiform tools? (2)

A

1) clay tablets

2) stylus

163
Q

where were the earliest examples and possible origins of cuneiform?

A

Uruk

164
Q

how was cuneiform depicted?

A

1) 850 different signs

2) pictographs and numbers

165
Q

what was the subject of cuneiform

A

1) administration
2) economy
3) growing gov’t

166
Q

how does cuneiform begins and then what does it get?

A

it begins simple and gets complex

167
Q

what did writing begin for?

A

to keep track of beaurecratic record

168
Q

examples of cuneiform (2) (EC)

A

1) The Epic of Gilgamesh

2) The Code of Ur Nammu

169
Q

when was the Epic of Gilgamesh from?

A

4,000 ya

170
Q

findings at Epic of Gilgamesh

A

1) 12 clay tablets

2) King Gilgamesh and Enkidu’s quests and feats

171
Q

what did Gilgamesh represent?

A

real King of Uruk

172
Q

when was The Code of Ur- Nammu from?

A

4,000 ya

173
Q

characteristics of the code of Ur-Nammu (4) (LDWP)

A

1) legal document
2) distinguishes between slaves and free men/women
3) widely used
4) predates Code of Hammurabi by 300 years

174
Q

what was the oldest known legal document containing rules

A

the Code of Ur-Nammu

175
Q

how was the Code of Ur-Nammu widely used?

A

copies found at Ur, Nippur and Sippar

176
Q

how does mesopotamia state expand? (2)

A

1) control of trade

2) warfare

177
Q

how does mesopotamia display control of trade?

A

goods from across Mesopotamia and beyond (timber, lapis, lazuli, copper, gold, tin, slaves)

178
Q

how does mespotamia display warfare?

A

1) conflict over resources, irrigation rights
2) professional armies
3) texts relating victories, defeats

179
Q

when did the Early Dynastic period occur?

A

5,000-4,000 ya

180
Q

what type of city/states were there during the Early Dynastic period?

A

kings and sumerian

181
Q

how were kings and sumeria city/states displayed during the Early Dynastic period (2) (CE)

A

1) cities under one king

2) each territory marked by canals and boundary stones

182
Q

evidence of Kings and Queens in Ur in Mesopotamia

A

16 royal tombs (burial of kings and queens with lavish good and sacrificed slaves)

183
Q

characteristics of the “death pit of Ur” (3) (CCS)

A

1) contains 74 bodies
2) chariots, etc.
3) sacrificed attendants

184
Q

evidence of Queen Pu’abi’s chamber in Ur (3) (CGS)

A

1) cylinder seal with her name
2) golden diadem
3) sacrificed attendants

185
Q

when is the emergence of Empires in Mesopotamia?

A

in the Early Bronze age

186
Q

what happens to Ur in the Early Bronze age?

A

it becomes an empire (conquers other states)

187
Q

when does Ur become an empire?

A

4,000 ya

188
Q

what happens to Ur after it becomes an empire?

A

Ur rules several hundred years before being conquered by the Elamites.

189
Q

where is the Egyptian state located?

A

Nile valley, North Africa

190
Q

what is the Egyptian state defined by?

A

the Nile river

191
Q

what is a significant characteristic of the Nile River

A

annual flooding

192
Q

is annual flooding a good or bad thing from an agricultural point of view?

A

good (soil gets renewed)

193
Q

characteristics of annual flooding of the nile river (3) (RNN)

A

1) rich, narrow zone
2) no need for irrigation
3) no mineral resources

194
Q

what is the Egyptian state divided into?

A

upper and lower egypt

195
Q

characteristics of upper and lower egypt

A

cycles of unification and dis-unification

196
Q

when did the pre-dyanstic period in the Egyptian state occur?

A

6,500-5,000 ya

197
Q

characteristics of the pre-dynastic period in the egyptian state (2) (VF)

A

1) villages along the nile

2) farming and herding (cereals, cattle, goats and sheep)

198
Q

what emerges during the pre-dyanstic period in egypt?

A

larger centers

199
Q

where does larger centers emerge in Egypt during the pre-dynastic period?

A

in Upper Egypt (Abydos and Hierakonpolis)

200
Q

what does larger centers during the pre-dyanstic period in egypt bring rise to?

A

elites

201
Q

what unifies because larger center emerges during the pre-dyanstic period in egypt?

A

sacred and secular

202
Q

where do we see the first pharaoh?

A

possibly in Hierakonpolis, upper egypt

203
Q

evidence for the first possible pharaoh being the “Scopion King”

A

white crown (upper egypt) and depiction of scorpion

204
Q

besides the scorpion king what else was found at Hierankonpolis?

A

Narmer Palette

205
Q

characteristics of the Narmer Palette (2) (OO)

A

1) one side: crown of Upper Egypt

2) other side: crown of Lower Egypt (red)

206
Q

what do some believve from the narmer palette?

A

that the scorpion king was pharoah of a unified state

207
Q

what do settlements during the pre-dynastic period in Egypt specialize in? (3) (CRP)

A

1) craft production
2) religion
3) politics

208
Q

what was invented towards the end of the pre-dyanstic period in Egypt?

A

writing

209
Q

what type of writing was invented towards the end of the pre-dyanstic period in Egypt?

A

Egyptian Hieroglyps

210
Q

types of Egyptian Hieroglyps

A

1) logograms (signs for words)
2) phonograms (signs for sounds)
3) determinatives (signs indicating meaning)

211
Q

2 languages of the Egyptian state

A

1) demotic (monuments- hieroglyphics)

2) hieratic (cursive script, papyrus for everday records)

212
Q

what was language for the Egyptian state for?

A

1) key in emergence of state

2) Bureaucratic needs

213
Q

how was language deciphered in the Egyptian state?

A

the Rosetta Stone

214
Q

when was the Rosetta stone found?

A

in 1799

215
Q

how old was the Rosetta stone?

A

2,000+ years

216
Q

what languages was the Rosetta Stone in?

A

deomotic, hieratic and Greek

217
Q

what did the Rosetta stone allow for?

A

comparative translation

218
Q

when did the Early Dynastic period in the Egyptian state occur?

A

4,950-4,575 ya

219
Q

what is the Early Dynastic period known for in Egypt

A

the Rise of the Pharaohs

220
Q

what were pharaohs known as?

A

G-d kings

221
Q

characteristic of g-d kings (pharaohs)

A

1) living incarnation of Horus (falcon)

2) in death becomes Osiris (G-d of death)

222
Q

what was the rule of the Pharaoh based on?

A

pricnciple of ma’at (balance and justice)

223
Q

what type of tombs were there for pharaohs during the Early dynastic period in egypt?

A

Mastuba

224
Q

what did Mastubas honor?

A

pharaoh in life and death (outside cities)

225
Q

what were the Mastuba precursors for?

A

pyramids

226
Q

how was the step pyramid of Saqqara innovated from Mastuba?

A

not smooth-side like later Pyramids

227
Q

characterstics of the Pyramid of Saqqara

A

1) 60m high

2) 330,400 cubic meters

228
Q

when did the Old Kingdom in Egypt occur?

A

4,575-4150 ya

229
Q

characteristics of the old kingdom in Egypt (3) (SCT)

A

1) stable and prosperous- unified Egypt
2) continuation of Early Dynastic period
3) Time of the pyramids

230
Q

characteristics of time of the periods during the Old Kingdom

A

1) built by 3 generations of Kings

2) basis of Old Kingdom economy

231
Q

what were pyramids later replaced by?

A

mastaba and rock-cut tombs

232
Q

what was the old king economy?

A

pharaohs collect labor and goods (taxation)

233
Q

characteristics of the Cheops Pyramid in Giza (5) (LS12P)

A

1) largest
2) smooth sided, each 230m across
3) 146 m high
4) 2,300,000 limestone block (2.5 tons each)
5) possible corvee labor

234
Q

what did the pyramids and tombs provide for the pharoah?

A

everything they needed for after life

235
Q

what was Cheops pyramid also known as?

A

Khufu

236
Q

cat with human head. largest statue. no inscriptions explain purpose or construction

A

the Sphinx

237
Q

what was the Sphinx’s head possibly?

A

head of Khafre (Chepheren)

238
Q

a corpse whose skin and organs have been preserved by intentional or accidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, aridity (dryness) or water logging

A

mummification

239
Q

were the egyptians mummified on purpose?

A

yes

240
Q

steps of embalming (9) (BOCBBBDCW)

A

1) body washed
2) organs removed and dried
3) cavity stuffed with natron (salt) to encourage desiccation
4) brain removed (long hook)
5) body covered with natron to dry (40 days)
6) body washed, oiled
7) dried organs wrapped and returned to body
8) cavity stuffed with sawdust
9) wrapped in linens and entombed es

241
Q

what did the Egyptian economy consist of?

A

1) tax

2) Bureaucracy (Vizier) (man behind throne)

242
Q

how were taxes used in the Egyptian economy?

A

goods and labor support state projects (e.g. pyramids)

243
Q

how was bureaucracy used in the Egyptian economy? (2) (RO)

A

1) republic trade

2) oversee artisans, architects, surveyors and scribs

244
Q

what did Kingdoms represent in the Egyptian state?

A

unified

245
Q

what did intermediate periods represent in the Egyptian state?

A

not unified

246
Q

when did the 1st intermediate period occur in egypt

A

4,125-3,975 ya

247
Q

what did the 1st intermediate period in egypt represent?

A

division of Egypt into Warring faction

248
Q

how was egypt divided during the 1st intermediate period?

A

1) Upper Egypt: Thebes

2) lower Egypt: Hierakleoplis

249
Q

when did the Middle Kingdom in Egypt occur?

A

3,975-3,640 ya

250
Q

what did the Middle Kingdom period represent in Egypt? (2) (RS)

A

1) re-unification under Theban Pharaoh

2) stable until war with Nubia (Africa) and Palestine

251
Q

when did the 2nd intermediate period in Egypt occur?

A

3,630-3,540 ya

252
Q

what did the 2nd intermediate period in egypt represent

A

foreign influence breaks unified Egypt but new technology is introduced

253
Q

what new technology is introduced during 2nd intermediate period?(3) (BHN)

A

1) Bronze-working
2) Horse and chariot
3) new crops

254
Q

when did the New Kingdom occur in Egypt?

A

3,540-3,075 ya

255
Q

characteristics of the new kingdom in Egypt (2) (RD)

A

1) re-unification of Egypt

2) dynasties 18-20

256
Q

what did the 18-20 dynasties in the new kingdom in Egypt include?

A

famous pharaohs

257
Q

what famous pharaohs did the 18-20 dynasties in the new kingdom include? (4) (SRTA)

A

1) Seti I
2) Ramses II
3) Thutmos
4) Amenhotep II

258
Q

characteristics of King Tut

A

1) pharaoh at age 9
2) died at 19 of Malaria
3) product of incentuous marriage
4) valley of the kings tomb undisturbed

259
Q

characteristics of the Late period and conquest in Egypt

A

1) 30th Dynasty

2) conquered by the Greek and Romans (Cleopatra reins during this time)

260
Q

what type of state is the Indus Valley State and where is it located?

A

Mercantile state in India and Pakistan

261
Q

what are the borders of the Indus Valley State?

A

West: Arabian Sea
East: Ganges
North: Hindu Kush and Himalayan Mts.

262
Q

Precursors of the Indus Valley State (3) (VFD)

A

1) village life (8,000 ya)
2) fertile indus valley foothills
3) domesticated wheat, barley, cattle and wild resources

263
Q

when did the Kot Diji Period in the Indus Valley occur?

A

5000 ya

264
Q

characteristics of the Kot Diji period in the the Indus Valley

A

1) regional organization- precursor to cities

2) standardized crafts

265
Q

characteristics of standardized crafts in the Indus Valley (2) (WS)

A

1) widespread

2) shared ideology

266
Q

when did the Era of Integration occur in the Indus Valley

A

4500-4000 ya

267
Q

what happened during the era of integration?

A

Rise of the Indus State

268
Q

what is the Rise of the Indus State contemporaneous with?

A

the old kingdom Egypt and Ur

269
Q

characteristics of the Rise of the Indus State (5)(WSSUC)

A

1) writing
2) standardized
3) settlement hierarchy
4) urban planning
5) centralized economy

270
Q

what is the most important characteritic of rise of the Indus State?

A

urban planning

271
Q

what type of writing was there in the Indus State?

A

The indus script

272
Q

characertistics of the Indus Script (3) (42I)

A

1) 400+ signs (half simple, half composite)
2) 2700+ samples on objects
3) incorporate animal figures (tiger, elephant, rhionoceres)

273
Q

what did the indus script possibly represent?

A

families, clans or merchant guild

274
Q

was the Indus script deciphered?

A

no

275
Q

what were 3 reasons Indus script wasn’t deciphered?

A

1) no bilingual text
2) short inscription (26 or less signs)
3) language family unknown

276
Q

did Ancient Egypt have true cities?

A

no

277
Q

what happens to cities during urban planning in the Indus state? (3) (OHU)

A

1) organized on grid
2) have sewage systems
3) use standardized constructed materials.

278
Q

what were the two zones in the city of Harrappa?

A

civic (citadel) and residential (lower city)

279
Q

characteristics of the residential zones in the city of Harrapa? (2) (WB)

A

1) walled compounds with internal divisions

2) bathrooms

280
Q

what was the layout of Mohenjo-Daro

A

1) 494 acres

2) two zones (civic and residential)

281
Q

types of citadel excacations at Mohenjo-Daro

A

1) granary (loading and storage with ventalation)

2) bath- (steps to brick-lined pool/bath)

282
Q

characteristics of lower city excavations at Mohenjo-Daro

A

1) buld ok city (469 acres)
2) sub-divided by grid streets
3) dranage and wells

283
Q

missing evidence proving there were elite rulers in the Indus state? (2) (NN)

A

1) no temples, pyramids

2) no high status, rich burials

284
Q

evidence for possible elite rulers in the Indus State?

A

citadels, urban planning and tax (gov’t structure)

285
Q

evidence proving that there wasn’t warfare in the Indus Valley state? (3) (NSA)

A

1) no evidence of cities destroyed/burned
2) skeletons= no signs of violent death
3) art= none show military,fighting

286
Q

was warfare important in the emergence of state or in power while flourishing in the Indus state?

A

no

287
Q

what did fortification do in the indus valley state?

A

1) regulate economy
2) enforce taxation
3) protection against flood (reason wall was needed)

288
Q

importance of economy in the indus state?

A

propels the emergence of state

289
Q

how did the economy propel the emergence of state in the indus state?

A

uniformity of settlements, goods, etc. (spread by trade, not conquest)

290
Q

how was specialized production seen in the indus state?

A

1) raw materials imported

2) goods produced in “factories” (jewelry, pottery, etc.)

291
Q

how were trades regulated in the indus valley state?

A

through taxation

292
Q

what is the earliest evidence of taxes in the indus valley state?

A

weights and measures (decimal)

293
Q

what were ancient Mesopotamian cities centered around temple periods known as?

A

ziggurats

294
Q

what happened to the Indus civilization?

A

it fell, by 3900 ya- cessation of Indus lifestyle

295
Q

outcome of indus civilization falling

A

1) cities, crafts, trade, script dissapear

2) standardization is replaced by regionalization

296
Q

what are possible causes of the fall of Indus civilization? (3) (IME)

A

1) Invasion
2) Mass burial at Mohenjo-Daro
3) environmental change

297
Q

what is the earliest theory of what caused the indus civilization to fall?

A

invasion

298
Q

what did the reanalysis show of the theory that the fall of Indus civilization was caused by a mass burial at Mohenjo-Daro?

A

that people didn’t die violently and had grave goods

299
Q

what evidence was there that environmental changes could have caused the fall of indus civilization? (3) (SDD)

A

1) shifting course of indus and tributaries
2) drought
3) disease

300
Q

what was a result of shifting course of indus and tributaries?

A

1) isolation
2) flooding
3) disruption of trade

301
Q

precursors of the Maya state (2) (DP)

A

1) domesticate corn and squash (8000-
6000ya)
2) Pottery, villages and farming (3000 ya)

302
Q

what is Pre-Columbian Meso America known for?

A

being culturally diverse

303
Q

temporal sequence of the Maya State (3) (FCP)

A

1) Formative (pre-classic)
2) classic
3) post classic

304
Q

when was the formative period during the maya state and who was part of it?

A

1800BC-AD200/ Olmec/Maya

305
Q

when was the classic period during the maya state and who was a part of it?

A

AD250-900/ Maya/Teoihuacan

306
Q

when was the postclassic period during the maya state and who was a part of it?

A

AD900-1521- Maya/Toltec/Aztec

307
Q

how long ago was the formative period (maya)

A

3000 ya

308
Q

what is the formative period known for?

A

Maya cities and the first kings

309
Q

what did the murals show evidence for in San Bartolo?

A

1) origin stories
2) first kings
3) writing

310
Q

how long ago was the classic period (maya)

A

2000-1000ya

311
Q

what was the classic period (maya) the time of?

A

Maya Kingdoms (“city-states”)

312
Q

what did the time of the Maya kingdoms power and authority focus on?

A

single individual (the king)

313
Q

characteristics of Dynastic Kings (maya)

A

1) lineal descent from founder

2) partrilineal, primogeniture (father’s son) (first born)

314
Q

example of depiction of dynastic kings

A

Copan Altar Q

315
Q

what is an excetpion to the rules of descent in the maya state?

A

queens

316
Q

example of queens from the Maya state?

A

1) Palenque (Lady Zackuk)

2) Naranjo (Lady Six Sky)

317
Q

how do dynastic kings express power? (maya)

A

via ritual

318
Q

what is evidence showing that dynastic kings express power via ritual in the maya state? (4) (MTTI)

A

1) monuments (Stela, altars)
2) temples
3) texts
4) images

319
Q

how was religions and politics displayed by Dynastic kings (maya)

A

important ceremonies (incense burning and “feeding the g-ds” and bloodletting)

320
Q

types of maya writing (2)

A

1) syllabic

2) logographic

321
Q

how was maya writing written?

A

top to bottom and left to right

322
Q

what did Mayan texts disccuss? (4) (HSAR)

A

1) history
2) specific kings
3) alliances and war
4) religion

323
Q

what was mayan writing NOT focused on?

A

economy or bureaucracy

324
Q

how was politics shown in the Maya state?

A

warring city-states

325
Q

what did multiple city-states center on in the maya state?

A

polity capital (where the king lived)

326
Q

what was found at polity capitals (maya) (4) (KMSE)

A

1) king’s home
2) monumental architecture
3) Stela
4) “emblem glyphs”

327
Q

sections of cities and settlements (4) (PMMF)

A

1) polity capitals
2) minor ceremonial centers
3) minor centers
4) farming villages

328
Q

what did minor ceremonial centers include? (2) (MA)

A

1) monumental architectures and nobles (lords, rules)

2) allegiance to capital

329
Q

what did minor centers include (2) (MU)

A

1) minor elites

2) usually no monuments

330
Q

what did farming villages include?

A

commoners

331
Q

when was Tikal (largest and most powerful in Maya) founded?

A

during the formative period

332
Q

what was the renewal of Tikal stimulated by?

A

Teotihuacan influence

333
Q

What does Tikal become?

A

major classic power

334
Q

what did Tikal include? (4) (TCDR)

A

1) temples (some 30m high)
2) causeways
3) defensive earthworks
4) reservoirs (water control)

335
Q

what was an Alli to Tikal?

A

Copan, Honduras

336
Q

tomb of the founder (king) deep in the acropolis at Copan.

A

Yax K’uk Mo

337
Q

findings at Yax K’uk Mo’s tomb (2) (PH)

A

1) pectoral of kingship

2) healed traumas

338
Q

findings from healed traumas at Yax K’uk Mo’s tomb (3) (PSC)

A

1) Parry fracture, right forearm
2) stable Isotope Analyses
3) childhood at Tikal

339
Q

16 Kings of Copan.

A

Altar Q

340
Q

findings of the 16 kings of Copan at Altar Q (3) (SPS)

A

1) sceptor of kingship
2) pectoral
3) shield

341
Q

when is the time of the pyramids when the majority of Egyptian pyramids were built?

A

the Old Kingdom

342
Q

types of mathematics in the Maya State(3) (VCP)

A

1) vigesimal (base 20)
2) concept of zero
3) positional system to create larger numbers

343
Q

how is the concept of zero interpreted in mathematics in Maya? (3) (DBS)

A

1) dot= 1
2) bar=5
3) shell=0

344
Q

what did heavenly bodies equal in Astronomy in Maya state?

A

g-ds

345
Q

what was the significance of astronomy in Maya state? (2) (SE)

A

1) solstice

2) equinox

346
Q

what recorded movements were found in astronomy in maya state? (3) (SMV)

A

1) sun
2) moon
3) venus

347
Q

evidence for warfare in Maya state (4) (TMWT)

A

1) texts
2) murals (depicts warriors and violence)
3) weapons, fortifications, victims bodies
4) Tzompantli (skull racks)

348
Q

characteristics of the Maya ballgame (4) (ARYF)

A

1) “alley” style court with hoops
2) rubber ball
3) yoke
4) found at polity capitals

349
Q

interpretations for the Mayan ballgame (3) (PRS)

A

1) proxy for warfare
2) ritual re-enactment of heroes Twins’ Journey
3) solidify alliances
(all could be true)

350
Q

When did the Maya collapse?

A

1000 ya

351
Q

evidence for the Maya collapse (2) (BM)

A

1) Building and monument construction stops

2) major centers abandoned

352
Q

possible causes of the Maya collapse?

A

1) failure of divine kingship (pathalogical ideology) (doomed to fail)
2) warfare (warring elites and oppressed peasents)
3) drought/pop. pressure/famine

353
Q

what evidence did they have of a drought/pop. pressure or famine caused the collapse of the maya?

A

1) sediments cores= drought conditions

2) skeleton= malnutrition

354
Q

what is most likely the cause of the Maya collapse?

A

a combination of all the causes

Archaeology (18 decks)

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