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Archaeology > Arch. MIDTERM #1 > Flashcards

Arch. MIDTERM #1 Flashcards

1
Q

challenges of archaeological preservation (4) (PNGH)

A

1) processes affect remains
2) needs to be put back together (like a puzzle)
3) Geological and environmental factors
4) human activity

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2
Q

what are examples of geologic and environmental factors and are they intentional or unintentional?

A

earthquakes, rain, erosion, flooding, dry etc.

unintentioanal

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3
Q

what are some challenges when geologic & environmental factors affect preservation?

A

1) organic materials can decay

2) artifacts can get washed away

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4
Q

what are some examples of human activity affecting preservation? (PFHL) (4)

A

unintentional

1) people leave or die
2) farming (plows over archaeological sites)
3) human settlement
4) looting (intentional)

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5
Q

identifying and mapping physical remains of human activity

A

survey (recovery method)

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6
Q

ways to perform survey (2) (WT)

A

1) walk around grounds

2) talking to people in the area

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7
Q

what are some challenges of survey (2) (tv)

A

1) terrain

2) vegitation (covered by dense foliage with insects)

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8
Q

any loci of past human activity

A

site

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9
Q

culturally or geographically defined cluster of sites

A

region

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10
Q

survey techniques (2) (GR)

A

1) GPS

2) Remote Sensings

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11
Q

types of remote sensings (survey technique) (2) (AL)

A

1) aerial photography (planes)

2) Lidar (light detection and ranging)

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12
Q

types of lidar (2) (A3)

A

1) aerial laser survey

2) 3D topographical map

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13
Q

Example of lidar

A

Caracol, Belize (4 days of lidar vs. 25 yrs of foot survey)

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14
Q

what is an advantage of survey?

A

non-destructive

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15
Q

what can survey reveal? (2) (IS)

A

1) identify relationships b/t sites and b/t sites and landscape
2) surface artifacts

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16
Q

exposure of remains via controlled digging

A

excavation

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17
Q

what is the goal of controlled digging?

A

to reconstruct everything and see how they fit together in space

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18
Q

how are sites created?

A

through STRATA

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19
Q

layers represent activities and deposit (cultural & natural) from different time periods

A

STRATA

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20
Q

sequence of STRATA built up in layers

A

stratigraphy

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21
Q

in an undisturbed stratigraphic sequence each layer (STRATA) is younger than the layer beneath

A

Law of superposition

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22
Q

are the younger strata on top or bottom?

A

top

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23
Q

problems with the law of superposition (2) (WM)

A

1) wall can be built on top of older strata

2) making sense of what you’re digging during excavation is most challenging

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24
Q

types of controlled excavation

A

1) grids (horizontal)

2) datum points (verticle)

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25
Q

what are the goals of excavation? (3) (IRR)

A

1) identify STRATA
2) recover remains
3) reconstruct horizontal (same time) and vertical (through time) relationships

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26
Q

what type of time does horizontal and vertical represent?

A

horrizontal (info from same time) and vertical (through time)

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27
Q

excavation techniques (4) (DBSF)

A

1) digging (axes, trowels, picks)
2) brushing
3) screening
4) flotation

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28
Q

expose remains from the SAME period

A

horizontal excavation

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29
Q

expose a sequence from successive time periods

A

vertical excavation

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30
Q

excavated materials found (3) (AFE)

A

1) artifacts
2) features
3) ecofacts

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31
Q

what does excavated artifacts tell us?

A

evidence of human manufacture

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32
Q

non-portable cultural items (building, monuments, burials)

A

features

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33
Q

remains of biological organisms (human bodies, animals, seeds, wood)

A

ecofacts

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34
Q

documentation techniques (4) (NPDD)

A

1) notes and forms
2) photographs
3) drawings & maps
4) digitization

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35
Q

what is the goal of documentation?

A

reconstruction of remains in Context

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36
Q

the significance of remains interpreted based on where they deposited (provenience) and what they were deposited with (association)

A

context

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37
Q

a list to draw upon an inventory of types of artifacts found by archaeologists in a particular archaeological context

A

typology

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38
Q

how do most classifications of articles begin?

A

by defining major categories of objects

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39
Q

chronology based on stratigraphic sequences (not sure of the actual date) places assemblage in a temporal sequence not directly linked to calendar dates

A

relative dating

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40
Q

relative frequencies through time

A

seriation

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41
Q

dating contexts and artifacts in calendar years via scientific tests

A

absolute chronology

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42
Q

an absolute dating technique. measures how long it has been since something organic died (must have once been alive). measurement of the rate of decay of the radioactive (unstable) carbon isotope C14 from dead plant/animal remains

A

radiocarbon dating

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43
Q

measures absolute age by counting rings in tree-cross sections. it correlates patterns in a long term sequence (much more accuratae)

A

dendochronology (tree ring dating)

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44
Q

a type of dating that measures the rate of decay of isotope potassium 40 into argon 40

A

potassium- argon dating

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45
Q

what is the half-life of potassium-argon dating?

A

1.25 billion years

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46
Q

what does potassium-argon dating measure?

A

volcanic rocks, lava and ash

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47
Q

what is potassium-argon dating food for?

A

fossil contexts

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48
Q

what is the difference between artifacts and features which were both created intentionally by humans?

A

non-portable (such as hearths or walls)

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49
Q

when is argon dating not usueful?

A

in areas with limited volcanic activity

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50
Q

analyzing human remains

A

skeletal analysis

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51
Q

how is age assessed in skeletal analysis?

A

tooth erruption & bone fusion for individuals under 25

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52
Q

what affects skeletal assesment?

A

health

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53
Q

what is the best indicator of biological sex during skeletal analysis?

A

in the pelvis (compromise b/t upright walking and giving birth).

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54
Q

findings during skeletal analysis (5) (cdapd)

A

1) cause of death
2) disease, malnutrition, injuries
3) activities
4) place of birth (chemical composition of bones)
5) diet (using chemical techniques)

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55
Q

types of artifact analysis findings (3) (spe)

A

1) stone tools (use wear, source material)
2) potterty (from, techniques, designs, clay source)
3) ecofacts (past environment & diets)

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56
Q

a type of artifact analysis that analyzes microscopic residue from flotation and soil samples

A

microarchaeology

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57
Q

what radically alters inerpretation during artifact analysis?

A

microarchaeology

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59
Q

how did the site at Ashkelon, Israel alter the interpretation?

A

it wasn’t a residence but an animal pen

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60
Q

other examples of microarchaeolgy (where the interpretation is altered)

A

1) flotation- lint suggests clay cylinders = loom weights

2) soil chemistry: altar wasn’t for burning incense but pouring libations

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61
Q

measures the light (stable) elements of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur in organic samples to determine composition (drinking water) (expensive)

A

stable isotope analysis

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62
Q

what is stable isotope analysis used for?

A

human and animal bone, teeth and hair to determine diet and origins

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63
Q

precursors of interpretation

A

1) age of discovery: 15th and 17th centuries

2) industrial revolution- late 18th and 19th centuries (western world began to change)

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64
Q

intellectual developments that scientists discovered during precursors of intepretations (3) (OOD)

A

1) order the living world
2) observe change
3) develop theory about cultural and biological evolution

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65
Q

Charles Lyell (intellectual developments) (4) (GFSC)

A

1797-1875

1) geologist
2) fossils= time markers
3) stone tools and extinct fauna
4) convinced of antiuquity of humans

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66
Q

rooted in technology and focused on artifacts

A

three age system

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67
Q

Christian Jurgensen Thompsen (three age system)

A

1816

1) stone age
2) bronze age
3) iron age

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68
Q

what is a concern when professional archeology emerges?

A

methodology

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69
Q

Sir Flinders Petrie (professional archeology) (2) (SS)

A

1) stratigraphic excavation

2) seriation (relative dating)

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70
Q

classifies “culture areas” (development over time) (descriptive)

A

culture history

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71
Q

geographic location with lots of remains

A

“culture areas”

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72
Q

type of culture history where pots = people

A

material culture

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73
Q

V. Gordon Childe (culture history) (2) (NU)

A

1) neolithic revolution

2) urban revolution

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74
Q

settled life and beginnings of agriculture

A

neolithic revolution

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75
Q

cities and complex government

A

urban revolution

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76
Q

what was V. Gordon Childe’s contribution to culture history?

A

focus from material remains to socieities that produced them.

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77
Q

what was processualism also known as?

A

the new archaeology

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78
Q

who was using processualism?

A

graduate students (1970) that rejected the descriptive approach of culture historians

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79
Q

what was processualism’s view on culture?

A

archaeology as a science

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80
Q

what was used during processualism for testing (archaeology as a science) (2) (HS)

A

1) hypothesis testing

2) scientific method

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81
Q

Lewis Binford (Processualism)

A

searched for universal laws and processes

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82
Q

what did Lewis Binford find culture to be?

A

adaption to the environment

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83
Q

what type of approach did Lewis Binford use?

A

an etic approach

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84
Q

an outsider’s view of culture

A

etic approach

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85
Q

when did post processualism occur?

A

1980s- 1990s

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86
Q

backlash against processualism

A

post processualism

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87
Q

why was post processualism a backlash against processualism?

A

1) positivism was too objective

2) archaeological excavation is not replicable

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88
Q

what type of view did post processualism have?

A

archaeology more like history than science (remains in a text)

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89
Q

what type of perspective does post processualism have?

A

Emic

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90
Q

the insiders view of their own culture

A

emic approach

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91
Q

what is the archaeological theory today?

A

anthropologists struggle to find balance between scientific approaches to explain culture and interpretive approaches to understanding its meaning (humanist)

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92
Q

if you need to expose remains of activities from a single period across a broad area at a site which type of excavation would you use?

A

horizontal

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93
Q

if you need to recover information from multiple strata as well as expose activities areas within in a single strata or time period what type of excavation would you use?

A

vertical and horizontal

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94
Q

if you need to expose several consecutive time period and strata at a site what type of excavation would you use?

A

vertical

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95
Q

what is the most important goal of excavation?

A

to reconstruct horizontal and vertical relationships at sites and recover remains in context

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96
Q

a technique for classifying features of small things found at an archaeological site

A

flotation

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97
Q

emphasizes the similarities between history and archaeology and suggests archaeologists take an emic approach to understanding culture

A

post processualism

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98
Q

the first time humans began to domesticate plants and animals and settle into villages

A

neolithic revolution

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99
Q

complex thought and symbolism

A

cultural characterics of a human

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100
Q

large brains and bipedialism

A

physical characteristics of a human

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101
Q

members of human lineage after split with chimpanzee lineage

A

hominin

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102
Q

evidence of hominin origins (3) (GFT)

A

1) geologic context (dating)
2) fossil remains
3) tools

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103
Q

larger, rounder brain case

A

cranial capacity of a hominin

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104
Q

what was the cranial capacity (CC) of the earliest hominins?

A

350cc

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105
Q

what is the cranial capacity of modern hominins?

A

1300-1400cc

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106
Q

shrinking jaw characteristics of a hominin (2) (SL)

A

1) smaller canine & molor size

2) less prognathism (stuck forward)

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107
Q

why do hominins have a shrinking jaw?

A

because the brains are bigger and allows us to make tools rather than use teeth.

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108
Q

bipedialism (walking upright) characteristics of a hominin (4) (CFAI)

A

1) curved lumbar
2) foreshadowed pelvis
3) angled femurs/fully extendable limbs
4) inflexible ankles

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109
Q

where is the origin of hominins?

A

Africa

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110
Q

Sahelanthrapus tchadensis (5) (FEC7M)

A

1) fossil evidence
2) earliest hominin
3) Chad
4) 7 mya
5) mixed Ape-like human

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111
Q

what ape characteristics did Sahelanthrapus tchadnensis have?

A

1) Cranium 350cc

2) long arms=aboreal

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112
Q

what human charactertistics did sahelanthrapus tchadensis have?

A

1) small jaw and canines

2) angled femur= bipedialism

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113
Q

Ardipithicus ramidus (3) (FS4)

A

1) fossil evidence
2) SITE: Aramis, Ethiopia
3) 4.5 mya

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114
Q

what “human features” did ardipithiicus ramidus have?

A

1) small molars

2) foramen magnum forward (back of skull)

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115
Q

hominin radiation (2) (4I)

A

1) 4.5-2 mya

2) increase in hominin species

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116
Q

types of homin species that arose during homin radiation

A

1) australopithicus
2) kenyanthropus
3) parathropus (bipedialism, small canines and larger crania than apes)

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117
Q

Australopithecus

A

1) fossil evidence
2) east and south Africa
3) 3.5 mya
4) 6 species
5) 450-475cc

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4
5
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118
Q

Lucy (5) (EH6F3)

A

1) Example of Australopithicus
2) Hadar, Ethiopia
3) 60% complete
4) fully bipedial
5) 3.3 feet tall

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119
Q

Laetoli

A

1) Example of Australopithicus
2) Tanzania
3) 3.8 mya
4) Side-by-side foot prints

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120
Q

earliest genus homo fossil evidence that’s more gracile

A

homo habalis

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121
Q

when was homo habalis?

A

2.5-1.6 mya

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122
Q

where was homo habalis?

A

east and south Africa

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123
Q

what was the brain cc of homo habalis?

A

500-800cc

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124
Q

first genus homo fossil evidence outside of Africa

A

homo erectus

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125
Q

where was homo erectus? (3) (AAE)

A

1) Africa
2) Asia
3) Europe

126
Q

when was homo erectus?

A

1.9mya-45,000 ya

127
Q

what was the brain cc of homo erectus?

A

750cc-1250cc

128
Q

when were the lower paleolithic tools from?

A

2.5mya-200,000 ya

129
Q

how do tools=culture (3) (ARS)

A

1) acquisition
2) retention
3) sharing knowledge

130
Q

how tools are made

A

flint-knapping

131
Q

types of flint knapping (2) (CF)

A

1) core

2) flake

132
Q

raw material being struck (rock)

A

core

133
Q

material struck from core

A

flake

134
Q

what is the method used for flint-knapping

A

“percussion”

135
Q

what was the earliest tool type and when was it from?

A

oldowan industry 2.5mya

136
Q

archeulian industry (2) (BH)

A

1) bifacial “handaxes”

2) homo erectus

137
Q

when was the archeulian industry tools from?

A

1.7mya-200,000 ya

138
Q

what were the tools used for?

A

microarhaelology at Koobi Foora

139
Q

wears pattern and polish and high powerscope

A

microarchaeology at koobi foora

140
Q

Results from microarchaeology at kobbi foora (4) (AWCS)

A

1) Animal butchery
2) woodworking
3) cutting plants
4) smashing bones for marrow

141
Q

SITE: Swartkrans, Africa (3) (SAP)

not on review sheet or notes

A

1) site where tools where used
2) Australopithocene skull
3) puncture marks, leopard canine

142
Q

what does teeth represent in Stable Isotope Analysis? (5) (RTFNP)

A

1) roots
2) tubers
3) fruits
4) nuts
5) plant stems/grass seeds

143
Q

key part of hominin life

A

gathering

144
Q

when did the upper paleolithic period occur?

A

40,000-11,000 ya (Ice age)

145
Q

migration of homo sapiens out of Africa after appearance of H. sapiens approx 200,000 ya

A

upper paleolithic

146
Q

3 major time periods during the upper paleolithic period (3) (AGM)

A

1) Aurignancian
2) Gravettian (Solutrean)
3) Magdalenian

147
Q

what are the 3 major time periods of the upper paleolithic period based on?

A

stone tool technologies

148
Q

when did the Aurignacian time period occur?

A

40,000-26,000 ya

149
Q

who was part of the aurignacian period?

A

neandarthals and homo sapiens co-existed

150
Q

where did homo sapiens migrate from during the Aurignacian period and who did they encounter?

A

they migrated from Africa and encoutered Neandarthals

151
Q

when did Homo Sapiens arrive and during what time period?

A

36,000 ya during the Aurignancian period

152
Q

charactertistics of homo sapiens during the aurignancian period (3) (NDS)

A

1) nomadic; hunter-gatherers
2) diverse tool kit (stone and bone points and bladelets)
3) symbolism and art

153
Q

what did homo sapiens jewelry consist of during the aurignancian period?

A

Beads

animal teeth, ivory and shell

154
Q

when was evidence of toe bones proving homo sapiens wore shoes during the aurignancian period?

A

30,000 ya

155
Q

how was it proven that homo sapiens wore shoes during the aurignancian period?

A

weaker toe bones= supportive footwear

158
Q

when are neanderthals present since

A

200,000 ya

159
Q

characteristics of neanderthals

A

1) nomadic; big game hunters
2) simple tool kit (mousterian (retouched flakes)
30 limited symbolism & art (burials and imitative jewelry)

160
Q

when were the first homo sapiens?

A

36,000 ya

161
Q

when were the last neanderthals?

A

30,000 ya

162
Q

when did the Gravettian period occur?

A

26,000-23,000 ya

163
Q

what species was ONLY present during the Gravettian period?

A

homo sapiens

164
Q

characteristics of the Gravettian period (4) (TVFN)

A

1) tools= increased hunting
2) venus figuirines & cave art
3) formal burials
4) nomadic camps

165
Q

types of tools from the Gravettian period

A

1) hunting points w/ hafting
2) burins = working hides
3) bow & arrow
4) Atlatl

167
Q

burials of gravettian period (3) (MGP)

A

1) multiple individuals
2) grave offering
3) possible status

169
Q

venus figurines found in Europe/Russian during the gravettian period

A

mobiliary art

170
Q

what were venus figurines made of during the gravettian period

A

stone, bone, ivory and clay

171
Q

how big were the venus figurines from the gravettian period

A

small (4-25cm high)

172
Q

what did the venus figurines symbolize

A

they symbolized “gender” (idealized, not realistic)

173
Q

meaning of venus figurines (4) (ESGM)

A

1) erotica
2) self-portraits
3) great goddess/fertility cult
4) marriage exchange/regional groups

174
Q

when did the Solutrean period occur?

A

23,000-20,000 ya

175
Q

represents regional developments

A

solutrean period

176
Q

what type of hunting was done during the solutrean period

A

small game

177
Q

when did the Madalenian period occur?

A

20,000-11,000 ya

178
Q

last ice age advance and intensification of previous trends

A

magdalenian period

179
Q

tools during the magdalenian period?

A

1) harpoons (fish enter diets)

180
Q

what did a variety of food mean during the magdalenian period

A

less chance of starvation

181
Q

what type of art was found during the Magdalenian period

A

apogee cave art

182
Q

SITE: Lascaux, France (Art site during the Magdalenian period) (2) (2N)

A

1) 2,000 figurines (animal,bone, abtract)

2) natural relief prespective

183
Q

what color were the cave art site in Lascaux,France during the Magdalenian period

A

red and black

184
Q

what technique was used on the cave art site in Lascaux?

A

painting and engraving

185
Q

a newly discovered hominin. first fossils of this species ever found. a Mosaic species a lot of elements of other species in one.

A

homo naledi

186
Q

what were homo naledi’s teeth similar to?

A

humans but not all of them

187
Q

what type of brain did homo naledi have?

A

a tiny brain but skull shaped like human

188
Q

what type of feet and hands did homo naledi have?

A

like humans legs but not the upper leg and hands similar to human but not finger tips

189
Q

what did homo naledi look most like?

A

homo erectus rather than austrolopithicus

190
Q

why weren’t they able to find a date for homo naledi?

A

because it was found in loose soil

191
Q

when did homo erectus migrate out of africa?

A

2-1.5 mya

192
Q

what did homo erectus introduce?

A

aucholean tool making

193
Q

what site was the earliest evidence of homo erectus found and when?

A

Dmanisi,Georgia -1.7-1.8 mya

194
Q

findings at Dmanisi,Georgia

A

1) crania of 3 homo erectus

2) tools and animal bones

195
Q

Homo erectus site: Atapuerca, Spain

A

1) cave
2) possible transition to our homo ancestor
3) 30 speciman

196
Q

when was the site of Atapuerca, Spain from

A

800,000 ya

197
Q

what else is the pleistocene era known as?

A

the ice age

198
Q

when did Neanderthals occur?

A

during the Pleistocene (cycles of extreme cold)

199
Q

where were neanderthals primarily from?

A

Glacial Europe and some from Middle East

200
Q

what did neanderthals evolve from?

A

the initial migration of homo erectus

201
Q

how old are neanderthals?

A

200,000-300,000 years old

202
Q

what was the cranial cc of neanderthals

A

1200-1700cc

203
Q

three theories of neanderthal origins (3) (OMH)

A

1) “0ut of Arfica”
2) multiregionalism
3) hybridization

204
Q

belief that neanderthals and homo sapiens evolve separatly from homo erectus; neanderthals in Europe and Homo sapiens in Africa. Replacement.

A

“Out of Africa”

205
Q

belief that neanderthals and homo sapiens both evolved from 1st migration of homo erectus. gene flow. both contribute to modern genome.

A

“Multiregionalism”

206
Q

why is multiregoinalism not accurate?

A

because homo sapiens evolved in Africa not Europe

207
Q

same as “out of Africa” but instead of replacement, interbreeding

A

hybirdization

208
Q

what is today’s theory on the origin of neanderthals?

A

hybridization

209
Q

skull characteristics of a neanderthal (4) (EOSP)

A

1) elongated rather than rounded
2) occipital bun
3) sloping forehead
4) prognetic nose

210
Q

body characteristics of a neanderthal (4) (MSBL)

A

1) muscular
2) shorter
3) bowed legs
4) large rib cage

211
Q

why were there differences between homo sapiens and neanderthals?

A

cold weather adaption

212
Q

how does the physical traits of a neanderthal help in the cold?

A

1) larger nostrils warm air
2) larger rib cage= easier to breath cold air at higher altitudes
3) robust withstands cold= bowed legs from support

213
Q

what are the physical attributes of a neanderthals language ability

A

the hyoid bone

214
Q

connects the tongue and larynx

A

hyoid bone

216
Q

what gives language ability besides the hyoid bone for neanderthals?

A

hypoglossal canal and nerve (controls movement of tongue) and FoxP2 (sppech articulation gene)

217
Q

when did interbreeding of neanderthals and homo sapiens occur?

A

85,000-37,000 ya

218
Q

what DNA was found for neanderthals? (4) (SHDL)

A

1) skin
2) hair
3) disease resistance
4) lower fertility

219
Q

what site represented the earliest arrival of neanderthals and when?

A

Ehringsdorg, Germany, 200,000-250,000 ya

220
Q

what site represented the latest and final replacement of neanderthals and when?

A

Mezmaiskaya Cave, Russia, 30,000 ya

221
Q

tools used by neanderthals of retouched flakes

A

Mousterian tradition

223
Q

SITE: Schonigen, Germany (evidence of organized hunting) (2) (WS)

A

1) wooden spear

2) simple but specialized

224
Q

what type of studies was used to find evidence of organized hunting?

A

skeletal studies

225
Q

what was found in skeletal studies?

A

high % of healed trauma (broken bones)

226
Q

what type of social organization was there in the occupation of Europe?

A

home base sites in caves

227
Q

what was found in home base sites in caves in Europe? (4) (SSHB)

A

1) sheltered
2) successive occupations
3) hearths/fires
4) burials (first to intentionally bury the dead) (seemed that the homo sapiens learned from them

228
Q

what did the burials tell people about the occupation of Europe?

A

possible compassion and concept of after life

229
Q

characteristics of burials in Europe (3) (CPS)

A

1) child and adult
2) pits, cave ledges/niches
3) sometimes with grave goods

230
Q

site with evidence of burial. adult cave burial in pit. flower pollen. (no flowers nearby therefore it is intentional) (excavated in the 1970s)

A

SITE: Shanidar Cave, Iraq

231
Q

site with evidence of burial. child in cave niche. Red deer maxilla (buried with child)

A

SITE: Amud Cave, Israel

232
Q

cut marks on neanderthal (defleshing) and percussion marks (marrow extraction)

A

cannibalism

233
Q

which species of hominin was the first to bury their dead?

A

neanderthals

234
Q

what were time periods of the upper paleolithic (Aurignancian, Gravettian, etc.) first defined by archaeologists based on?

A

technological development, especially those relating to tools

235
Q

what new tools were developed during the Gravettian period in europe?

A

the bow and arrow and atlatl which reflect an increased emphasis on hunting

236
Q

4 theories of peopling of the New World (4)

A

1) Clovis First (oldest)
2) Pre-clovis
3) Solutrean Hypothesis
4) New Arrival (newest)

237
Q

when did the Clovis First theory occur?

A

during the Pleistocene (aka ice age) 12,000 years ago (close to the end of the ice age)

238
Q

what route did the clovis first theory take?

A

From Asia across Beringia through an ice free corridor (by walking because water wasn’t there)

239
Q

who was part of the clovis first theory

A

1) Big game hunters
2) fluted clovis points
3) ice-age mega fauna

240
Q

when did extinction take place during the clovis first theory?

A

13,000-11,000 ya

241
Q

what most likely caused the extinction during the clovis first?

A

changing climate

244
Q

clovis first site displaying clovis culture. showed red ochre for possible decoration. not a typical site

A

Polwars II, Wyoming

245
Q

what problems were there with the clovis first theory?

A

should find fluted points in Alaska earlier but don’t

246
Q

clovis first site displaying problems. showed triangular points. flute points much later than at Southern clovis sites.

A

SITE: Broken Mammoth, Alaska

247
Q

when was the SITE: Broken Mammoth, Alaska from?

A

clovis first (14,000 ya)

248
Q

what was wrong with timing of the clovis first theory?

A

the timing of the ice-free corridor b/t glacial sheets and the dates were recalibrated (10,500 ya- too late)

249
Q

when did the pre-clovis theory occur?

A

arrival: 13,500 ya+

250
Q

what route was taken during the pre-clovis?

A

from Asia via coastal migration

252
Q

when was the pre-clovis site Meadowcroft, PA from?

A

c14 dated to 23,000-15,000 ya (was contested)

254
Q

what did the timing tell us about the pre-clovis theory?

A

that people were far south by 13,000 ya +

255
Q

what type of hunters were there during the pre-clovis theory?

A

not big game hunters (no clovis points) (foraging small game, marine sources)

256
Q

what were some possibilities during the pre-clovis thoery?

A

that there were multiple cultural groups and different routes used

257
Q

what were some problems during the pre-clovis theory

A

1) Meadowcroft- contaminated dates

2) coastal migration route: no coastal sites- underwater?

258
Q

when did the Solutrean hypothesis theory occur?

A

15,000-13,000 ya

259
Q

what route was taken according to the solutrean hypothesis thoery?

A

1) European origins

2) Atlantic “ice edge” route (by boat)

260
Q

who was part of the solutrean hypothesis?

A

big-game (clovis) hunters

261
Q

what evidence was found for the Solutrean hypothesis? (2) (FM)

A

1) fluted points similar to the European Solutrean

2) Meadowcroft Rockshelters (the “miller Point”)

262
Q

problems found with the Solutrean hypothesis

A

1) clovis 5,000 years later than Solutrean
2) Dangerous passage requiring maritime skill
3) differences in technology (no channel)

263
Q

when did the Early arrival theory take place?

A

30,000 ya +

264
Q

what route was taken according to the Early Arrival theory?

A

From Asia via Coastal route

269
Q

what is the main difference between the Clovis first and solutrean model?

A

the route of migration

270
Q

Genetic data of new world peoples (3) (5MG)

A

1) 5 “clades” for native new world peoples
2) MtDNA (maternal DNA from mom to child)
3) genetic similarities b/t dispesed peoples

271
Q

what is an example of genetic similarity b/t dispersed peoples?

A

Eskimo and yanomamo

272
Q

when did the dispersal of eskimo and yanomamo occur?

A

16,000 ya

273
Q

3 main groups of linguistic data

A

1) Eskimo-Aleut (Alaska)
2) Na-Dene (Norther N. America)
3) Amerind (Central and south America)

274
Q

two hypothesis of linguistic data

A

1) three migrations

2) one migration

275
Q

three migration hypothesis

A

1) first Amerind speakers
2) second Na Dene
3) third Eskimo-Aleut

276
Q

original proto-paleoindain language regionalized into groups.

A

one migration hypothesis

277
Q

when is the one migration hypothesis from and what does it suggest?

A

pre-20,000 ya and that it would support the Early Arrival period.

278
Q

what theory has the most supported evidence?

A

pre-clovis

279
Q

what origin did combined archaeological genetic and linguistic data show?

A

siberian and Asian

280
Q

what type of migration showed in the combined archaeological genetic and linguistic data

A

single migration with groups branching

281
Q

when and what route did the combined archaeological, genetic and linguistic data show of the peopling of americas?

A

pre-clovis- 13,500 ya or earlier with a coastal route

282
Q

what type of culture was showing about the peopling of the americas from combined archaeological, genetic and linguistic data?

A

mixed hunters and foragers. regional adaptions (clovis)

283
Q

is archaeological evidence or linguistic and genetic evidence data older?

A

linguistic and genetic

284
Q

what did the neolithic revolution bring? (2) (CB)

A

1) control nature

2) “becoming cultural”

285
Q

what did the neolithic revolution bring rise to? (3) (VRC)

A

1) village life
2) religion
3) complexity etc. ?

286
Q

what were the false preception of hunting/gathering and agriculture

A

1) hunting and gathering is “precarious”(difficult)

2) agriculture is beneficial/positive

287
Q

what was the reality of h/g and agriculture?

A

1) h/g is healthier with more leisure time

2) farming= more disease, malnutrition

288
Q

transition to farming impacts

A

1) diet- food groups
2) health/disease
3) physical activity
(starvation less likely for h/g)

289
Q

how did the rise of agriculture come about?

A

it arose independently in different regions

290
Q

what did domestication mean for the rise agriculture?

A

changes in technology and lifestyle

291
Q

what the rise of agriculture intentional?

A

no initially intentional

292
Q

what was the rise of agriculture irreversable?

A

food surplus= population increase= dependence on agriculture

293
Q

what does a dramatic change require and what’s an example?

A

a trigger. Climate change

294
Q

tiggers for dramatic changes (2) (CP)

A

1) climate change

2) population growth- feedback loop

295
Q

what caused climate change?

A

1) the end of the Pleistocene (10,000 ya)

2) new flora and fauna

296
Q

The Middle East (2) (FL)

A

1) “Fertile Crescent”

2) long transitional process (25,000-7,000 ya)

297
Q

when did the Kebaran period occur?

A

25,000-15,000 ya

298
Q

what type of people were part of the Kebaran period?

A

hunter-gatherers (short occupation camps)

299
Q

was there domestication during the Kebaran period?

A

no

302
Q

when did the natufian occur?

A

15,000-12,000 ya

303
Q

what type of people were part of the natufian period?

A

hunter/gatherers

304
Q

characteristics about the natufian period (5) (1TPNP)

A

1) 1st architecture
2) technological innovation
3) possible organized relgion
4) no domestication
5) people settle and form groups BEFORE inventing agriculture

305
Q

hunting during the natufian period (GW)

A

1) gazelle = 80% of wild Fauna

2) also wild goat, sheep, cattle

306
Q

natufian site with permanent archectecture. round stone houses

A

SITE: Abu Hureyra, Syria

307
Q

flotation found at Abu Hureyra site (3) (WWA)

A

1) wild grasses (cereal)
2) wild plum
3) almond

308
Q

flotation found at the Ohalo, Israel site (5) (WBLGF)

A

1) wild wheat
2) barley
3) legumes
4) gazelle
5) fish

309
Q

dog domestication (2) (bs)

A

1) buried with humans

2) shorter snout than wild

310
Q

new types of tools (technological innovation) during the natufian period (2) (LG)

A

1) lunates (composite tools) (sickles)

2) grinding stones (reliance on wild grains)

312
Q

natufian site showing traces of religion with no habitation. limestone pillar rings (rebuilt 20 times). each 16 tons. Carved with gazelles, scorpians, boars, foxes (totem spirits?)

A

SITE: Gobleki Tepe, Turkey

315
Q

when did the early neolithic period occur?

A

12,000-8,500 ya

316
Q

what did the early neolithic consist of?

A

younger dryas (“little ice age”)

317
Q

characteristics of the early neolithic period

A

1) Rapid onset (single human generation)
2) habitable area reduced
3) impacts cultural development

318
Q

two period of the early neolithic period

A

1) Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)

2) Pre-pottery Neotlithic B (PPNB)

319
Q

when did the PPNA occur?

A

12,000-11,000 ya during the younger dryas (cold)

320
Q

when did the PPNB occur?

A

11,000-8500 ya. after younger drya

321
Q

PPNA characteristics (4) (ILCY)

A

1) increasingly complex tools
2) larger villages (more organized)
3) communal buildings (group labor, group benefit)
4) Y.D. sparks cooperation and need for protection

322
Q

what type of complex tools were introduced during the PPNA

A

1) Blades (“sickle polish”- harvesting wild plants)

2) arrowheads (hunting)

324
Q

was there domestication yet during the PPNA?

A

no

325
Q

what showed evidence of domestication during the PPNB? (5) (CPLCD)

A

1) cereals (wheat & barley)
2) pulses (peas and lentils)
3) legumes (chickpeas)
4) changes from wild forms (bigger and more seeds and tough rachis)
5) domestication of animals (fall off of wild Gazelle) (goats, sheep, cattle)(slaughtered young males, outside natural range)

326
Q

what did crowded, organized settlement demonstrate during the PPNB?

A

1) rectangular buildings
2) planning
3) handling conflict (rules)

327
Q

site during the PPNB where the population grew to 5,000.

A

Abu Hureyra

328
Q

when did the late neolithic period occur?

A

8,500-7,000 ya

329
Q

what happened during the late neotlithic period?

A

villages collapse

330
Q

what happened in response to villages collapsing during the late neolithic period?

A

1) decline in # and size of sites
2) shift to nomadic pastoralism (herder)
3) temporary- village rebound & grow

Archaeology (18 decks)

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