Quiz 2 and Midterm 1 part 2 Flashcards
when did the Paleo-Indian Period occur?
14,000-9,000 ya
what happened during pleistocene (paleo-indian) period for peopling of the new world? (3) (VCL)
1) volcanic activity
2) cooler & wetter
3) larger lakes
During the paleo-indian period what were the pleistocene resources?
megafauna
what type of hunters were there during the paleo-indian pleistocene period?
big-game hunters (mobile, cooperative band)
when was the early human occupation?
13,000 ya earlier
where people camped for a short time
transitory camps
characteristics of transitory camps (3) (SMS)
1) stone tools
2) megafauna remains
3) some burials
when did the archaic period occur?
9,000-4,000 ya
what was the archaic period most like from the middle east?
the natufian period
what happened during the archaic period?
time of holocene warming (gets hotter and dries out)
what does the time of the holocene warming mean?
desiccation (desertification of Mexico)
what happens to pleistocene resources during the archiac period and why?
they vanish because there were new subsistence strategies
what did the pleistocene period shift to for resources during the archaic?
1) small game
2) shell fish
3) specific plants (squash and corn)
what seeks the best resources during the plesitocene period in the archaic?
small mobile pops
what does territorial foraging during the pleistocene archaic period lead to?
domestication
what were the first domesticates in Central America during the pleistocene?
1) squash (8,000ya)
2) corn (maize) (6000 ya)
3) beans (2500 ya)
what predates settlement in central america during the archaic period?
domestication
what does domestication during the archaic period in central america trigger?
rise of villages
site during the archaic period. a cave, highland, Mexico. Oldest evidence of squash and corn.
SITE: Guila Naquitz, Oaxaca
site during the archaic period. cave, highland, Mexico with evidence of corn (5,000 ya) and a long sequence of occupations. Strata change form teosinte (wild precursor) to maize.
SITE: Tehuacan Valley
what did teosinte (wild) represent?
2 rows of kernals and brittle rachis
what did domesticated maize represent
more rows and big kernels, touch rachis
when did the late archaic period occur?
4,000-1,000 ya
what was domesticated and when during the late archaic period?
beans (2,500 ya)
why were beans domesticated so late?
because there was no pottery
what flourished during the late archaic period?
villages and farming (settled life begins)
what farming technique was used during the late archaic period in central america?
Milpa (corn, bears and squash)
characteristics of Milpa (3) (SST)
1) shifting
2) slash and burn (low land)
3) terracing (mountains)
when did agriculture spread into the US southwest?
3,400 ya (maize)
what happens after agriculture spreads into the us southwest?
cultivation spreads north
what are the 2 impact patterns from corn that happened at the same time?
1) corn adopted, but no change to mobile H/G lifeways
2) rapid transition to settled farming
example of rapid transition to faming. 500 rock-lined terraced, storage pits and post holes (makes it cooler) and cultivated maize (3,000 ya)
SITE: Cerro Juanquena, North America
example of no change in mobile lifeways site. near Juanquena but more arid. remained hunter/gatherers
SITE: Jondada Mogollon Region
people act in rational self-interest/maximize efficiency in exploiting resources. In some environment cultivation is more efficient/profitable than others. may be symbiotic
optimal foraging theory
when was independently domesticated in the Eastern U.S and when?
squash and sunflower, 8000 ya
what did the eastern us continue to rely on?
wild resources (fish, shellfish, plants)
appearance of base camps site in the Eastern US. seasonal camp. squash domestication. Post holes and hearths, storage,dog domestication.
SITE: Koster, Illinois
site in the eastern US. exception to small sites. Masssive earthen mounds. evidence on long distance trade and status distinctions
SITE: Poverty Point, Louisiana
what is the interpretation of poverty point? (2) (VC)
1) village: residences on top of embarkment
2ceremonial center for feasting
what happens to domestication of corn in Mexico?
it spreads north and east
what does not rise from or result in?
settled life or settle in settled
what is the regional adaption based on?
environment
what do eventual large sites maybe reflect and how is it made popular?
competition and made popular by farming
Like the Middle East, did the first farmers in Central America settle into villages long before they ever domesticated plants or animals?
No
What does the younger dryas divide the early Neolithic into?
The PPNA and PPNB
What is the PPNA known for?
An increase in the size, organization and complexity of villages
When do we see the first appearance of domesticated plants?
PPNB
When is the emergence do organized religion?
Natufian
what does Beringia connect?
Asia and the Americas
what tools are used by big game hunters in North America around 11,000 years ago?
clovis points
what are big game, such as mammoths and mastodons, hunted by early humans in North America during the Ice Ages known as?
megafauna
what theory of the peopling of the world does the site of Meadowcroft Rockshelter sometimes argued to provide evidence for?
the Solutrean Hypothesis
what was the first animal to be domesticated in most parts of the world?
dogs
did Agriculture arise in many or a single location and then spread to other areas around the world?
many
