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Archaeology > Quiz 2 and Midterm 1 part 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 and Midterm 1 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

when did the Paleo-Indian Period occur?

A

14,000-9,000 ya

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2
Q

what happened during pleistocene (paleo-indian) period for peopling of the new world? (3) (VCL)

A

1) volcanic activity
2) cooler & wetter
3) larger lakes

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3
Q

During the paleo-indian period what were the pleistocene resources?

A

megafauna

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4
Q

what type of hunters were there during the paleo-indian pleistocene period?

A

big-game hunters (mobile, cooperative band)

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5
Q

when was the early human occupation?

A

13,000 ya earlier

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6
Q

where people camped for a short time

A

transitory camps

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7
Q

characteristics of transitory camps (3) (SMS)

A

1) stone tools
2) megafauna remains
3) some burials

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8
Q

when did the archaic period occur?

A

9,000-4,000 ya

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9
Q

what was the archaic period most like from the middle east?

A

the natufian period

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10
Q

what happened during the archaic period?

A

time of holocene warming (gets hotter and dries out)

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11
Q

what does the time of the holocene warming mean?

A

desiccation (desertification of Mexico)

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12
Q

what happens to pleistocene resources during the archiac period and why?

A

they vanish because there were new subsistence strategies

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13
Q

what did the pleistocene period shift to for resources during the archaic?

A

1) small game
2) shell fish
3) specific plants (squash and corn)

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14
Q

what seeks the best resources during the plesitocene period in the archaic?

A

small mobile pops

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15
Q

what does territorial foraging during the pleistocene archaic period lead to?

A

domestication

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16
Q

what were the first domesticates in Central America during the pleistocene?

A

1) squash (8,000ya)
2) corn (maize) (6000 ya)
3) beans (2500 ya)

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17
Q

what predates settlement in central america during the archaic period?

A

domestication

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18
Q

what does domestication during the archaic period in central america trigger?

A

rise of villages

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19
Q

site during the archaic period. a cave, highland, Mexico. Oldest evidence of squash and corn.

A

SITE: Guila Naquitz, Oaxaca

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20
Q

site during the archaic period. cave, highland, Mexico with evidence of corn (5,000 ya) and a long sequence of occupations. Strata change form teosinte (wild precursor) to maize.

A

SITE: Tehuacan Valley

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21
Q

what did teosinte (wild) represent?

A

2 rows of kernals and brittle rachis

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22
Q

what did domesticated maize represent

A

more rows and big kernels, touch rachis

23
Q

when did the late archaic period occur?

A

4,000-1,000 ya

24
Q

what was domesticated and when during the late archaic period?

A

beans (2,500 ya)

25
Q

why were beans domesticated so late?

A

because there was no pottery

26
Q

what flourished during the late archaic period?

A

villages and farming (settled life begins)

27
Q

what farming technique was used during the late archaic period in central america?

A

Milpa (corn, bears and squash)

28
Q

characteristics of Milpa (3) (SST)

A

1) shifting
2) slash and burn (low land)
3) terracing (mountains)

29
Q

when did agriculture spread into the US southwest?

A

3,400 ya (maize)

30
Q

what happens after agriculture spreads into the us southwest?

A

cultivation spreads north

31
Q

what are the 2 impact patterns from corn that happened at the same time?

A

1) corn adopted, but no change to mobile H/G lifeways

2) rapid transition to settled farming

32
Q

example of rapid transition to faming. 500 rock-lined terraced, storage pits and post holes (makes it cooler) and cultivated maize (3,000 ya)

A

SITE: Cerro Juanquena, North America

33
Q

example of no change in mobile lifeways site. near Juanquena but more arid. remained hunter/gatherers

A

SITE: Jondada Mogollon Region

34
Q

people act in rational self-interest/maximize efficiency in exploiting resources. In some environment cultivation is more efficient/profitable than others. may be symbiotic

A

optimal foraging theory

35
Q

when was independently domesticated in the Eastern U.S and when?

A

squash and sunflower, 8000 ya

36
Q

what did the eastern us continue to rely on?

A

wild resources (fish, shellfish, plants)

37
Q

appearance of base camps site in the Eastern US. seasonal camp. squash domestication. Post holes and hearths, storage,dog domestication.

A

SITE: Koster, Illinois

38
Q

site in the eastern US. exception to small sites. Masssive earthen mounds. evidence on long distance trade and status distinctions

A

SITE: Poverty Point, Louisiana

39
Q

what is the interpretation of poverty point? (2) (VC)

A

1) village: residences on top of embarkment

2ceremonial center for feasting

40
Q

what happens to domestication of corn in Mexico?

A

it spreads north and east

41
Q

what does not rise from or result in?

A

settled life or settle in settled

42
Q

what is the regional adaption based on?

A

environment

43
Q

what do eventual large sites maybe reflect and how is it made popular?

A

competition and made popular by farming

43
Q

Like the Middle East, did the first farmers in Central America settle into villages long before they ever domesticated plants or animals?

A

No

44
Q

What does the younger dryas divide the early Neolithic into?

A

The PPNA and PPNB

45
Q

What is the PPNA known for?

A

An increase in the size, organization and complexity of villages

46
Q

When do we see the first appearance of domesticated plants?

A

PPNB

48
Q

When is the emergence do organized religion?

A

Natufian

49
Q

what does Beringia connect?

A

Asia and the Americas

50
Q

what tools are used by big game hunters in North America around 11,000 years ago?

A

clovis points

51
Q

what are big game, such as mammoths and mastodons, hunted by early humans in North America during the Ice Ages known as?

A

megafauna

52
Q

what theory of the peopling of the world does the site of Meadowcroft Rockshelter sometimes argued to provide evidence for?

A

the Solutrean Hypothesis

53
Q

what was the first animal to be domesticated in most parts of the world?

A

dogs

54
Q

did Agriculture arise in many or a single location and then spread to other areas around the world?

A

many

Archaeology (18 decks)

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