Quiz #3 Flashcards
characteristics of social complexity (
1) increasing segmentation/specialization
2) division of society into parts
what does division of society into parts consist of?
corresponding specialists
differential access to resources (rich & poor, conflict)
status distinction
types of status distinctions
1) prestige
2) power
3) authority
respect conferred based on culturally valued qualities
“prestige”
ability to exercise one’s will over others (seizing leadership)
“power”
socially approved use of power (majority of people agree that this person is a leader)
“authority”
types of social structures from least complex,hierarchy to more complex,hierarchy
1) Band
2) tribe
3) chiefdom
4) state
small group (60-100) in loosely defined territory
bands
types of people in bands (3) (EKH)
1) egalitarian (equal roles)
2) kin-based (membership because born into or marry into)
3) H/G (nomadic) (rely on wild resources)
culturally distinct groups
tribe
what are tribes based on?
kinship
types of people in tribes (3) (VCL)
1) village farmers
2) clan/lineage bases
3) leaders; no formal gov’t (influential people)
types of leaders in tribes
1) the village head
2) the big man
characteristics of the village head (3) (NLM)
1) no real power
2) leads by example & persuasion (Prestige)
3) mediates disputes
characteristics of the big man (2) (SO)
1) similar to village head but wider reach (not just one village but many)
2) often charsmatic- respect
responsibilities of the big man (3) (FEF)
1) feasts
2) encourages group contribution
3) facilities cooperation
society with social ranking and formal leaders
chiefdom
what other social structure is a chiefdom most like?
mid-way between tribe and state
how is a chiefdom like a tribe?
kin-based
how is a chiefdom like a state?
institutional hierarchy (always have the office of a ruler)
a chiefdom full-time political specialist that regulates the economy. greater autorhity to enforce decrees.
the chief (chiefdom)
how does the chief of a chiefdom regulate the economy
through redistribution
system where goods more from local level to centralized collection point and back
redistribution
what is an example of redistribution?
feasting
how is the chief of a chiefdom selected?
inherits office (descent rather than achievement)
formal government hierarchial. power and authority enforced by permanent military
state
how is permanent military of a state done?
gov’t has legal monopoly over use of force
what is the membership of a state based on?
citizenship rather than kinship
how are the lives of citizens monitored in a state? (3) (CLE)
1) census
2) law and judiciary (protect and punish)
3) economic regulation and taxes (more formalized)
what archaeological evidence are we looking to increase? (3) (SCC)
1) social segmentation/specialization
2) cultural differentiation
3) conflict
types of archaeological evidence (4) (ABCR)
1) architecture
2) burials
3) craft specialization
4) raiding and warfare
what evidence does archetecture give?
permanance (reflection of society that built it)
what evidence does burials give?
status distinctions & identity differences between poor and rich
what evidence does craft specialization give?
technology and trade
what evidence does raiding and warfare give?
conflict
inherent human behavior (but so is compassion!)
violence
scales of violence (3) (HRW)
1) Homicide
2) raiding
3) warfare
one-on-one violence
homicide
what does homicide require?
no complexity
episodic group violence
raiding
what is raiding a precursor for and what is it tied to?
to war and is tied to increasing complexity
sustained use of organized force against independent groups
warfare
characteristics of warfare
1) social rules
2) requires complexity (chiefdoms and states)
characteristics of tribes
1) social org. rooted in kinship
2) culturally distinct groups
3) interpersonal conflicts escalate because of attack on kin
what does an attack on kin signify in tribes?
attack on self (eye for an eye)
two theories of the origins of war (2)
1) materialist
2) dawinian
conflict arises over material resources (land, food, trade, goods)
materialist
when are lives risked in the materialist theory?
only if survival depends on it
when is there a rise of warfare?you
during times of scarcity
people engage in war because it benefits their kin-group
darwinian
what is the darwinian theory the same as and how does it differ?
same as materialist but also extends to gaining status and presitge by young males
archaeological evidence of war (4) (SDWA)
1) skeletal evidence
2) defensive fortifications, outlooks
3) weapons, armor, shields
4) artistic depictions
example of canabalism and raiding in Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Arizona. “outbreak of Cannabalism”
Anasazi Tribes, Four Corners
when did the “outbreak of cannibalism” occur?
850 years ago (AD 1150)
example of cannibalism and raiding. a village with 2 areas of scattered bone.
SITE: Cowboy Wash
what shape is the Site, Cowboy wash in?
disarticulated and damaged
what is the site, Cowboy Wash not in cotext of?
a burial
what did analysis reveal about cowboy wash?
1) 1,000 fragments from 7 people
2) looked like animal bones post-butchery
Finds at Cowboy Wash (4) (CBBP)
1) cut marks
2) burn patterns
3) breakage
4) pot polish
where were the cut marks found at cowboy wash and what could they mean?
at muscle attachments and disarticulation/ removal of flesh= possible eating
what could exposure to heat from the burn patterns at cow boy wash mean?
possible cooking
what could smashing along long-bone shafts from breakage at cowboy wash mean?
access to marrow
what did the pot polish at cowboy wash show?
rounding and burnishing of bone ends
what could pot polish can only mean at cowboy wash?
cooking
how could they tell if they actually ate them at the Anasazi Tribes, four corners
with an ongoing study of corpolites
context of finds at Anasazi Tribes, four corners
1) sites rapidly abandoned
2) covered with sterile soil
3) pattern repeated
4) some pottery at sites non-local
5) widespread drought
interpretations of findings at Anasazi Tribes, four corners
1) “social control” exerted by emerging elites
2) cultural practices brought by outsiders
3) terrorism by locals to drive away outsiders
what did the complexity in Europe cause an increase of? (3) (SCC)
1) social segmentation/specialization
2) cultural differentiation
3) conflict
when did the complexity in Europe occur?
7,000-2,000 YA
characteristics of complexity in Europe (3) (FTR)
1) farming spreads into Europe
2) Transition from stone to bronze age
3) rise of social complexity
material evidence of complexity in Europe (3) (ACR)
1) architecture (permanance)
2) craft specialization (technology and trade)
3) raiding (conflict) (not warfare)
complex settlement (archetecture)
Linearband Keramik (LBK) culture
when did LBK culture occur?
7,000 ya
where did LBK occur out of?
Eastern Europe (spread from east to west)
what type of houses were in LBK villages?
long houses
characteristics of long houses (2) (LS)
1) length (upto 7cm)
2) special structures for feasting/ritual
what did longer long houses represent?
higher status
LBK culture characteristics (4) (FISR)
1 ) farmers and cattle herders
2) inter-village interaction (cattle breeding, marriage)
3) standardized
4) rapid spread
what did rapid spread of LBK culture mean?
colonizing farmers (east to west)
example of archetecture in complexity in Euriope. chambered tombs, “stone settings” and “menhirs”
megalithic monuments
what was the emphasis in megalithic monuments? (2) (CC)
1) communal work and trial
2) culture permanance
characteristics of craft specialization in complexity in Europe (2) (SS)
1) stability allows social segmentation, specialization and innovation
2) status distinction
what did status distinction in craft specialization mean?
different crafts=different social value
invention of metallurgy (3) (CBG)
1) copper-working
2) bronze-working
3) Gold and Jade
when did copper-working occur?
6,000 ya
charactertistics of copper-working (3) (PPW)
1) possibly developed with plow
2) personal adornment
3) weapons
when did bronze-working occur?
4,000 ya
charactertistics of bronze-working (3) (91I)
1) 90% copper (widely available)
2) 10% tin (less available)= trade networks
3) international
standardized, wide distribution. drinking vessels in graves with copper weapons.
bell beaker pottery
when did bell beaker pottery occur?
4500 ya
example of bell beaker pottery. burial near stonehenge, . archery equipment, metal-working tools, bell peaks
amesbury archer (burial)
gold and jade charactertistics
1) adornment
2) display of wealth
3) long distance trade (rich burial)
example of burial and tombs in complexity of Europe. graveyard outside settlement. death part of public sphere. 280 tombs. some rich, some poor over 1,000 objects, many gold (status signaling)
SITE: Varna, Bulgaria (6000 ya)
example of burial and tombs in complexity of Europe. 80 tombs- spatial hierarchy. 1,140 individuals. grave goods from Africa (ivory, ostrich eggs) (higher status- graves on top)
SITE: Los Millares, Spain (5,000 ya)
Types of conflict in the complexity in Europe (3) (HPR)
1) homicide
2) professional warriors
3) raiding
example of homicide in the Swiss Alps. male 25-45, corpse frozen and wind-dried (natural mummification). shot in the back with an arrow. slash wounds on hands. clothing/tools- blood of four people
Otzi the Iceman (5000 ya)
possible interpretations of Otzi the Iceman
1) herder leading flock to pasture
2) shaman along in mountains
example of homicide. peat bog/marshes. possible evidence of excessive murder.
bog bodies
when did bog bodies occur and where?
2,000-3,000 ya in N. Europe
example of bog body. 2 non-deadly blows to the head. throat slit, neck broken (mummificcation by submersion)
lindow man, England
example of bog body. stabbed and strangled (young girl in teens)
yde girl
uses bronze weapons of axes, swords, helmets, breast plates. rise of “warrior class”
professional warriors
example of direct evidence of raiding. 34 bodies (all ages/sexes). wounds in back. no defensive wounds.
SITE: Talheim
where and when did the site Talheim occur?
Germany (LBK), 7,000 ya
example of indirect evidence of raiding. fortified settlements. marshy isle. timber palisade
SITE: Biskupin, Poland
charactertistics of timber palisades in the Site Biskupin, Poland (4) (6FTC)
1) 6m high, 463 m long
2) filled with sand
3) tower
4) clay coating (blocks fire arrows)
example of complexity in new and old worlds in US southwest
SITE: Chaco Canyon
when was the occupation of Chaco Canyon?
1200 ya
what type of houses were at Chaco Canyon and what was the focus?
“Great Houses” focus on regional network
apartment complexes. could hold over 1,000 but only 100 lived year round
great houses (squares)
what did it mean that only 100 people lived in great houses year round even though they were so big?
feasting (middens) (episodic deposits)
sources of power at Chaco Canyon (3) (RWE)
1) Religion
2) water control
3) economy
how was religion represented as a source of power at chaco canyon?
Kivas (circular structures in great houses) (not always in great houses)
how was water control represeted as a source of power at chaco canyon?
desert and irrigation
how was the economy represented as a source of power at chaco canyon?
road network and redistribution
who was in charge at chaco canyon?
elites
what did the size require at chaco canyon?
overseers
why did the size require overseers in chaco canyon?
possible corvee labor (attacks paid in forms of labor)
how many trees were there in chaco canyon?
20,000 per great house (dendrochronology)
how was conspicuous consumption proved at chaco canyon? (3) (B5M)
1) burial with 2 males
2) 50,000 pieces of turquoise
3) macaw skeletons
what caused the collapse of chaco canyon? (3) (DFC)
1) drought 900 ya (great houses fall into abandonment)
2) fall of great houses
3) conflict
what types of conflict led to the collapse of chaco canyon?
1) cannibalism (cowboy wash)
2) raiding (mass graves and skeletal trauma)
when was the Mississippian period?
1000-600 ya
what type of building and people were there during the Mississippian period?
Mound-builders and settled farmers
where was Cahokia Chiefdom?
in the Mississippi River Valley
support wooden structures.
mound-building
how were mound-building built?
in stages (over many generations) and possible Corvee
type of mound-building. 30 m high, earthen and 600,000 cubic m.
monks mound
sources of power at Cahokia Chiefdom? (2) (RE)
1) ritual
2) economy
how was ritual seen at cahokia chiefdom?
“the woodhenge” (solar alignments at equinoxes)
how was economy seen at Cahokia chiefdom?
feasting (manifests status differences and reinforces solidarity)
whose in charge at Cahokia Chiefdom?
“birdman” burial (shape of bird) and sacraficed (more common in states)(4 men, 50 young women)
how did cahokia chiefdom collapse? (2) (PP)
1) possible deforestation
2) possible backlash against authority
3 case studies from the Old World in Africa (SSN)
1) Sahara (west/north)- farmers and nomads
2) sub-sharan (south)- chiefdoms
3) Nile Valley (north/east)- ancient states (Egypt)
2 trade networks of complexity stimulated by trade?
1) Trans-sharan trade routes (north)
2) Indian Oceanic trade routes (south)
oasis trading posts for camel caravans
Saharan Africa
when did occupation at Timbuktu occur and what type of place was it?
1,000 ya (nomadic camp)
what was occuring at Timbuktu from 1000-600 ya?
merchants build market, permanent structures
what was occuring in AD 1330 in Timbuktu? (3) (CMC)
1) captured by Mali Empire
2) muslin center of trade and learning
3) catapulted from tribe to state overnight
cattle farming and gold mines. Indian ocean trade
sub-sarahan Africa
example of a sub saharan site?
SITE” Great Zimbabwe (670-250 ya
3 types of enclosures in Great Zimbabwe (HGV)
1) Hill complex
2) great enclosure
3) valley complex
oldest. granite hill. possibly ceremonial. “zimbabwe birds”
hill complex
monoliths a top walls. zimbabwe flag
“Zimbabwe birds”
occupied 2nd. on plain below hill (11 m high and 1 million granite blocks)
great enclosure
occupied 3rd. residential enclosures. pottery, copper & iron. Animal remains.
valley complex
possible interpretations of Great Zimbabwe consisting of 3 parts? (2)
1) 3 parts of site= different chiefs or
2) 3 parts of site= different functions
if the interpretation of the 3 parts of the site at Great Zimbabwe are because they have different functions, what are the functions? (3) (HEV)
1) hill (ritual)
2) enclosure (political)
3) valley (residential)
