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Archaeology > Quiz #3 > Flashcards

Quiz #3 Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of social complexity (

A

1) increasing segmentation/specialization

2) division of society into parts

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2
Q

what does division of society into parts consist of?

A

corresponding specialists

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3
Q

differential access to resources (rich & poor, conflict)

A

status distinction

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4
Q

types of status distinctions

A

1) prestige
2) power
3) authority

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5
Q

respect conferred based on culturally valued qualities

A

“prestige”

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6
Q

ability to exercise one’s will over others (seizing leadership)

A

“power”

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7
Q

socially approved use of power (majority of people agree that this person is a leader)

A

“authority”

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8
Q

types of social structures from least complex,hierarchy to more complex,hierarchy

A

1) Band
2) tribe
3) chiefdom
4) state

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9
Q

small group (60-100) in loosely defined territory

A

bands

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10
Q

types of people in bands (3) (EKH)

A

1) egalitarian (equal roles)
2) kin-based (membership because born into or marry into)
3) H/G (nomadic) (rely on wild resources)

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11
Q

culturally distinct groups

A

tribe

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12
Q

what are tribes based on?

A

kinship

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13
Q

types of people in tribes (3) (VCL)

A

1) village farmers
2) clan/lineage bases
3) leaders; no formal gov’t (influential people)

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14
Q

types of leaders in tribes

A

1) the village head

2) the big man

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15
Q

characteristics of the village head (3) (NLM)

A

1) no real power
2) leads by example & persuasion (Prestige)
3) mediates disputes

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16
Q

characteristics of the big man (2) (SO)

A

1) similar to village head but wider reach (not just one village but many)
2) often charsmatic- respect

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17
Q

responsibilities of the big man (3) (FEF)

A

1) feasts
2) encourages group contribution
3) facilities cooperation

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18
Q

society with social ranking and formal leaders

A

chiefdom

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19
Q

what other social structure is a chiefdom most like?

A

mid-way between tribe and state

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20
Q

how is a chiefdom like a tribe?

A

kin-based

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21
Q

how is a chiefdom like a state?

A

institutional hierarchy (always have the office of a ruler)

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22
Q

a chiefdom full-time political specialist that regulates the economy. greater autorhity to enforce decrees.

A

the chief (chiefdom)

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23
Q

how does the chief of a chiefdom regulate the economy

A

through redistribution

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24
Q

system where goods more from local level to centralized collection point and back

A

redistribution

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25
Q

what is an example of redistribution?

A

feasting

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26
Q

how is the chief of a chiefdom selected?

A

inherits office (descent rather than achievement)

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27
Q

formal government hierarchial. power and authority enforced by permanent military

A

state

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28
Q

how is permanent military of a state done?

A

gov’t has legal monopoly over use of force

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29
Q

what is the membership of a state based on?

A

citizenship rather than kinship

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30
Q

how are the lives of citizens monitored in a state? (3) (CLE)

A

1) census
2) law and judiciary (protect and punish)
3) economic regulation and taxes (more formalized)

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31
Q

what archaeological evidence are we looking to increase? (3) (SCC)

A

1) social segmentation/specialization
2) cultural differentiation
3) conflict

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32
Q

types of archaeological evidence (4) (ABCR)

A

1) architecture
2) burials
3) craft specialization
4) raiding and warfare

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33
Q

what evidence does archetecture give?

A

permanance (reflection of society that built it)

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34
Q

what evidence does burials give?

A

status distinctions & identity differences between poor and rich

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35
Q

what evidence does craft specialization give?

A

technology and trade

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36
Q

what evidence does raiding and warfare give?

A

conflict

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37
Q

inherent human behavior (but so is compassion!)

A

violence

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38
Q

scales of violence (3) (HRW)

A

1) Homicide
2) raiding
3) warfare

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39
Q

one-on-one violence

A

homicide

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40
Q

what does homicide require?

A

no complexity

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41
Q

episodic group violence

A

raiding

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42
Q

what is raiding a precursor for and what is it tied to?

A

to war and is tied to increasing complexity

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43
Q

sustained use of organized force against independent groups

A

warfare

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44
Q

characteristics of warfare

A

1) social rules

2) requires complexity (chiefdoms and states)

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45
Q

characteristics of tribes

A

1) social org. rooted in kinship
2) culturally distinct groups
3) interpersonal conflicts escalate because of attack on kin

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46
Q

what does an attack on kin signify in tribes?

A

attack on self (eye for an eye)

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47
Q

two theories of the origins of war (2)

A

1) materialist

2) dawinian

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48
Q

conflict arises over material resources (land, food, trade, goods)

A

materialist

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49
Q

when are lives risked in the materialist theory?

A

only if survival depends on it

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50
Q

when is there a rise of warfare?you

A

during times of scarcity

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51
Q

people engage in war because it benefits their kin-group

A

darwinian

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52
Q

what is the darwinian theory the same as and how does it differ?

A

same as materialist but also extends to gaining status and presitge by young males

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53
Q

archaeological evidence of war (4) (SDWA)

A

1) skeletal evidence
2) defensive fortifications, outlooks
3) weapons, armor, shields
4) artistic depictions

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54
Q

example of canabalism and raiding in Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Arizona. “outbreak of Cannabalism”

A

Anasazi Tribes, Four Corners

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55
Q

when did the “outbreak of cannibalism” occur?

A

850 years ago (AD 1150)

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56
Q

example of cannibalism and raiding. a village with 2 areas of scattered bone.

A

SITE: Cowboy Wash

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57
Q

what shape is the Site, Cowboy wash in?

A

disarticulated and damaged

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58
Q

what is the site, Cowboy Wash not in cotext of?

A

a burial

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59
Q

what did analysis reveal about cowboy wash?

A

1) 1,000 fragments from 7 people

2) looked like animal bones post-butchery

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60
Q

Finds at Cowboy Wash (4) (CBBP)

A

1) cut marks
2) burn patterns
3) breakage
4) pot polish

61
Q

where were the cut marks found at cowboy wash and what could they mean?

A

at muscle attachments and disarticulation/ removal of flesh= possible eating

62
Q

what could exposure to heat from the burn patterns at cow boy wash mean?

A

possible cooking

63
Q

what could smashing along long-bone shafts from breakage at cowboy wash mean?

A

access to marrow

64
Q

what did the pot polish at cowboy wash show?

A

rounding and burnishing of bone ends

65
Q

what could pot polish can only mean at cowboy wash?

A

cooking

66
Q

how could they tell if they actually ate them at the Anasazi Tribes, four corners

A

with an ongoing study of corpolites

67
Q

context of finds at Anasazi Tribes, four corners

A

1) sites rapidly abandoned
2) covered with sterile soil
3) pattern repeated
4) some pottery at sites non-local
5) widespread drought

68
Q

interpretations of findings at Anasazi Tribes, four corners

A

1) “social control” exerted by emerging elites
2) cultural practices brought by outsiders
3) terrorism by locals to drive away outsiders

69
Q

what did the complexity in Europe cause an increase of? (3) (SCC)

A

1) social segmentation/specialization
2) cultural differentiation
3) conflict

70
Q

when did the complexity in Europe occur?

A

7,000-2,000 YA

71
Q

characteristics of complexity in Europe (3) (FTR)

A

1) farming spreads into Europe
2) Transition from stone to bronze age
3) rise of social complexity

72
Q

material evidence of complexity in Europe (3) (ACR)

A

1) architecture (permanance)
2) craft specialization (technology and trade)
3) raiding (conflict) (not warfare)

73
Q

complex settlement (archetecture)

A

Linearband Keramik (LBK) culture

74
Q

when did LBK culture occur?

A

7,000 ya

75
Q

where did LBK occur out of?

A

Eastern Europe (spread from east to west)

76
Q

what type of houses were in LBK villages?

A

long houses

77
Q

characteristics of long houses (2) (LS)

A

1) length (upto 7cm)

2) special structures for feasting/ritual

78
Q

what did longer long houses represent?

A

higher status

79
Q

LBK culture characteristics (4) (FISR)

A

1 ) farmers and cattle herders

2) inter-village interaction (cattle breeding, marriage)
3) standardized
4) rapid spread

80
Q

what did rapid spread of LBK culture mean?

A

colonizing farmers (east to west)

81
Q

example of archetecture in complexity in Euriope. chambered tombs, “stone settings” and “menhirs”

A

megalithic monuments

82
Q

what was the emphasis in megalithic monuments? (2) (CC)

A

1) communal work and trial

2) culture permanance

83
Q

characteristics of craft specialization in complexity in Europe (2) (SS)

A

1) stability allows social segmentation, specialization and innovation
2) status distinction

84
Q

what did status distinction in craft specialization mean?

A

different crafts=different social value

85
Q

invention of metallurgy (3) (CBG)

A

1) copper-working
2) bronze-working
3) Gold and Jade

86
Q

when did copper-working occur?

A

6,000 ya

87
Q

charactertistics of copper-working (3) (PPW)

A

1) possibly developed with plow
2) personal adornment
3) weapons

88
Q

when did bronze-working occur?

A

4,000 ya

89
Q

charactertistics of bronze-working (3) (91I)

A

1) 90% copper (widely available)
2) 10% tin (less available)= trade networks
3) international

90
Q

standardized, wide distribution. drinking vessels in graves with copper weapons.

A

bell beaker pottery

91
Q

when did bell beaker pottery occur?

A

4500 ya

92
Q

example of bell beaker pottery. burial near stonehenge, . archery equipment, metal-working tools, bell peaks

A

amesbury archer (burial)

93
Q

gold and jade charactertistics

A

1) adornment
2) display of wealth
3) long distance trade (rich burial)

94
Q

example of burial and tombs in complexity of Europe. graveyard outside settlement. death part of public sphere. 280 tombs. some rich, some poor over 1,000 objects, many gold (status signaling)

A

SITE: Varna, Bulgaria (6000 ya)

95
Q

example of burial and tombs in complexity of Europe. 80 tombs- spatial hierarchy. 1,140 individuals. grave goods from Africa (ivory, ostrich eggs) (higher status- graves on top)

A

SITE: Los Millares, Spain (5,000 ya)

96
Q

Types of conflict in the complexity in Europe (3) (HPR)

A

1) homicide
2) professional warriors
3) raiding

97
Q

example of homicide in the Swiss Alps. male 25-45, corpse frozen and wind-dried (natural mummification). shot in the back with an arrow. slash wounds on hands. clothing/tools- blood of four people

A

Otzi the Iceman (5000 ya)

98
Q

possible interpretations of Otzi the Iceman

A

1) herder leading flock to pasture

2) shaman along in mountains

99
Q

example of homicide. peat bog/marshes. possible evidence of excessive murder.

A

bog bodies

100
Q

when did bog bodies occur and where?

A

2,000-3,000 ya in N. Europe

101
Q

example of bog body. 2 non-deadly blows to the head. throat slit, neck broken (mummificcation by submersion)

A

lindow man, England

102
Q

example of bog body. stabbed and strangled (young girl in teens)

A

yde girl

103
Q

uses bronze weapons of axes, swords, helmets, breast plates. rise of “warrior class”

A

professional warriors

104
Q

example of direct evidence of raiding. 34 bodies (all ages/sexes). wounds in back. no defensive wounds.

A

SITE: Talheim

105
Q

where and when did the site Talheim occur?

A

Germany (LBK), 7,000 ya

106
Q

example of indirect evidence of raiding. fortified settlements. marshy isle. timber palisade

A

SITE: Biskupin, Poland

107
Q

charactertistics of timber palisades in the Site Biskupin, Poland (4) (6FTC)

A

1) 6m high, 463 m long
2) filled with sand
3) tower
4) clay coating (blocks fire arrows)

108
Q

example of complexity in new and old worlds in US southwest

A

SITE: Chaco Canyon

109
Q

when was the occupation of Chaco Canyon?

A

1200 ya

110
Q

what type of houses were at Chaco Canyon and what was the focus?

A

“Great Houses” focus on regional network

111
Q

apartment complexes. could hold over 1,000 but only 100 lived year round

A

great houses (squares)

112
Q

what did it mean that only 100 people lived in great houses year round even though they were so big?

A

feasting (middens) (episodic deposits)

113
Q

sources of power at Chaco Canyon (3) (RWE)

A

1) Religion
2) water control
3) economy

114
Q

how was religion represented as a source of power at chaco canyon?

A

Kivas (circular structures in great houses) (not always in great houses)

115
Q

how was water control represeted as a source of power at chaco canyon?

A

desert and irrigation

116
Q

how was the economy represented as a source of power at chaco canyon?

A

road network and redistribution

117
Q

who was in charge at chaco canyon?

A

elites

118
Q

what did the size require at chaco canyon?

A

overseers

119
Q

why did the size require overseers in chaco canyon?

A

possible corvee labor (attacks paid in forms of labor)

120
Q

how many trees were there in chaco canyon?

A

20,000 per great house (dendrochronology)

121
Q

how was conspicuous consumption proved at chaco canyon? (3) (B5M)

A

1) burial with 2 males
2) 50,000 pieces of turquoise
3) macaw skeletons

122
Q

what caused the collapse of chaco canyon? (3) (DFC)

A

1) drought 900 ya (great houses fall into abandonment)
2) fall of great houses
3) conflict

123
Q

what types of conflict led to the collapse of chaco canyon?

A

1) cannibalism (cowboy wash)

2) raiding (mass graves and skeletal trauma)

124
Q

when was the Mississippian period?

A

1000-600 ya

125
Q

what type of building and people were there during the Mississippian period?

A

Mound-builders and settled farmers

126
Q

where was Cahokia Chiefdom?

A

in the Mississippi River Valley

127
Q

support wooden structures.

A

mound-building

128
Q

how were mound-building built?

A

in stages (over many generations) and possible Corvee

129
Q

type of mound-building. 30 m high, earthen and 600,000 cubic m.

A

monks mound

130
Q

sources of power at Cahokia Chiefdom? (2) (RE)

A

1) ritual

2) economy

131
Q

how was ritual seen at cahokia chiefdom?

A

“the woodhenge” (solar alignments at equinoxes)

132
Q

how was economy seen at Cahokia chiefdom?

A

feasting (manifests status differences and reinforces solidarity)

133
Q

whose in charge at Cahokia Chiefdom?

A

“birdman” burial (shape of bird) and sacraficed (more common in states)(4 men, 50 young women)

134
Q

how did cahokia chiefdom collapse? (2) (PP)

A

1) possible deforestation

2) possible backlash against authority

135
Q

3 case studies from the Old World in Africa (SSN)

A

1) Sahara (west/north)- farmers and nomads
2) sub-sharan (south)- chiefdoms
3) Nile Valley (north/east)- ancient states (Egypt)

136
Q

2 trade networks of complexity stimulated by trade?

A

1) Trans-sharan trade routes (north)

2) Indian Oceanic trade routes (south)

137
Q

oasis trading posts for camel caravans

A

Saharan Africa

138
Q

when did occupation at Timbuktu occur and what type of place was it?

A

1,000 ya (nomadic camp)

139
Q

what was occuring at Timbuktu from 1000-600 ya?

A

merchants build market, permanent structures

140
Q

what was occuring in AD 1330 in Timbuktu? (3) (CMC)

A

1) captured by Mali Empire
2) muslin center of trade and learning
3) catapulted from tribe to state overnight

141
Q

cattle farming and gold mines. Indian ocean trade

A

sub-sarahan Africa

142
Q

example of a sub saharan site?

A

SITE” Great Zimbabwe (670-250 ya

143
Q

3 types of enclosures in Great Zimbabwe (HGV)

A

1) Hill complex
2) great enclosure
3) valley complex

144
Q

oldest. granite hill. possibly ceremonial. “zimbabwe birds”

A

hill complex

145
Q

monoliths a top walls. zimbabwe flag

A

“Zimbabwe birds”

146
Q

occupied 2nd. on plain below hill (11 m high and 1 million granite blocks)

A

great enclosure

147
Q

occupied 3rd. residential enclosures. pottery, copper & iron. Animal remains.

A

valley complex

148
Q

possible interpretations of Great Zimbabwe consisting of 3 parts? (2)

A

1) 3 parts of site= different chiefs or

2) 3 parts of site= different functions

149
Q

if the interpretation of the 3 parts of the site at Great Zimbabwe are because they have different functions, what are the functions? (3) (HEV)

A

1) hill (ritual)
2) enclosure (political)
3) valley (residential)

Archaeology (18 decks)

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