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Archaeology > Arch. Final Section I > Flashcards

Arch. Final Section I Flashcards

1
Q

exposure of remains via controlled digging

A

excavation

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2
Q

what is the goal of control in excavation?

A

to reconstruct everything and see how they fit together in space

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3
Q

what does excavation tell us? (2) (HW)

A

1) how are sites created?

2) what are they composed of?

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4
Q

layers represent activities and deposit (cultural and natural) from different time periods

A

STRATA

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5
Q

sequence of strata built up in layers

A

stratigraphy

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6
Q

in an undisturbed stratigraphic sequence each layer (strata) is younger than the layer beneath

A

law of superposition

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7
Q

problems with the law of superposition (2) (WM)

A

1) wall can be built on top of older strata

2) making sense of what you’re digging during excavation is most challenging

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8
Q

types of controlled excavation

A

1) grids (horizontal)

2) datum points (vertical)

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9
Q

what do horizontal excavation rep?

A

activities at any point in time

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10
Q

what does vertical excavations rep?

A

a single fixed point that all depth points are taken from (how the site has changed)

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11
Q

goals of excavation

A

1) identify strata
2) recover remains
3) reconstruct horizontal (same) and vertical (through time) relationships

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12
Q

excavation techniques

A

1) digging (axes, trowels, picks)
2) brushing
3) screening- put dirt through screens and find artifacts
4) flotation (stones will sink and bones and artifacts will float)

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13
Q

excavation strategies

A

1) horizontal excavation (remains from the same period)

2) vertical excavation (remains from successive time periods)

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14
Q

excavated materials (3)

A

1) artifacts
2) features
3) ecofacts

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15
Q

evidence of human manufacture

A

artifacts

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16
Q

non-portable cultural items (buildings, monuments, burials)

A

features

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17
Q

remains of biological organisms (human bones, animals, seeds, wood)

A

ecofacts

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18
Q

what type of material is a mammoth foot bone that is craved into a flute and why?

A

an artifact because it was modified

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19
Q

documentation techinques (4) (NPDD)

A

1) notes and forms
2) photographs
3) drawing and maps
4) digitization

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20
Q

what is the goal of documentation?

A

rconstruction of remains in context

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21
Q

the significance of remains interpreted based on where they were deposited (provenience) and what they were deposited with (association)

A

context

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22
Q

chronology based on stratragraphic sequences. not sure of the actual date.

A

relative dating

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23
Q

relative frequencies through time

A

seriation

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24
Q

dating contexts and artifacts in calendar years via scientific tests

A

absolute chronology

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25
Q

what type of dating technique is radio carbon dating?

A

absolute

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26
Q

what does radiocarbon dating measure?

A

how long it has been since something organic died (must have once been alive)

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27
Q

measurement of the rate of decay of the radioactive (unstable) carbon isotope C14 from dead plant/animal remains

A

radioactive carbon dating

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28
Q

when someone dies do they continue to take in C14?

A

no but it continues in body until its decayed

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29
Q

how long does all the decay take to leave the body?

A

40,000 years

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30
Q

what does the three age system consist of?

A

stone age, bronze and iron age

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31
Q

what was the three age system rooted in and what was its focus?

A

rooted in technology and focused on artifacts

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32
Q

who is associated with the three age system?

A

Christian Jurgensen Thompsen 1816

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33
Q

characteristics of culture history (4) (CDDM)

A

1) classifies “culture areas”
2) development over time
3) descriptive
4) material culture (pots=people)

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34
Q

geographic location with lots of remains

A

culture areas

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35
Q

characteristics of V. Gordon Childe

A

1) neolithic revolution

2) urban revolution

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36
Q

settled life and beginnings of agriculture

A

neolithic revolution

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37
Q

cities and complex gov’t

A

urban revolution

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38
Q

what else was proccesualism also known as?

A

“The New Archaeology”

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39
Q

who was part of processualism?

A

American Graduate students (1970) that rejected descriptive approach of culture historians

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40
Q

what was archeology seen as in processualism?

A

archaeology as science

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41
Q

how was processualism tested?

A

1) hypothesis testing

2) scientific method

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42
Q

what did Lewis Binford do?

A

search for universal laws and processes

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43
Q

what does culture represent according to Lewis Binford?

A

adaption to the environment

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44
Q

what type of approach did Binford take?

A

Etic

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45
Q

objectiv , outsiders view of culture

A

etic

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46
Q

when did post processualism occur?

A

1980s-1990s

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47
Q

charactersitics of post-processualism? (3) (BAP)

A

1) backlash against processualism (culture history)
2) archaeological excavation not replicable
3) positivism too objective

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48
Q

what approach does arcchaeology take in post processualism?

A

more like history than science (remains in text)

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49
Q

prespective “the insiders view” of their own culture

A

Emic

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50
Q

types of hominin species

A

1) sahelanthropus tchadensis
2) australopithecus
3) homo habilis & homo erectus
4) homo naledi

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51
Q

what was the earliest hominin?

A

sahelanthropus tchandensis

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52
Q

when and where was sahelanthropus tchandensis from?

A

7 mya, chad

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53
Q

what was a sahelanthropus tchadensis like?

A

mixed ape-like human

54
Q

how was a sahelanthropus tchadensis like an ape?(2) (CL)

A

1) cranium 350cc

2) long arms=aboreal

55
Q

how was the sahelanthropus tchadensis like a human? (2) (JA)

A

1) jaw, small canines

2) angled femur= bipedialism

56
Q

characteristics of Australopithecus (5) (E364R)

A

1) East and south Africa
2) 3.5 MYA
3) 6 species
4) 450-475cc
5) robust (big bony mohawk, muscles gracile, taller leaner)

57
Q

examples of australopithcus (2) (LL)

A

1) Lucy

2) Laetoli

58
Q

Lucy (5) (H6F3E)

A

1) Hadar, Ethiopia
2) 60% complete
3) fully bipedal
4) 3.3 tall, female
5) example of Australopithicus

59
Q

Laetoli (4) (ET3S)

A

1) example of Australopithicus
2) Tanzania
3) 3.8 mya
4) side-by-side footprints (volcanic erruption) (bipedal)

60
Q

what is the earliest form of the Genus Homo

A

Homo Habilis

61
Q

characeristics of homo habilis (4) (E2MB)

A

1) east and south Africa
2) 2.5-1.6 mya
3) more gracile
4) Brain: 500-800cc

62
Q

what was the first Genus Homo outside of Africa?

A

Homo Erectus

63
Q

characteristics of Homo Erectus

A

1) Africa, Asia, Europe
2) 1.9 MYA-45,000 ya
3) Brain 750-1250cc

64
Q

newly discovered hominin. first fossils of this species ever discovered. a mosaic of species

A

homo naledi

65
Q

what were homo naledi’s teeth similar to?

A

humans but not all of them

66
Q

what were homo naledi’s feet most like?

A

humans but not the upper leg

67
Q

what were homo naledi’s hands similar to?

A

human but not finger tips

68
Q

what did homo naledi look most like?

A

more like homo erectus than austrolopithecus

69
Q

why weren’t they able to date the remains of homo naledi?

A

because they were found in loolse soil

70
Q

what physcial changes were associated with hominin evolution?

A

large brains and bipedalism

71
Q

cranial capacity of hominins (3) (LEM)

A

1) larger, rounder brain case
2) earliest homs: 350cc
3) modern homs: 1300-1400 cc

72
Q

shrinking jaw characteristics of hominins

A

1) smaller canine and molar size

2) less prognatism

73
Q

why did homins have a smaller jaw?

A

because the brains were larger which allowed them to make tools rather than use their teeth, therefore teeth get smaller

74
Q

characteristics of bipedalism of hominins (5) (WCFAI)

A

1) walking upright
2) curved lumbar
3) foreshadowed pelvis
4) angled femur/fully extenedable lower limbs
5) inflexible ankles

75
Q

where were homins found?

A

Africa

76
Q

what was the earliest type of tools?

A

Oldowan Industry (core tools)

77
Q

characteristics of Archeulian industry (4) (1BHF)

A

1) 1.7mya-200,000 ya
2) bifacial handaxes
3) homoerectus
4) flake tool

78
Q

three theories of spread of hominins out of Africa

A

1) “Out of Africa”
2) “multiregionalism”
3) hyrbridization

79
Q

theory that neanderthals and homo sapiens evolve separatly from homo erectus; neanderthals in Europe and homo sapiens in Africa (replacement) (no inner breeding) (we either killed them or out smarted them)

A

“out of Africa”

80
Q

theory that neanderthals and homo sapiens both evolve from 1st migration of homo erectus. Gene flow. both contribute to modern human genome

A

“multiregionalism”

81
Q

theory that is the same as “out of Africa” but instead of replacement, interbreeding

A

Hybridization

82
Q

which theory of hominins migrating out of Africa is today’s theory?

A

hybridization

83
Q

what were neanderthals physical attributes for language ability? (3) (HHP)

A

1) Hyoid bone (connects tongue and larynx)
2) hypoglossal canal and nerve (controls movement of tongue)
3) FoxP2= speech articulation gene (DNA)

84
Q

when did the Upper Paleolithic period occur?

A

40,000-11,000 ya (ice age)

85
Q

what occured during the Upper Paleolithic period?

A

Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa (after appearance of H. Sapiens approx 200,000 ya in Africa)

86
Q

3 major time period of the Upper Paleolithic period

A

1) Aurignacian
2) Gravettian (solutrean)
3) Magdalenian

87
Q

what was the upper paleolithic periods based on?

A

stone tool technologies

88
Q

when did the Aurignacian period take place (upper paleolithic)

A

40,000-26,000 ya

89
Q

who existed during the Augnacian period?

A

Neanderthals and homo sapiens co-exist (homo sapiens migrate from Africa and encounter neanderthals)

90
Q

how long ago did homo sapiens arrive during the Aurignacian period?

A

36,000ya

91
Q

characteristics of homo sapiens during the Aurignacian period? (3) (NDS)

A

1) nomadic; hunter gatherers
2) diverse toolkit (stone and bone points and bladelets)
3) symbolism and art

92
Q

what did homo sapien jewelry consist of?

A

beads (animal teeth, ivory and shell)

93
Q

what was evidence for shoes during the aurignacian period

A

toe bone evidence 30,000 ya (weaker toe bones=supportive footwear)

94
Q

types of mobiliary art during the Aurignacnian period (3) (LVM)

A

1) lion-man
2) “venus figure”
3) musical instrument (bone flute)

95
Q

when were neanderthals present since during the Aurignacian period?

A

200,000 ya

96
Q

characteristics of neanderthals during the Aurignaccian period?

A

1) nomadic; big game hunters
2) simple tool kit
3) limited symbolism and art (burials and imitative jewelry)

97
Q

what type of tools were used by neanderthals during the Aurignancian period?

A

Mousterian (retouched flakes)

98
Q

when were the last neanderthals seen during the Aurignancian period?

A

30,000 ya (survived 140,000 then vanish in 6000)

99
Q

when did the Gravettian period occur?

A

26,000-23,000 ya

100
Q

who existed during the Gravettian period?

A

homo sapiens only

101
Q

characteristics of the Gravettian period (4) (tVFN)

A

1) tools=increased hunting
2) venus figurines and cave art
3) formal burials
4) nomadic camps

102
Q

tools during the Gravettian period

A

1) hunting points with hafting
2 )burins= working hides
3) bow and arrow
4) atlatl

103
Q

characteristics of venus figurines during the gravettian period

A

1) stone, bone, ivory, clay
2) small (4-25cm high)
3) cultural ideas about “gender” (idealized not realistic)

104
Q

what was the meanings of venus figurines in the gravettian period?

A

1) erotica
2) self-portraits
3) great goddess/fertility cult
4) marriage exchanges/regional groups

105
Q

when did the solutrean period occur?

A

23,000-20,000 ya

106
Q

charactertistics of solutrean period?

A

1) regional developments

2) solutrean points

107
Q

when di the magdalenian period occur?

A

20,000-11,000 ya

108
Q

characteristics of the magdaelenian (2) (LI)

A

1) last ice age advance

2) intensification of previous trends

109
Q

tools of the magdalenian period

A

1) harpoons (fish enter diets)

2) variety= less chance of starvation

110
Q

what does the law of superposition state that in an undistrubred stratigraphic sequence each layer should be than the layer beneath it?

A

younger

111
Q

emphasizes the similarities between history and archaeology and suggests archeologists take an emic approach to understanding culture

A

post processualism

112
Q

Proposed by V. Gordon Childe, the Neolithic revolution is a key moment of change in human prehistory, what is it characterized by?

A

the first time humans begin to domesticate platns and animals and settle into villages

113
Q

what species of hominin was the first to bury their dead?

A

neanderthals

114
Q

what did the new tools during the Gravetian period in Europe include?

A

the bow and arrow and atlatl, which reflect an increased emphasis on hunting

115
Q

what is the purpose of survey?

A

to identify and map the physical remains of past human activity

116
Q

artifacts and feature are both created by intentional human action. what is different about features?

A

they are non-portable

117
Q

what are the physical differences of Neanderthals and homo sapiens a result of?

A

the Neanderthals adaption to the harsh, cold climate of Ice Age Europe

118
Q

what activities impact the preservation of achaeological remains? (3) (FLS)

A

1) farming
2) looting
3) soil coniditions

119
Q

why is excavation have advantages over survey?

A

excavation allows for recovery of a wide variety of artifacts, features and ecofacts

120
Q

what is the most important purpose of excavation?

A

to reconstruct horizontal and vertical relationships and recover remains in context

121
Q

groups the artifacts based on shared attributes, such as color , shape and materials

A

typology

122
Q

charactertistics of the three age system(3) (DDO)

A

1) developed to explain large-scale changes in technology over the course of human prehistory
2) divided into stone, bronze and iron ages
3) one of the first archaeological theories used to understand change in the past

123
Q

Due to Hominins upright walking what changes were seen?

A

curved lumbar and shorter wider pelvis

124
Q

why is the site of Laetoli important to our understanding of hominin evolution?

A

because it contained fossilized austrolopithicine foot prints, demonstrating they walked fully upright

125
Q

What is the best evidence that hyrbridization occured?

A

DNA showing that neanderthal genes survive in modern homo sapien population, proving we interbred

126
Q

what are the major physical differences between neanderthals and homo sapiens?(3) (BBM)

A

1) body size and height
2) brain size
3) muscularture and strength

127
Q

what occured during the Auragnacian period in the Upper paleolithic? (2) (CT)

A

1) co-existence of neanderthals and homo sapiens

2) the appearance of symbolic behavior and art

128
Q

what provided evidence for the emergence of abstract thought and symbolism among homo sapiens during the Upper Paleolithic? (3) (PLP)

A

1) the production and use of jewelry
2) the Lion man artifact
3) production of cave art

129
Q

hunting and burial characteristics of neanderthals

A

1) they buried their dead

2) engaged in cooperative hunting to bring down big game

130
Q

where were the earliest known cave painting in Europe found?

A

Chauvet

Archaeology (18 decks)

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