Arch. Final Section VI Flashcards
issues in Archaelogy and politics (2) (WW)
1) who has the right to interpret the past?
2) who owns the material remains of the past?
what did the case study of who owns the past include (2) (NR)
1) Native rights in N. America
2) Repatriation
is Repatriation simple or complicated?
very complicated
federally funded legal process for returning cultural items to native groups
NAGPRA (Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990)
what items were protected under NAGPRA? (2) (HS)
1) Human remains
2) sacred object
what does NAGPRA balance?
Scholarly concerns with ethical treatment of living descendents.
what does NAGPRA apply to
existing museum collections (before 1990)
how did museums comply with NAGPRA?
must catalouge items and contact possible living heirs
what did NAGRPA protect in museums?
1) Human Remains: 40,000
2) Associated funerary objects: 1 million
3) other sacred objects: 6000
What is NAGPRA applied to?
newly discovered remains (after 1990)
what type of newly discovered remains are found?
both “inadvertent” and “planned”
what does newly discovered remains require?
consultation with native groups
what does NAGPRA allow for?
short time for analysis
according to NAGPRA if remains are determined to be American Indian what can happen?
analysis can occur only with documented tribal consent.
problems with NAGRPA
1) only applies to public land
2) defines remains as “Native American” if can be related to a culture that IS indigineous to the US (not WAS)
what is an example of NAGPRA?
Kennewick Man
what is Kennewick man?
a skeleton discovered in Kennewick, WA in 1996
according to C14 dating how old was Kennewick man?
8400 years old
what did 5 tribes claim to be to the Kennewick man?
an ancestor, but it was disputed by researchers
when did the Kennewick man case go to court?
a 2002 ruling
what did the ruling of the Kennewick man conclude?
doesn’t qualify because of his age; permits analysis
what did the skeletal anaylsis show about the Kennewick man?
that he was unlike modern Native Americans
what did the DNA of the Kennewick man show?
Ainu SE Asia (old world pop)
what were issues with the Kennewick man? (2) (SG)
1) Should cultural value outweigh scientific value?
2) Given his age, is he Native American/indigenous?
How can archaeological remains and interpretations impact politics and vice versa?
1) Destruction of cultural heritage as an act of war
2) archaeological remains used to justify war with conquest
how did Nazi Germany show use of Archaeology and politics?
Archaeology to justify racism and political expansion
who was a nazi archaeologist?
Gustav Kossinna
anyway Germanic artifacts are found was once German territory and has be wrongfully usurped by “barbarians”
Kulturkereise Theory
what were the nazi archaeologists looking for?
“Aryan culture” to justify conquest and racism
what are archaeologists often?
outsiders
what is questioned about locals and archaeology?
Do locals have moral/ethical rights to participate in study of their past?
characteristics of “Community Archaeology” (4) (IBID)
1) incorporating locals in planning
2) balances indigenous and scholarly interests
3) involves locals in research
4) development of cultural centers
what is a result of involving locals in research in community archaeology? (2) (FD)
1) facilitates understanding of archaeology
2) diminishes looting
what is a result of development of cultural centers in community archaeology? (2) (FS)
1) facilitates interaction and education
2) stimulates tourism
cons of “community archaeology” (5) (ORWEC)
1) over emphasis on tourism/commercialization
2) reduced access to local resources
3) women often excluded
4) existing power relations may threaten success
5) conflicting viewpoints
changes that occured to New York after the end of the Ice Age during Pre History? (3) (MWL)
1) mega fauna die
2) waters rise- valleys become rivers
3) local adaption
how is local adaption seen in New York during the pre history period? (3) (MMS)
1) marine resources
2) minimal farming (squash and sunflower 2500 ya and corn 1000 ya)
3) seasonal settlements
what type of people were in NY after the Ice Ages during Pre history?
big game hunters
who was the first documented European to come to NY and when?
Henry Hudson, 1609
how did Henry Hudson come to NY?
on the Halve Maen Ship
what was the purpose of Hudson’s visit to NY?
looking for the NW passage
who did Hudson encounter in NY?
Lenape (native american troop)
what expidition was the first Europeans to spend extended time in NY and when?
The Tijger, 1613
evidence of dutch merchants in NY
1) 1961 Village subway= ship’s remains
2) earliest archaeological evidence of Europeans
when was New Amsterdam founded and by who?
1624 by the Dutch West India Trading Company (Fort Amsterdam)
when did the Lenape occupy NY?
during the contact period
characteristics of Lenape Manhattan (2) (1S)
1) 100+ camps, fields, trials and paths across 5 boroughs
2) seasonal occupation
evidence of Lenape/European interacction (3) (WFS)
1) Wampum
2) fur trade
3) small pox
what did European view Wampum as?
“native” currency
what was wampum accepted as in New Amsterdam?
money
where was wampum made?
in a factory in the Bronx
characteristics of fur trade (interaction between Lenape/Europeans)
1) initially peaceful, eventually disruptive
2) altered lenape economic and social life
Characteristics of Small pox (interaction between Lenape/Europeans) (2) (VM)
1) violence escalates
2) Massacre in 1645
what was a result of the massacre in 1645?
1) 1600 natives were killed
2) Dutch control solidified
what happens during colonial New York and what is a result?
British invade in 1664 and change the name to New York
when did the Northward expansion occur in NY?
1790 n. limit=SoHo
what was beyond SoHo in 1790?
villages and farms
when was New York the capital?
1789-1790
characteristics of Federal New York (3) (SDE)
1) Supreme Court (first sitting)
2) drafting/ratification of Bill of Rights
3) Economic center=explosive growth
charcteristics of growth during Federal NY
1) Erie Canal, 1825 (economic boom)
2) Immigration (Irish Famine)
by 1850, who comprised 1/4 of NYC’s population?
Irish
Finding at 5 Point slums in the front of Brothel
Porcelain tea sets, platters, punch cups, traces of food (wines, olives, meat)
what was an important element found from the front of the Brothel at Five Point Slum
entertaining
findings at 5 Points Slum in back of brothel
Dangers of prostitution
what was found signaling dangers of prostitution in the back of 5 points slum brothel? (2) (SF)
1) syringes and needles (sarsaparilla)
2) Fetal/infant skeletons in privy
