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Archaeology > Arch. Final Section VI > Flashcards

Arch. Final Section VI Flashcards

1
Q

issues in Archaelogy and politics (2) (WW)

A

1) who has the right to interpret the past?

2) who owns the material remains of the past?

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2
Q

what did the case study of who owns the past include (2) (NR)

A

1) Native rights in N. America

2) Repatriation

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3
Q

is Repatriation simple or complicated?

A

very complicated

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4
Q

federally funded legal process for returning cultural items to native groups

A

NAGPRA (Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990)

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5
Q

what items were protected under NAGPRA? (2) (HS)

A

1) Human remains

2) sacred object

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6
Q

what does NAGPRA balance?

A

Scholarly concerns with ethical treatment of living descendents.

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7
Q

what does NAGPRA apply to

A

existing museum collections (before 1990)

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8
Q

how did museums comply with NAGPRA?

A

must catalouge items and contact possible living heirs

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9
Q

what did NAGRPA protect in museums?

A

1) Human Remains: 40,000
2) Associated funerary objects: 1 million
3) other sacred objects: 6000

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10
Q

What is NAGPRA applied to?

A

newly discovered remains (after 1990)

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11
Q

what type of newly discovered remains are found?

A

both “inadvertent” and “planned”

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12
Q

what does newly discovered remains require?

A

consultation with native groups

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13
Q

what does NAGPRA allow for?

A

short time for analysis

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14
Q

according to NAGPRA if remains are determined to be American Indian what can happen?

A

analysis can occur only with documented tribal consent.

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15
Q

problems with NAGRPA

A

1) only applies to public land

2) defines remains as “Native American” if can be related to a culture that IS indigineous to the US (not WAS)

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16
Q

what is an example of NAGPRA?

A

Kennewick Man

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17
Q

what is Kennewick man?

A

a skeleton discovered in Kennewick, WA in 1996

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18
Q

according to C14 dating how old was Kennewick man?

A

8400 years old

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19
Q

what did 5 tribes claim to be to the Kennewick man?

A

an ancestor, but it was disputed by researchers

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20
Q

when did the Kennewick man case go to court?

A

a 2002 ruling

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21
Q

what did the ruling of the Kennewick man conclude?

A

doesn’t qualify because of his age; permits analysis

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22
Q

what did the skeletal anaylsis show about the Kennewick man?

A

that he was unlike modern Native Americans

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23
Q

what did the DNA of the Kennewick man show?

A

Ainu SE Asia (old world pop)

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24
Q

what were issues with the Kennewick man? (2) (SG)

A

1) Should cultural value outweigh scientific value?

2) Given his age, is he Native American/indigenous?

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25
Q

How can archaeological remains and interpretations impact politics and vice versa?

A

1) Destruction of cultural heritage as an act of war

2) archaeological remains used to justify war with conquest

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26
Q

how did Nazi Germany show use of Archaeology and politics?

A

Archaeology to justify racism and political expansion

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27
Q

who was a nazi archaeologist?

A

Gustav Kossinna

28
Q

anyway Germanic artifacts are found was once German territory and has be wrongfully usurped by “barbarians”

A

Kulturkereise Theory

29
Q

what were the nazi archaeologists looking for?

A

“Aryan culture” to justify conquest and racism

30
Q

what are archaeologists often?

A

outsiders

31
Q

what is questioned about locals and archaeology?

A

Do locals have moral/ethical rights to participate in study of their past?

32
Q

characteristics of “Community Archaeology” (4) (IBID)

A

1) incorporating locals in planning
2) balances indigenous and scholarly interests
3) involves locals in research
4) development of cultural centers

33
Q

what is a result of involving locals in research in community archaeology? (2) (FD)

A

1) facilitates understanding of archaeology

2) diminishes looting

34
Q

what is a result of development of cultural centers in community archaeology? (2) (FS)

A

1) facilitates interaction and education

2) stimulates tourism

35
Q

cons of “community archaeology” (5) (ORWEC)

A

1) over emphasis on tourism/commercialization
2) reduced access to local resources
3) women often excluded
4) existing power relations may threaten success
5) conflicting viewpoints

36
Q

changes that occured to New York after the end of the Ice Age during Pre History? (3) (MWL)

A

1) mega fauna die
2) waters rise- valleys become rivers
3) local adaption

37
Q

how is local adaption seen in New York during the pre history period? (3) (MMS)

A

1) marine resources
2) minimal farming (squash and sunflower 2500 ya and corn 1000 ya)
3) seasonal settlements

38
Q

what type of people were in NY after the Ice Ages during Pre history?

A

big game hunters

39
Q

who was the first documented European to come to NY and when?

A

Henry Hudson, 1609

40
Q

how did Henry Hudson come to NY?

A

on the Halve Maen Ship

41
Q

what was the purpose of Hudson’s visit to NY?

A

looking for the NW passage

42
Q

who did Hudson encounter in NY?

A

Lenape (native american troop)

43
Q

what expidition was the first Europeans to spend extended time in NY and when?

A

The Tijger, 1613

44
Q

evidence of dutch merchants in NY

A

1) 1961 Village subway= ship’s remains

2) earliest archaeological evidence of Europeans

45
Q

when was New Amsterdam founded and by who?

A

1624 by the Dutch West India Trading Company (Fort Amsterdam)

46
Q

when did the Lenape occupy NY?

A

during the contact period

47
Q

characteristics of Lenape Manhattan (2) (1S)

A

1) 100+ camps, fields, trials and paths across 5 boroughs

2) seasonal occupation

48
Q

evidence of Lenape/European interacction (3) (WFS)

A

1) Wampum
2) fur trade
3) small pox

49
Q

what did European view Wampum as?

A

“native” currency

50
Q

what was wampum accepted as in New Amsterdam?

A

money

51
Q

where was wampum made?

A

in a factory in the Bronx

52
Q

characteristics of fur trade (interaction between Lenape/Europeans)

A

1) initially peaceful, eventually disruptive

2) altered lenape economic and social life

53
Q

Characteristics of Small pox (interaction between Lenape/Europeans) (2) (VM)

A

1) violence escalates

2) Massacre in 1645

54
Q

what was a result of the massacre in 1645?

A

1) 1600 natives were killed

2) Dutch control solidified

55
Q

what happens during colonial New York and what is a result?

A

British invade in 1664 and change the name to New York

56
Q

when did the Northward expansion occur in NY?

A

1790 n. limit=SoHo

57
Q

what was beyond SoHo in 1790?

A

villages and farms

58
Q

when was New York the capital?

A

1789-1790

59
Q

characteristics of Federal New York (3) (SDE)

A

1) Supreme Court (first sitting)
2) drafting/ratification of Bill of Rights
3) Economic center=explosive growth

60
Q

charcteristics of growth during Federal NY

A

1) Erie Canal, 1825 (economic boom)

2) Immigration (Irish Famine)

61
Q

by 1850, who comprised 1/4 of NYC’s population?

A

Irish

62
Q

Finding at 5 Point slums in the front of Brothel

A

Porcelain tea sets, platters, punch cups, traces of food (wines, olives, meat)

63
Q

what was an important element found from the front of the Brothel at Five Point Slum

A

entertaining

64
Q

findings at 5 Points Slum in back of brothel

A

Dangers of prostitution

65
Q

what was found signaling dangers of prostitution in the back of 5 points slum brothel? (2) (SF)

A

1) syringes and needles (sarsaparilla)

2) Fetal/infant skeletons in privy

Archaeology (18 decks)

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