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Archaeology > Arch. Final Section II > Flashcards

Arch. Final Section II Flashcards

1
Q

4 theories of peopling of the Americas

A

1) Clovis first
2) Pre-clovis
3) Solutrean hyptohesis
4) early arrival

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2
Q

when did the clovis first theory occur?

A

during the Pleistocene (ice age) 12,000 ya (close to the end of the ice age)

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3
Q

what route is believed to be taken for the clovis first theory? (FT) (2)

A

1) From Asia across Beringia

2) Through an ice-free corridor (walking, water wasn’t there)

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4
Q

who is believed to be part of the clovis first theory? (3) (BFI)

A

1) Big-game hunters
2) fluted clovis points
3) ice-age mega fauna

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5
Q

when did extinction occur during the clovis first occur?

A

13,000-11,000 ya

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6
Q

what was the extinction most likely caused by?

A

changing climates

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7
Q

what is a problem found with clovis culture? (3) (TTD)

A

1) there should be fluted points in Alaska earlier but there’s not
2) timing of the ice-free corridor b/t glacial sheets
3) dates are recalibrated (10,500ya too late)

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8
Q

when did Pre-clovis theory occur?

A

Arrival 13,000 ya

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9
Q

what route did the pre-clovis theory take?

A

From Asia via coastal migration

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10
Q

when did the Solutrean hypothesis occur?

A

15,000-13,000 ya

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11
Q

what route did the Solutrean hypothesis take? (2) (EA)

A

1) European origins

2) Atlantic “ice edge” route (by boat)

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12
Q

who was part of the Solutrean hypothesis?

A

Big game (clovis) hunters

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13
Q

what evidence was there for the Solutrean hypothesis?

A

fluted points similar to the European Solutrean

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14
Q

what problems were seen with the Solutrean hypothesis

A

1) clovis was 5000 years later than solutrean
2) dangerous passage way requiring maritime skill
3) differences in technology (no channel)

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15
Q

when did the Early Arrival theory take place?

A

30,000 ya

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16
Q

what route did the Early Arrival theory take?

A

From Asia via coastal routes

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17
Q

Triggers for domestication of plants and animals worldwide

A

1) climate change

2) population growth- feedback loop

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18
Q

when did climate change trigger domestication?

A

at the end of Pleistocene (10,000 ya)

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19
Q

what did climate change create?

A

new flora and fauna (end of ice ages)

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20
Q

characteristics of domestication in the Middle East

A

1) “fertile crescent”

2) long transitional process (25,000-7,000 ya)

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21
Q

periods of the Middle East domestication (4) (KNEL)

A

1) Kebaran
2) Natufian
3) Early Neolithic
4) late neolithic

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22
Q

when did the Kebaran period occur?

A

25,000-15,000 ya

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23
Q

who was part of the Kebaran period?

A

hunter-gatherers (short occupation camps)

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24
Q

was there domestication during the Kebranan period?

A

no

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25
Q

when did the Natufian period occur?

A

15,000-12,000 ya

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26
Q

who was part of the natufian period

A

hunter/gatherers

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27
Q

even though there were hunter gatherers during the natufian period what were some other charactertistics

A

1) 1st architecture
2) technological innovation
3) possible organized religion

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28
Q

was there domestication during the natufian period?

A

no

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29
Q

during the natufian period in the Middle East do people settle and form groups before or after inventing agriculture?

A

Before

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30
Q

what did hunting consist of during the Natufian period? (2) (GW)

A

1) Gazelle= 80% of wild fauna

2) wild goat, sheep cattle

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31
Q

what was domesticated during the Natufian period?

A

dogs

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32
Q

evidence of dog domestication during the Natufian period? (2) (BS)

A

1) buried with humans

2) shorter snout than wild

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33
Q

what technological innovations were there during the natufian period?

A

1) lunates- composite tools (sickles)

2) grinding stones (reliance on wild grains)

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34
Q

when did the Early Neolithic period occur in the Middle East?

A

12,000-8500 ya

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35
Q

what did the Early Neolithic period consist of?

A

younger dryas (little ice age)

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36
Q

characteristics of the Younger dryas during the Early Neolithic period (3) (RHI)

A

1) rapid onset (single human generation)
2) habitable area reduced
3) impacts cultural development

37
Q

two period of the Early Neolithic period

A

1) Pre-pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)

2) Pre-potter Neolithic B (PPNB)

38
Q

when did the PPNA occur?

A

12,000-11,000 during the younger dryas (very cold)

39
Q

when did the PPNB occur?

A

11,000-8500 ya after the younger dryas

40
Q

charactertistics of the PPNA (3) (ILC)

A

1) increasingly complex tools (blades)
2) larger villages (more organized)
3) communal buildings (group labor, group benefit)

41
Q

what does the younger dryas spark during the PPNA?

A

cooperation and need for protection

42
Q

was there domestication during the PPNA?

A

no

43
Q

charactertistics of PPNB (4) (ECDC)

A

1) evidence for domestication (Finally!)
2) changes from wild forms
3) domestication of animals
4) crowded, organized settlements

44
Q

evidence of domestication during the PPNB (3) (CPL)

A

1) cereals (wheat and barley)
2) pulses (peas and lentils)
3) legumes (chickpeas)

45
Q

changes from wild forms during the PPNB

A

bigger and more seeds (tough rachis)

46
Q

domestication of animals during the PPNB (2) (FD)

A

1) falloff in wild gazelle

2) domesticated goat, sheep, cattle and pigs (slaughtered young males, outside natural range)

47
Q

characteristics of crowded organized settlements during the PPNB

A

1) rectangular buildings
2) planning
3) handling conflict (rules)

48
Q

when did the Late Neolithic period occur?

A

8,500-7,000 ya

49
Q

what happened during the late neolithic period in the Middle East

A

villages collapse

50
Q

characteristics of collapsing villages in the late neolithic period (3) (DPT)

A

1) decline in number and sizes of sites
2) possible shift to nomadic pastoralism
3) temporary-village rebound and grow

51
Q

when did the Archaic period in Central America occur?

A

9000-4000ya

52
Q

what period is the Archaic period most like in the Middle East?

A

Natufian

53
Q

characteristics of the Archaic period (3) (tps)

A

1) time of holocene warming
2) pleistocene resources vanish
3) small mobile pops seek best resources

54
Q

what did the time of the holocene warming mean during the archaeic period

A

dessication (desertification of Mexico)

55
Q

what were the results of pleistoccene resources vanishing during the Archaic period (2) (NS)

A

1) new subsistence strategies

2) shift to small game, shellfish and specific plants (squash and corn)

56
Q

what did small mobile pops seeking best resources during the archaic period lead to?

A

territorial forraging leads to domestication

57
Q

what were the first domesticates in Central America during the Archaic period?

A

1) squash (8000ya)
2) corn (maize) (6000ya)
3) bean (2500ya)

58
Q

in Central America was domestication before or after settlement?

A

before

59
Q

does domestication in Central america trigger the rise of villages?

A

no

60
Q

when were beans domesticated and why?

A

2500 ya during the late archaic period because there was no pottery (pots) to cook the beans

61
Q

what farming technique was used in Cen America?

A

MILPA (corns, beans, squash)

62
Q

what did teosinite (wild) corn consist of?

A

2 rows of kernels and brittle rachis

63
Q

what did domesticated maize consist of?

A

more rows and big kernels, tough rachis

64
Q

techniques used in MILPA

A

1) shifting
2) slash and burn (low land)
3) terracing (mountains)

65
Q

what is the PPNA characterized by?

A

an increase in size, organization and complexity of villages

66
Q

what happens to corn during the late archaic period and when?

A

cultivation spreads north (3400ya)

67
Q

2 impact patters of corn (2) (CR)

A

1) corn adopted but no change to mobile hunting gathering lifeways
2) rapid transition to settled farming
(both happened)

68
Q

example of rapid transition to farming of corn. 500 rock lined terraces. storage pits and post holes. cultivated maize: 3,000 ya

A

SITE: Cerro Juanquena, North Mexico

69
Q

example of no change in mobile lifeways of corn. near Juanquena but more arid. Remain hunter/gatherers (trading)

A

SITE: Jornada Mogollon Region

70
Q

what is an explaination for the impact patterns?

A

Optimal foraging theory

71
Q

people act in rational self interest/maximize efficiency in exploiting resources. In some environment, cultivatoin is more efficient/profitable than others. possibly symbiotic.

A

optimal foraging theory

72
Q

where does domestication of corn in Mexico spread?

A

north and east

73
Q

what is regional adaption based on in central america?

A

the environment

74
Q

what do eventual large sites maybe reflect?

A

competition made possible by farming

75
Q

what theory argues that people migrated to America by crossing Beringia and following a land-based route through an ice-free corridor between North America’s glacial ice sheets?

A

Clovis first

76
Q

what can clovis culture of north america be best described as?

A

big game hunters pursuing mega fauna such as mammoths and mastodon

77
Q

Characteristics of Meadowcroft Rockshelter, PA

A

1) sometimes used as possible evidence to support the Solutrean model because of it’s location near the east coast
2) has 11 occupation strata, suggesting it was a seasonal campsite
3) has contested radiocarbon dates which may be contaminated by naturally ocurring coal deposits.

78
Q

how did the transition from hunting and gathering to domstication of plants and animals occur?

A

it was a long gradual process that occurred independently in multiple places around the world

79
Q

what did Beringia connect?

A

Asia and the Americas

80
Q

which theory for peopling of the Americas is currently the best supported by the evidence?

A

Pre-clovis

81
Q

what were the tools used by big game hunters in North America around 11000 ya called?

A

clovis points

82
Q

what were big game such as mammoths and mastodons, hunted by early humans in NA during the ice age known as?

A

megafauna

83
Q

what theory supports the evidence of the Site Meadowcroft Rockshelter?

A

Solutrean Hypothesis

84
Q

characteristics of the rise of agriculture in many parts of the world (3) (WII)

A

1) warming climate at the end of ice ages
2) increasing population
3) introduction of new plants and animals and disappearance of others when the ice age end

85
Q

who argued that the neolithic revolution caused humans to view their relationship with natures as one of dominance and control?

A

V. Gordon Childe

86
Q

what did construction of communal architecture and buildings at settlements in the Middle East during the PPNA reflect?

A

an increased emphasis on cooperative behavior as villages grow larger

87
Q

what was the first domesticated animal in most parts of the world?

A

dog

88
Q

did agriculture arise in many locations or a single location and then spread to other areas around the world?

A

many

Archaeology (18 decks)

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