Arch. Final Section II Flashcards
4 theories of peopling of the Americas
1) Clovis first
2) Pre-clovis
3) Solutrean hyptohesis
4) early arrival
when did the clovis first theory occur?
during the Pleistocene (ice age) 12,000 ya (close to the end of the ice age)
what route is believed to be taken for the clovis first theory? (FT) (2)
1) From Asia across Beringia
2) Through an ice-free corridor (walking, water wasn’t there)
who is believed to be part of the clovis first theory? (3) (BFI)
1) Big-game hunters
2) fluted clovis points
3) ice-age mega fauna
when did extinction occur during the clovis first occur?
13,000-11,000 ya
what was the extinction most likely caused by?
changing climates
what is a problem found with clovis culture? (3) (TTD)
1) there should be fluted points in Alaska earlier but there’s not
2) timing of the ice-free corridor b/t glacial sheets
3) dates are recalibrated (10,500ya too late)
when did Pre-clovis theory occur?
Arrival 13,000 ya
what route did the pre-clovis theory take?
From Asia via coastal migration
when did the Solutrean hypothesis occur?
15,000-13,000 ya
what route did the Solutrean hypothesis take? (2) (EA)
1) European origins
2) Atlantic “ice edge” route (by boat)
who was part of the Solutrean hypothesis?
Big game (clovis) hunters
what evidence was there for the Solutrean hypothesis?
fluted points similar to the European Solutrean
what problems were seen with the Solutrean hypothesis
1) clovis was 5000 years later than solutrean
2) dangerous passage way requiring maritime skill
3) differences in technology (no channel)
when did the Early Arrival theory take place?
30,000 ya
what route did the Early Arrival theory take?
From Asia via coastal routes
Triggers for domestication of plants and animals worldwide
1) climate change
2) population growth- feedback loop
when did climate change trigger domestication?
at the end of Pleistocene (10,000 ya)
what did climate change create?
new flora and fauna (end of ice ages)
characteristics of domestication in the Middle East
1) “fertile crescent”
2) long transitional process (25,000-7,000 ya)
periods of the Middle East domestication (4) (KNEL)
1) Kebaran
2) Natufian
3) Early Neolithic
4) late neolithic
when did the Kebaran period occur?
25,000-15,000 ya
who was part of the Kebaran period?
hunter-gatherers (short occupation camps)
was there domestication during the Kebranan period?
no
when did the Natufian period occur?
15,000-12,000 ya
who was part of the natufian period
hunter/gatherers
even though there were hunter gatherers during the natufian period what were some other charactertistics
1) 1st architecture
2) technological innovation
3) possible organized religion
was there domestication during the natufian period?
no
during the natufian period in the Middle East do people settle and form groups before or after inventing agriculture?
Before
what did hunting consist of during the Natufian period? (2) (GW)
1) Gazelle= 80% of wild fauna
2) wild goat, sheep cattle
what was domesticated during the Natufian period?
dogs
evidence of dog domestication during the Natufian period? (2) (BS)
1) buried with humans
2) shorter snout than wild
what technological innovations were there during the natufian period?
1) lunates- composite tools (sickles)
2) grinding stones (reliance on wild grains)
when did the Early Neolithic period occur in the Middle East?
12,000-8500 ya
what did the Early Neolithic period consist of?
younger dryas (little ice age)
characteristics of the Younger dryas during the Early Neolithic period (3) (RHI)
1) rapid onset (single human generation)
2) habitable area reduced
3) impacts cultural development
two period of the Early Neolithic period
1) Pre-pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
2) Pre-potter Neolithic B (PPNB)
when did the PPNA occur?
12,000-11,000 during the younger dryas (very cold)
when did the PPNB occur?
11,000-8500 ya after the younger dryas
charactertistics of the PPNA (3) (ILC)
1) increasingly complex tools (blades)
2) larger villages (more organized)
3) communal buildings (group labor, group benefit)
what does the younger dryas spark during the PPNA?
cooperation and need for protection
was there domestication during the PPNA?
no
charactertistics of PPNB (4) (ECDC)
1) evidence for domestication (Finally!)
2) changes from wild forms
3) domestication of animals
4) crowded, organized settlements
evidence of domestication during the PPNB (3) (CPL)
1) cereals (wheat and barley)
2) pulses (peas and lentils)
3) legumes (chickpeas)
changes from wild forms during the PPNB
bigger and more seeds (tough rachis)
domestication of animals during the PPNB (2) (FD)
1) falloff in wild gazelle
2) domesticated goat, sheep, cattle and pigs (slaughtered young males, outside natural range)
characteristics of crowded organized settlements during the PPNB
1) rectangular buildings
2) planning
3) handling conflict (rules)
when did the Late Neolithic period occur?
8,500-7,000 ya
what happened during the late neolithic period in the Middle East
villages collapse
characteristics of collapsing villages in the late neolithic period (3) (DPT)
1) decline in number and sizes of sites
2) possible shift to nomadic pastoralism
3) temporary-village rebound and grow
when did the Archaic period in Central America occur?
9000-4000ya
what period is the Archaic period most like in the Middle East?
Natufian
characteristics of the Archaic period (3) (tps)
1) time of holocene warming
2) pleistocene resources vanish
3) small mobile pops seek best resources
what did the time of the holocene warming mean during the archaeic period
dessication (desertification of Mexico)
what were the results of pleistoccene resources vanishing during the Archaic period (2) (NS)
1) new subsistence strategies
2) shift to small game, shellfish and specific plants (squash and corn)
what did small mobile pops seeking best resources during the archaic period lead to?
territorial forraging leads to domestication
what were the first domesticates in Central America during the Archaic period?
1) squash (8000ya)
2) corn (maize) (6000ya)
3) bean (2500ya)
in Central America was domestication before or after settlement?
before
does domestication in Central america trigger the rise of villages?
no
when were beans domesticated and why?
2500 ya during the late archaic period because there was no pottery (pots) to cook the beans
what farming technique was used in Cen America?
MILPA (corns, beans, squash)
what did teosinite (wild) corn consist of?
2 rows of kernels and brittle rachis
what did domesticated maize consist of?
more rows and big kernels, tough rachis
techniques used in MILPA
1) shifting
2) slash and burn (low land)
3) terracing (mountains)
what is the PPNA characterized by?
an increase in size, organization and complexity of villages
what happens to corn during the late archaic period and when?
cultivation spreads north (3400ya)
2 impact patters of corn (2) (CR)
1) corn adopted but no change to mobile hunting gathering lifeways
2) rapid transition to settled farming
(both happened)
example of rapid transition to farming of corn. 500 rock lined terraces. storage pits and post holes. cultivated maize: 3,000 ya
SITE: Cerro Juanquena, North Mexico
example of no change in mobile lifeways of corn. near Juanquena but more arid. Remain hunter/gatherers (trading)
SITE: Jornada Mogollon Region
what is an explaination for the impact patterns?
Optimal foraging theory
people act in rational self interest/maximize efficiency in exploiting resources. In some environment, cultivatoin is more efficient/profitable than others. possibly symbiotic.
optimal foraging theory
where does domestication of corn in Mexico spread?
north and east
what is regional adaption based on in central america?
the environment
what do eventual large sites maybe reflect?
competition made possible by farming
what theory argues that people migrated to America by crossing Beringia and following a land-based route through an ice-free corridor between North America’s glacial ice sheets?
Clovis first
what can clovis culture of north america be best described as?
big game hunters pursuing mega fauna such as mammoths and mastodon
Characteristics of Meadowcroft Rockshelter, PA
1) sometimes used as possible evidence to support the Solutrean model because of it’s location near the east coast
2) has 11 occupation strata, suggesting it was a seasonal campsite
3) has contested radiocarbon dates which may be contaminated by naturally ocurring coal deposits.
how did the transition from hunting and gathering to domstication of plants and animals occur?
it was a long gradual process that occurred independently in multiple places around the world
what did Beringia connect?
Asia and the Americas
which theory for peopling of the Americas is currently the best supported by the evidence?
Pre-clovis
what were the tools used by big game hunters in North America around 11000 ya called?
clovis points
what were big game such as mammoths and mastodons, hunted by early humans in NA during the ice age known as?
megafauna
what theory supports the evidence of the Site Meadowcroft Rockshelter?
Solutrean Hypothesis
characteristics of the rise of agriculture in many parts of the world (3) (WII)
1) warming climate at the end of ice ages
2) increasing population
3) introduction of new plants and animals and disappearance of others when the ice age end
who argued that the neolithic revolution caused humans to view their relationship with natures as one of dominance and control?
V. Gordon Childe
what did construction of communal architecture and buildings at settlements in the Middle East during the PPNA reflect?
an increased emphasis on cooperative behavior as villages grow larger
what was the first domesticated animal in most parts of the world?
dog
did agriculture arise in many locations or a single location and then spread to other areas around the world?
many
