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IHN: Biochemistry 2 > Quiz 3: water and salt pt 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 3: water and salt pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following compartments
contains the greatest volume of water?

A

intracellular

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2
Q

The greatest proportion of sodium in an average diet
in US is derived from ________.

A

sodium salts in processed foods

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3
Q

Which of the following foods exhibits the highest
content of potassium?

A

vegetables

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4
Q

The electrogenic transport of sodium in the apical
(luminal) membrane of the enterocyte, which is mainly
active in colon, is carried out by ________.

A

epithelial sodium channel (eNaC)

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5
Q

In normal subjects consuming an average
American diet, what percentage of ingested sodium,
potassium and chloride is absorbed in the intestine?

A

> 85%

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6
Q

Which of the following are the most abundant ions
found in the extracellular compartment?

A

Na and Cl

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7
Q

In the mechanism of action potential in
excitable cells, during depolarization ____________.

A

sodium channels open, potassium closed

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8
Q

All of the following are a functions of chloride (Cl-)
EXCEPT ______.

A
  • main anion in the extracellular fluid
  • phagocytosis of pathogens in white cells
  • maintenance of gastric acid secretion
  • exchange anion for HCO3 (bicarbonate) in red
    blood cells
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9
Q

main site of electrolyte regulation

what plays a minor role?

A

kidney!

intestine plays a minor role

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10
Q

human kidneys are poised to conserve __ and excrete __

A

human kidneys are poised to conserve sodium and excrete potassium

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11
Q

kidney responds to dietary excess or deficiency of Na, K, Cl by modulating their excretion: (2)

A
  1. adjust amount filtered in glomerulus (filtration rate)
  2. change secretion or reabsorption
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12
Q

for long term regulation, __ rate plays a minor role

A

for long term regulation, glomerular filtration rate plays a minor role

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13
Q

4 mechanisms of Na, K, Cl balance

A
  1. vascular pressure receptors
  2. natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP)
  3. renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) system
  4. arginine vasopressin (ADH)
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14
Q

vascular pressure receptors: __ sense stretch or tension

A

vascular pressure receptors: baroreceptors sense stretch or tension

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15
Q

vascular low-pressure receptors

A
  1. distension of cardiac atria and pulmonary vein
  2. decreases vagal activity and activates AVP secretion
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16
Q

vascular high-pressure receptors

A
  1. distension in aortic arch and carotid sinus
  2. increased vagal activity
  3. inhibits AVP secretion
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17
Q

ANP and BNP are released into circulation when heart muscle is __ and and increase in __

A

ANP and BNP are released into circulation when heart muscle is stretched and and increase in plasma

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18
Q

function of ANP and BNP

A
  1. increase glomerular pressure and filtration rate
  2. reduce renin and aldosterone release
  3. promote dilation of blood vessels
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19
Q

effect of ANP and BNP

A

decrease plasma volume and lower blood pressure

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20
Q

Aldosterone _________ the reabsorption of
sodium mainly in the ____________ of the nephron.

A

Aldosterone increases the reabsorption of
sodium mainly in the distal tubule and collecting ducts of the nephron.

21
Q

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system sensors

A

a) baroreceptors in glomerulus sense changes in perfusion.
b) chemoreceptors in macula densa (distal tubule) sense changes in Na+ load

22
Q

effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone

A

release of renin by granular cells –> angiotensin production –> aldosterone –> Na+ and water reabsorption in kidney

23
Q

aldosterone increases the reabsorption of __ and excretion of __ in __ and __

A

aldosterone increases the reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in distal tubule and collecting duct

24
Q

Choose the most correct option. ________, a
hormone produced in the hypothalamus, stimulates the
direct reabsorption of water by mainly activating _______
in the distal tubule and collecting duct of kidney.

A

Choose the most correct option. Arginine-vasopressin, a
hormone produced in the hypothalamus, stimulates the
direct reabsorption of water by mainly activating aquaporins
in the distal tubule and collecting duct of kidney.

25
Q

arginine vasopressin stimulates __ of water in the kidneys, which __ urine output and __ ECF volume

A

arginine vasopressin stimulates reabsorption of water in the kidneys, which reduces urine output and increases ECF volume

26
Q

Arg-vasopressin stimulates __ which increases fluid consumption and __ ECF volume

A

Arg-vasopressin stimulates thirst which increases fluid consumption and increases ECF volume

27
Q

Arg-vasopressin stimulates __ of the arterioles, which __ blood pressure

A

Arg-vasopressin stimulates vasoconstriction of the arterioles, which increases blood pressure

28
Q

increasing plasma osmolarity = __ plasma vasopressin

A

increasing plasma osmolarity = increased plasma vasopressin

29
Q

vasopressin aka

A

ADH

30
Q

vasopressin increases reabsorption of water by activating __ in __ and __

A

vasopressin increases reabsorption of water by activating aquaporins in distal tubule and collecting duct

31
Q

blood-pressure responses to salt are

A

heterogeneous

32
Q

__% of ppl with hypertension are thought to have salt-sensitive blood pressure

A

30-50% of ppl with hypertension are thought to have salt-sensitive blood pressure

33
Q

low __ and __ can increase salt sensitivity

A

low potassium and calcium can increase salt sensitivity

34
Q

salt-sensitive blood pressure is assocaited with these people

A

low-renin hypertension
old age
metabolic syndrome

35
Q

Almost all 12- to 24-month-old toddlers
have salt intake that is higher than their “adequate levels.”

A

TRUE

36
Q

reducing sodium intake reduces

A

systolic blood pressure

37
Q

Increasing evidence suggests that a high salt intake
directly (i.e., beyond the effect of salt intake on blood
pressure) promote all the following alterations EXCEPT
________.

A

ALL
- endothelial fibrosis
- cardiac hypertrophy
- diastolic and systolic dysfunction

38
Q

high salt intake promotes damage of what organs

A
  1. heart
  2. kidney
  3. blood vessels
  4. increases arterial pressure
39
Q

high salt on kidney

A

glomerular injury
renal failure

40
Q

high salt on heart

A

cardiac hypertrophy
diastolic dysfunction
systolic dysfunction

41
Q

high salt on blood vessels

A

oxidative stress
endothelial dysfunction
fibrosis
decreased vascular elasticity

42
Q

In response to a decrease in salt intake, the
reduction in blood pressure levels is generally more
pronounced in hypertensive subjects that normotensive
subjects.

A

TRUE

43
Q

effective diet interventions

A

DASH + salt restriction

44
Q

effective diet interventions

A

DASH + salt restriction

45
Q

low K+ associated with increased risk of

A

hypertension

46
Q

high ratio of __ to __ is more potent than either alone

A

high ratio of Na to K is more potent than either alone

47
Q

dietary K+ supplementation improves
__ function
__ and __ structure and functional parameters

A

dietary K+ supplementation improves
endothelial function
vascular and cardiovascular structure and functional parameters

48
Q

industrial diets are high in __ and low in __

A

industrial diets are high in Na and low in K

IHN: Biochemistry 2 (38 decks)

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