calcium Flashcards
bioavailability of caclium is affected by
dense food matrix
high bioavailability
low bioavailability
high bioavailability = dairy
low bioavailability = green-leafy vegetables
factors that reduce bioavailability of calcium
- dietary fiber
- phytic acid
- oxalate
- divalent cations (Zn, Cu)
- unabsorbed fatty acids (FFA)
calcium must be in __/__ form to be absorbed
calcium must be in ionic/free form to be absorbed (Ca2+)
__ pH facilitates formation of __ calcium
low pH facilitates formation of ionic calcium
fractional Ca2+ absorption is percent of Ca2+ absorbed by __ from __ Ca2+
fractional Ca2+ absorption is percent of Ca2+ absorbed by intestine from oral load Ca2+
young adults fractional Ca2+ absorption
25-30%
fractional Ca2+ absorption decrease with __ and increases with __
fractional Ca2+ absorption decrease with age and increases with 1st trimester of pregnancy
2 methods of calcium absorption
- transcellular, carrier-mediated transport process (saturable)
- paracellular, passive diffusion process
calcium absorption is mediated by
calcium absorption is mediated by vit D
vit D induces expression of (4)
- TRPV6
- Calbindin
- PMCA1b
- NCX1
transcellular, carrier mediated transport steps
- TRPV6 moves Ca2+ into cytosol of enterocyte
- Calbinidin D9K binds absorbed Ca2+ and transports it to basolateral membrane
- PMCA1b (Ca2+ dependent ATPase) pushes Ca2+ into portal circulation
- Calbindin brings Ca2+ to NCX1 (Na+, Ca2+ exchanger), pushes 1 Ca2+ out and one Na+ in
paracellular, passive diffusion
Ca2+ cross epithelial barrier btwn cells due to presence of occludins, paracellin-1, and claudins (creates a tunnel for Ca2+
vit D induces expression of
paracellin-1
50% of Ca2+ in systemic and portal circulation is bound to
the rest is
albumin or pre-albumin
the rest is free
do pregnant women need more Ca2+
yes
upper limit __ as we age
upper limit decreases as we age
__% of calcium filtrated in the kidney is reabsorbed
98% of calcium filtrated in the kidney is reabsorbed
__ is responsible for 90% of reabsorption
passive diffusion is responsible for 90% of reabsorption
reabsorption in kidney occurs in
70%
20%
reabsorption in kidney occurs in
70%: proximal tube
20%: ascending loop of Henle
remaining 10% of calcium is reabsorbed via __
remaining 10% of calcium is reabsorbed via active transport
which method of calcium reabsorption is more important?
10% via active transport
bc it ensures calcium absorption during scarcity
resorption of calcium in the kidney
- TRPV5 absorbs Ca2+ into renal epithelial cells
- Calbindin D28K binds reabsorbed Ca2+ and transports it to basolateral membrane
- PMCA1b and NCX1 push Ca2+ into blood
- Paracellin-1 allows Ca2+ to passively diffuse from urine to blood
only __% of filtered Ca2+ is excreted
only 1-2.5% of filtered Ca2+ is excreted
pregnant and lactating women reabsorb __ calcium bc calcium reabsorption is regulated by __ and __
pregnant and lactating women reabsorb more calcium bc calcium reabsorption is regulated by vit D and estrogens
__ allows passive diffusion of Ca2+ from __ to __
Paracellin-1 allows passive diffusion of Ca2+ from urine to blood
2 physiological roles of calcium
- structural function
- protein activation
calcium in structural function
hydroxapatite and calcium carbonates in bones
protein activation by calcium (2)
- direct (annexing, blood clotting enzymes, phospholipase A2)
- mediated by Ca2+ as a second messenger (calmodulins, calpains, protein kinase C)
calcium signaling mechanism
- stimulus binds receptor
- activates G-protein cascade, activates phospholipase C (PLC)
- PLC converts phospolipid to inositol-P3 (InsP3)
- InsP3 targets ER or SR (organelles that sequester calcium)
- InsP3 binds ryanodine receptor (RyR)
- Ca2+ binds cytoplasmic calmodulin upon release from ER and SR
- active calmodulin targets Ca2+ sensitive kinases
- Ca2+ is extruded by Na/Ca exchanger or PMCA
2 methods of Ca2+ extrustion from cell
- Na/Ca exchanger (secondary active)
- PMCA (active transport)
skeleton contains __% of calcium
skeleton contains 99% of calcium
calcium plays a huge role in makeup of
bones and teeth
hormones that regulate calcium and phosphate
PTH
vit D
calcitonin
PTH is secreted when Ca2+ levels are
PTH is secreted when Ca2+ levels are low
PTH target tissues (3)
kidney
bone
intestine
in kidney, PTH effects
PTH induces increased __ reabsorption and decreased __ reabsorption
PTH induces production of active vit D which increases intestinal absorption of __
in kidney, PTH effects
PTH induces increased Ca2+ reabsorption and decreased PO4 3- reabsorption
PTH induces production of active vit D which increases intestinal absorption of BOTH Ca2+ and PO4 3-
PTH induces bone resorption to __ circulating Ca2+ levels
PTH induces bone resorption to increase circulating Ca2+ levels
PTH action on intestine relies on
vit D
bone remodeling cycle
- PTH induces resorption: osteoclasts dig into bone, release Ca and phosphorous
- reversal: mononuclear cells occupy the depression
- monnuclear cells recruit pre-osteoblasts to occupy depression
- bone formation: osteoblasts release collagen, Ca2+, PO4 3- to form new bone (mineralization)
- minerlization: new osteoblasts are buried in crystal structure and become osteocytes
RANKL-RANK-OPG pathway controls
bone resorption
in RANKL-RANK-OPG, PTH is catabolic/anabolic
PTH is catabolic/anabolic
__ direct/drive bone resorption (breakdown), but __ do the actual activity of resorption
osteoblasts direct/drive bone resorption (breakdown), but osteoclasts do the actual activity of resorption
OPG-RANKL-RANK pathway
- growth factors, PTH, cytokines induce osteoblasts to produce M-CSF, RANK ligand (RANKL) and OPG
- when enough M-CSF binds pre-osteoclast receptors, osteoclast matures
- RANKL binds RANK on mature osteoclast, osteoclast differentiates and is activated
- osteoclasts produce HCL and cathespins which resorb bone and release Ca2+ and PO4 3-
- osteoblasts release OPG which binds RANKL and prevents it from activating RANK receptors (prevents excess bone resorption)
osteoblasts release __ which binds RANKL and prevents it from activating __ to prevent excess bone resorption
osteoblasts release OPG which binds RANKL and prevents it from activating RANK to prevent excess bone resorption
estrogen promotes __ which __ bone resorption
estrogen promotes OPG expression which reduces bone resorption
PTH is both
anabolic (bone formation) and
catabolic (bone resorption)
PTH is both
anabolic (bone formation) and
catabolic (bone resorption)
PTH stimulates osteoblasts to release __, which triggers bone resorption by allowing __ to be released into bloodstream
PTH stimulates osteoblasts to release RANKL, which triggers bone resorption by allowing Ca2+ to be released into bloodstream
what hormone corrects calcium deficiency
PTH
the __ and __ of PTH exposure deermine net effect on bone mass (cata or ana)
the duration and periodicity of PTH exposure deermine net effect on bone mass (cata or ana)
continuous exposure to PTH = __ effects seen in __ of bone remodeling cycle
continuous exposure to PTH = catabolic effects seen in first 3 weeks of bone remodeling cycle
intermittent, low doses of PTH = __ effects seen in __ of bone remodeling cycle
intermittent, low doses of PTH = anabolic effects seen in last 3 months of bone remodeling cycle
factors causing low bone mineral density
- low calium and vit D
- unhealthy lifestyle
- inadequate dietary protein levels
is calcium deficiency common?
no, bc we have large reserves in our body
chronic inadequate calcium intake causes
rickets
osteoporosis