FINAL: supplements Flashcards
dietary supplements legal definition
a product intended to supplement the diet
in order to be a supplement the product must be taken via
mouth
different categories of dietary supplements
- micronutrients: vitamins and minerals
- macronutrients: fatty acids, protein, amino acids
- herbs (botanicals)
- phytochemicals (lycopene, isoflavins, caffeine)
- zoochemicals (animal products: creatine, bee pollen)
- miscellaneous (probiotics, melatonin)
supplement use increases with
age
dips down for teens though
2 main reasons to use supplements
- improve health
- prevent health problems
women typically use supplements for
bone health
3 common reasons to use supplements
- nutritional insurance (meet RDA)
- better health
- special purposes (treat illness, improve performance and weight loss)
__% adults, __ amount of kids use supplements
50% adults, 1/3 amount of kids use supplements
in the US we mostly take __ supplements
in the US we mostly take nutrient supplements
supplement use is linked to:
- SES
- race
- education
- healthier individuals
__ adults in US take a multi
1/3 adults in US take a multi
components of total nutrient exposure
- food
- beverages (includes water bc minerals)
- fortified products
- some meds
- sun (vit D)
- gut microbiome
- dietary supplements
who are dietary supplements recommended for?
not the genereal population
good for high-risk groups
what high-risk groups need supplements?
pregnant women (folic acid)
health problems that interrupt nutrient absorption or metabolism (bariatric surgery, anemia, IBD)
meds (PPIs, metformin: vit B12)
3 factor for an ideal supplement
- efficacy
- safety
- quality
what studies must be done to determine efficacy and safety?
- lab and in-vitro studies
- animal studies
- human studies (epidemiological and clinical trials)
what must be done to confirm quality
develop analytical methods and reference materials
how are supplements regulated
like food, not drugs
no FDA approval
no need to prove effective
no mandatory formulation standards
when choosing a supplement for you look for (2)
- right dose and timing
- right form
physician’s health study II looked at
if multivitamins keep male doctors over 50 healthier for longer
PHS-II outcomes
no effect on CVD, macular degeneration, or cognitive decline
modest decrease in cancer and cataracts
VITAL study looked at
vitamin D and omega 3s in men and women for 5 years
vit D results
vit D did not lower incidence of invasive cancer and CV events
ppl not obese taking vit D DID have decreased cancer morbidity and mortality
african americans 23% decreased cancer incidence
problem with vit D portion
most people had sufficient vit D to start
omega 3 results
omega 3 did not have decreased risk of CV disease or cancer
28% decrease in MI
77% in african americans
40% in those eating less than 1.5 servings of fish per week (baseline low omega 3 FAs)
SELECT study looked at
selenium and vit E in men for 7-12 years
what happened to the SELECT study
was stopped after 5 yrs bc no benefit + vit E had 17% increase in prostate cancer
SELECT study
vit E
Se
BOTH
SELECT study
vit E: increased risk prostate cancer
Se: no increased risk prostate cancer or T2DM
BOTH: no increased prostate cancer risk
moral of the SELECT study
men should not take high dose vit E
