choline Flashcards
under certain conditions, choline, carnitine, and CoQ10 are considered __
under certain conditions, choline, carnitine, and CoQ10 are considered conditionally essential
choline is not defined as a __, so there is no __
choline is not defined as a macro or micronutrient, so there is no recommended intake
choline is __ soluble
choline is water soluble
primary choline sources
animal foods
rich source of choline
mammary glands
choline forms
- free choline
- phosphatidylcholine
- lysophosphatidylcholine
- sphingomyelin
- betaine
we can’t make choline from __, but it does serve as a __ donor and spares some __
we can’t make choline from betaine, but it does serve as a methyl donor and spares some choline requirements
choline digestion requires
lipases
phosphatidylcholine digestion
phospholipases (from pancreas) cleave phosphatidylcholine
products are absorbed into enterocyte
free choline from foods is mainly absorbed in __ by __
free choline from foods is mainly absorbed in enterocyte by carrier-mediated transporters
__ choline enters portal circulation
__ enters lymph bc it is packaged into chylomicrons
free choline enters portal circulation
phosphatidylcholine enters lymph bc it is packaged into chylomicrons
at every step of the degradation of phosphatidylcholine, there is an __ product
at every step of the degradation of phosphatidylcholine, there is an absorbable product
after degradation, PC enters __ bc it is contained in __
after degradation, PC enters lymph bc it is contained in chylomicrons
some dietary choline is metabolized to __ by __
some dietary choline is metabolized to betaine by gut bacteria
unabsorbed choline may reach cecum/colon where baceteria use it to produce
TMAO
choline uptake is high in
liver
kidney
mammary gland
placenta
brain
the liver uptakes a lot of choline bc it constantly synthesizes __
the liver uptakes a lot of choline bc it constantly synthesizes VLDL
4 biological functions of choline
- phospholipid synthesis
- NT synthesis (acetylcholine)
- one-carbon metabolism
- TMAO
choline one-carbon metabolism
__ –> __
choline one-carbon metabolism
betaine –> methionine synthesis
de novo synthesis of choline
enzyme:
requires __
de novo synthesis of choline
enzyme: PEMT
requires SAM
PEMT converts
phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to phosphatidylcholine (PC)
primary methyl group donor in one-carbon metabolism
methyl-THF
if there is lack of __, choline becomes essential bc of its ability to contribute betaine
if there is lack of folate, choline becomes essential bc of its ability to contribute betaine
chylomicron apolipoprotein
ApoB-48
Kennedy pathway
CDP-choline must be synthesized as a precursor for phosphatidylcholine
choline is important for __ development and preventing __
choline is important for brain development and preventing NTDs
__ and __ are important to prevent NTDs
choline and folate are important to prevent NTDs
TMAO is associated with __ and is derived from __ and __
TMAO is associated with CVD and is derived from choline and carnitine
intestinal microbiota produce __ which is oxidized to __ by __ in __
intestinal microbiota produce TMA which is oxidized to TMAO by FMO in liver
choline is not defined as a __, so there is no __
choline is not defined as a macro or micronutrient, so there is no recommended intake
