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IHN: Biochemistry 2 > gut microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine and cardiovascular risk > Flashcards

gut microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine and cardiovascular risk Flashcards

1
Q

liver converts microbiota-derived TMA to

A

TMAO

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2
Q

TMAO and CVD risk

A

TMAO enhances CVD risk

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3
Q

how does TMAO increase CVD risk

A

TMAO promotes artherosclerotic lesion development

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4
Q

TMA source via gut microbiota

A

phosphatidylcholine/choline, L-carnitine (red meats)

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5
Q

overall, __ causes CVD

A

overall, red meats causes CVD

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6
Q

consuming __ prevents metabolic disease

A

consuming L-carnitine prevents metabolic disease

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7
Q

__ is a good source of TMAO that actually has positive effects on CVD

A

fish is a good source of TMAO that actually has positive effects on CVD

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8
Q

goal of study?

A

determine if carnitine and choline are actually harmful

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9
Q

what enzyme turns TMA to TMAO

A

hepatic flavin monooxygenase (FMO)

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10
Q

TMAO is a __ compound associated with increased __, but mechanism is unclear

A

TMAO is a proartherogenic compound associated with increased CVD, but mechanism is unclear

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11
Q

TMAO (from dietary choline and carnitine diet) in mice may inhibit and reduce __

A

TMAO (from dietary choline and carnitine diet) in mice may inhibit and reduce reverse cholesterol transport (RCT)

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12
Q

choline/phosphatidylcholine is aka

A

lecithin

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13
Q

PC is primary phospholipid component of __ and __

A

PC is primary phospholipid component of VLDL and LDL

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14
Q

PC is cleaved into __, then gut microbiota release __

A

PC is cleaved into choline, then gut microbiota release TMA

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15
Q

PC is a significant component of __

A

PC is a significant component of bile

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16
Q

since PC is a major component of bile, we expect __ levels in humans to be consistently high
this would increase risk for artherosclerosis
this is true/false

A

since PC is a major component of bile, we expect TMAO levels in humans to be consistently high
this would increase risk for artherosclerosis
this is true/false

17
Q

it is likely that PC is present in bile but reabsorbed in __ and does NOT reach __/__ to act as a precursor for __ (ultimately __) synthesis

A

it is likely that PC is present in bile but reabsorbed in ileum and does NOT reach colon/cecum to act as a precursor for TMA (ultimately TMAO) synthesis

18
Q

L-carnitine is biosynthesized from __ and __

A

L-carnitine is biosynthesized from methionine and lysine

19
Q

L-carnitine is found in

A

red meat

20
Q

L-carnitine plays and essential role in __ metabolism

A

L-carnitine plays and essential role in energy (fat and carb) metabolism

21
Q

marine fish are a significant source of __

A

marine fish are a significant source of TMAO

22
Q

L-carnitine may cause a __ in all-cause mortality

A

L-carnitine may cause a 27% reduction in all-cause mortality

23
Q

L-carnitine may be beneficial for

A

metabolic health and cardiovascular function

24
Q

L-carnitine lowered __ and __ in elderly obese patients

A

L-carnitine lowered plasma glucose and plasma insulin in elderly obese patients

25
Q

is there good evidence that L-carnitine suppementation increases CVD risk?

A

NO

26
Q

is there good evidence that omega-3 FA from fish is cardioprotective?

A

NO

27
Q

studies suggest that L-carnitine and PC/choline increase __ risk due to indirect production of __ by __

takeaway

A

studies suggest that L-carnitine and PC/choline increase CVD risk due to indirect production of TMAO by liver

28
Q

why were these studies limited

A
  1. performed on rats
  2. rats were given large doses of carnitine
  3. carnitine contaiminated with choline (so which increased CVD risk)
  4. PC/choline and L-carnitine are both in bile –> its already in our system so we don’t know if they ever reach cecum to become TMA

IHN: Biochemistry 2 (38 decks)

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