Quiz 3 Flashcards
metabolize
use nutrients to build new cell material, break down substances, and make ATP
solution
a homogeneous mixture of two or more compounds
solvent
present in the largest amount in a solution
solute
present in smaller amounts
intracellular fluid
a solution containing small amounts of gases, nutrients, and salts, dissolved in water
interstitial fluid
the fluid that continuously bathes the exterior of our cells
selective permeability
a barrier allows some substances to pass through it while excluding others
passive transport processes
substances transported across the membrane without any energy input from the cell
active transport processes
the cell provides the metabolic energy (ATP) that drives the transport process
diffusion
- process where molecules spread themselves throughout available space; due to kinetic energy
- move down a concentration gradient
- affected by size of molecule and temp
plasma membrane
a physical barrier to diffusion where molecules will move passively by diffusion of 1) they r small enough to pass through its pores 2) they can dissolve in the fatty portion of the membrane
simple diffusion
unassisted diffusion of solutes through the plasma membrane
osmosis
simple diffusion of water
facilitated diffusion
process driven by concentration gradient, but molecules are too big and are lipid insoluble; needs a protein carrier to help
(ex: glucose)
filtration
-process where water and solutes are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood
-uses high to low pressure gradient
~happens in kidney solutes from capillaries to kidney tubules
active transport
using energy to move molecules through the plasma membrane bc they are too large, cant dissolve in hydrophobic area, or move against the gradient
solute pumping
require a protein carrier that combines with substances that need to cross and ATP
bulk transport
process used when substances can’t move any other way
-exocytosis and endocytosis
cell life cycle
series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it divides
interphase
cell grows and carries on its usual metabolic activities
cell division
reproduces itself
hypotonic
-solution that contains fewer solutes than a cell
~causes a cell to expand or burst
~distilled water
~given to a dehydrated patient (teas, cola, apple juice, sports drinks)
isotonic
-solution that contains same tonicity (strength) as normal cell
~causes no change in cell
~fingers lactate solute
hypertonic
-solution that contains more solutes (dissolved substances) than inside the cell
-causes cells to shrink (crenate)
~given to edema
nuclear envelope
- double membrane
- has pores
- selectively permeable
- has nucleoplasm inside
nucleolus
ribosomes made here
chromatin
- dna and protein
- chromosomes=coiled chromatin
cytoplasm
-sure if chemical reactions includes:
~cytosol=clear fluid that suspends other things
~organelles=structures that carry out specific duties
~inclusions=stored nutrients or cell products
mitochondria
- cytoplasmic organelles
- cristae: folds in inner membrane
- site for cellular respiration (makes ATP)
- muscle and liver cells have hundreds
- unfertilized egg (only a few)
ribosomes
- cytoplasmic organelles
- made of proteins
- sites of protein synthesis
- may or may not be attached to endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum
-cytoplasmic organelle
-fluid filled canals carries substances (proteins) from one part of cell to another
~rough: has ribosomes attached
~smooth: no ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus
- cytoplasmic organelle
- membranous sacs
- modifies and packages proteins in secretory vesicles
protein is made by
ribosomes on rough ER and then packages inside a vesicle by Golgi Apparatus
lysosomes
“suicide sacs” contain digestive enzymes abundant in white flood cells
peroxisomes
- contain oxidase enzymes
- convert free radicals (reactive chemicals that have an unpaired electron) to hydrogen peroxide, then caralase converts hydrogen peroxide to water
- numerous in kidney and liver cells
cytoskeleton
- network of protein structures throughout cytoplasm
- framework
centrioles
- close to nucleus
- form mitosis spindle during cell division
cilia
-move substances along cell surface
~ex: in respiratory passages
flagella
-long whip-like extension used for locomotion
tight junctions
bind cells together, adjacent plasma membranes fuse together
desomosomes
anchor cell, prevent cells from pulling apart
gap junctions
allow communication (hearts embryonic cells) chemical molecules can pass through
