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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 5: Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

functions of skeletal system

A 
Support of the body
Protection of soft organs
Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
Storage of minerals and fats
Blood cell formation
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2
Q

characteristics of compact .vs. spongy bone

A

Compact bone: Homogeneous

Spongy bone:Small needle-like, pieces of bone, Many open spaces

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3
Q

4 types of bones

A

Long bones: Typically longer than wide, Have a shaft with heads at both ends, Contain mostly compact bone
Examples: Femur, humerus
Short bones: Generally cube-shape, Contain mostly spongy bone
Examples: Carpals, tarsals
Flat bones: Thin and flattened, Usually curved, Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone
Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
Irregular bones: Irregular shape, Do not fit into other bone classification categories
Example: Vertebrae and hip

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4
Q

gross anatomy of long bone

A

Diaphysis and Epiphysis

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5
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft

Composed of compact bone

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6
Q

Epiphysis

A

Ends of the bone

Composed mostly of spongy bone

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7
Q

structures of a long bone

A

Periosteum, Sharpey’s fibers, Arteries, Articular cartilage, and Medullary cavity

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8
Q

Periosteum

A

Outside covering of the diaphysis

Fibrous connective tissue membrane

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9
Q

Sharpey’s fibers

A

Secure periosteum to underlying bone

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10
Q

Arteries

A

Supply bone cells with nutrients

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11
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
Made of hyaline cartilage
Decreases friction at joint surfaces

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12
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Cavity of the shaft
Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants

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13
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of bone

A

Osteon (Haversian System), Central (Haversian) canal, Perforating (Volkman’s) canal, Lacunae, Lamellae, and Canaliculi

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14
Q

Osteon (Haversian System)

A

A unit of bone

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15
Q

Central (Haversian) canal

A

Opening in the center of an osteon

Carries blood vessels and nerves

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16
Q

Lacunae

A

Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)

Arranged in concentric rings

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17
Q

Lamellae

A

Rings around the central canal

Sites of lacunae

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18
Q

Canaliculi

A

Tiny canals
Radiate from the central canal to lacunae
Form a transport system

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19
Q

Perforating (Volkman’s) canal

A

Canal perpendicular to the central canal

Carries blood vessels and nerves

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20
Q

bone cells

A

Osteocytes, Osteoblasts, and Osteoclasts

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21
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

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22
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-forming cells

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23
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone-destroying cells

Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium

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24
Q

types of bone fractures

A

Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin
Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin

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25
Q

comminuted fracture

A

bone breaks into many fragments

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26
Q

compression fracture

A

bone is crushed

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27
Q

depressed fracture

A

broken bone portion is pressed inward

28
Q

impacted fracture

A

broken bone ends are forced into each other

29
Q

spiral fracture

A

ragged break occurs when there are excessive twisting forces are applied to the bone

30
Q

greenstick

A

bone breaks incompletely

31
Q

Repair of Bone Fractures

A

1) Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed
2) Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus
3) Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus
4) Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch

32
Q

The Axial Skeleton

A

Divided into three parts
Skull
Vertebral column
Bony thorax

33
Q

where is the foramen magnum located

A

hollow opening in the occipital bone (seen in superior view)

34
Q

The Fetal Skull

A
  • The fetal skull is large compared to the infants total body length
  • has Fontanelles
35
Q

Fontanelles

A
  • fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones
  • Allow the brain to grow
  • Convert to bone within 24 months after birth
36
Q

The Vertebral Column

A
  • Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs
  • The spine has a normal curvature
  • Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location
37
Q

where is the cervical curvature

A

first 7 vertebrae

38
Q

where is the thoracic curvature

A

12 vertebrae (8-19)

39
Q

where is the lumber curvature

A

5 vertebrae (20-24)

40
Q

where is the sacrum

A

5 fused vertebrae following the lumbar curvature

41
Q

where is the coccyx

A

4 fused vertebrae following the sacrum

42
Q

order of the vertebral column

A 
cervical curvature
thoracic curvature
lumbar curvature
sacrum
coccyx
43
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

appendages (limbs), pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle

44
Q

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

A

Composed of three pair of fused bones
Ilium
Ischium
Pubic bone

45
Q

The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle

A

Composed of two bones
Clavicle – collarbone
Scapula – shoulder blade

46
Q

The Bony Thorax

A

-Forms a cage to protect major organs
-Made-up of three parts
Sternum
Ribs
Thoracic vertebrae

47
Q

True Ribs

A

ribs 1-7, attaches to sternum from vertebrae

48
Q

False Ribs

A

8-12, attaches to costal cartilage from vertebrae

49
Q

Floating RIbs

A

11 and 12, does not attach to anything from vertebrae

50
Q

order of ribs

A

true, false, floating

51
Q

Functional Classification of Joints

A

Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses

52
Q

Synarthroses

A

immovable joints

53
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

slightly moveable joints

54
Q

Diarthroses

A

freely moveable joints

55
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Most common chronic arthritis

Probably related to normal aging processes

56
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints
Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints
Often leads to deformities

57
Q

Bone Growth

A
  • Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood
    • New cartilage is continuously formed
    • Older cartilage becomes ossified
      • Cartilage is broken down
      • Bone replaces cartilage
58
Q

Bone remodeling

A

1) bone reabsorbed
2) bone added by appositional growth
3) bone reabsorbed

59
Q

coronal suture

A

between parietal bone and frontal bone

60
Q

lambdoidal suture

A

between the occipital bone and the parietal bone

61
Q

squamous suture

A

between parietal bone and temporal bone

62
Q

two largest bones of the foot

A

calcaneus and talus

63
Q

difference between female and male pelvis

A
  • female inlet is larger and more circular
  • female ilia flare more laterally
  • female sacrum is shorter and less curved
  • female ischial is shorter
  • female pubic arch is greater than 90 degrees
64
Q

what causes osteoporosis

A

Osteoporosis occurs when there is an imbalance between new bone formation and old bone resorption. The body may fail to form enough new bone, or too much old bone may be reabsorbed, or both. Two essential minerals for normal bone formation are calcium and phosphate

65
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D.

Anatomy & Physiology (19 decks)

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