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Anatomy & Physiology > Nervous System Test > Flashcards

Nervous System Test Flashcards

1
Q

Function of a neuron

A

-The basic cell of the nervous system

~Highly specialized cells that transmit messages from one area of the body to another

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2
Q

sensory neuron

A
  • afferent

- convey impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors

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3
Q

motor neuron

A
  • efferent

- carry impulses from the CNS to effector organs

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4
Q

association neuron

A

-Connect sensory and motor neurons

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5
Q

different types of supporting cells

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal Cells
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Satellite Cells
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6
Q

CNS

A
  • Central Nervous System

- Brain and Spinal cord

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7
Q

PNS

A
  • Peripheral Nervous System

- Nerves outside brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

-Involuntary
-Only motor nerves
-Divided into two divisions:
~Sympathetic division
~Parasympathetic division

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9
Q

Microglia

A

Spider-like phagocytes, dispose of debris

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10
Q

sympathetic division

A

-Sympathetic=”fight-or-flight”
-Response to unusual stimulus
-Takes over to increase activities
Ex: heart rate, breathing, etc…
-Remember as the ‘E’ division (Exercise, Excitement, Emergency, Embarrassment)
-Blood goes from digestive organs to skeletal muscles
-Glucose gets released from liver
-Dilates pupils
-Stimulates perspiration

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11
Q

Satellite Cells

A

Protect neuron cell bodies

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12
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system

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13
Q

parasympathetic

A
  • Parasympathetic-housekeeping activities
  • Conserves energy
  • Maintains daily necessary body functions
  • Remember as the ‘D’ division (Digestion, Defecation, Diuresis)
  • Constricts bronchioles
  • Decreases heart rate
  • Stimulates saliva
  • Digestive secretions increase
  • Relaxes sphincter muscles (urinary tract, rectum)
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14
Q

supporting cells

A

are mitotic and can form tumors

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15
Q

what does myelin do for a nerve impulse

A

impulses travel faster

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16
Q

reflex arc pathway

A 
Stimulus
Afferent neuron
Association neuron/Interneuron neuron
Efferent
Muscle/gland affected
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17
Q

minimum number of neurons in a reflex arc

A

2 ex: knee jerk

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18
Q

parts of the brain stem

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla Oblongata
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19
Q

medulla oblongata

A

-Lowest part of brain stem
-Merges with spinal cord
-Functions as an important control center:
~Heart rate, Breathing, Blood pressure regulation, Swallowing, Vomiting

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20
Q

cerebellum

A

-two hemispheres-convoluted
-Function:
~Involuntary coordination of body movements, times skeletal muscle, controls balance and equilibrium

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21
Q

hypothalamus

A

-under the thalamus
-Function:
~Autonomic nervous system center

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22
Q

corpus callosum

A
  • Large fiber tract area between cerebral hemispheres

- Allows them to communicate with each other

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23
Q

cerebrum

A

Paired left and right hemispheres
More than ½ of brain mass
Surface made of ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci)

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24
Q

broca’s area

A
  • Base of precentral gyrus, on left side of brain only
  • Function: allows you to “say” words, damage to this area-you know what you want to say, but you can’t get the words out of your mouth
  • Higher intellectual reasoning
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25
Q

pineal gland

A

Secretes melatonin (aids in sleep)

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26
Q

thalamus

A
  • Surrounds third ventricle
  • Function: relay station for sensory impulses
    - transfer to correct location for interpretation
  • impulses cross from left to right side of body or right to left side of body after here
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27
Q

pons

A

Protrudes just below the midbrain

Function: Controls breathing

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28
Q

optic nerve function

A

allows you to see

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29
Q

olfactory nerve function

A

sense nerve of smell

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30
Q

oculomotor nerve function

A
  • stimulates 4 out of 6 eye muscles

- helps pupil to constrict

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31
Q

trigeminal nerve function

A

sensory fibers for chewing muscle

pons to face-ophthalmic, maxillary, mandible

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32
Q

trochlear nerve function

A
  • motor fibers to superior oblique eye muscle

- moves superior oblique muscle of eye

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33
Q

hypoglossal nerve function

A

-tongue movement

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34
Q

vagus nerve function

A
  • “wanderer”
  • parasympathetic
  • motor fibers to heart, lungs, stomach, liver, kidneys, pharynx, larynx, moves food in digestive tract, regulates heart activity
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35
Q

facial nerve function

A

-chief motor muscle of face (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandible, cervical stem: tears/taste buds/salivary glands

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36
Q

vestibucolchear nerve function

A

hearing, balance

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37
Q

accessory nerve function

A
  • activates sternocleidomastoid and trapez

- moves the muscles to allow you to move head/neck

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38
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve function

A

stimulate muscles for reflex swallowing (gag reflex, taste buds, posterior tongue)

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39
Q

abducens nerve function

A

extrinsic eye muscle-move eye laterally

40
Q

dorsal root

A

collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system

41
Q

ventral root

A

has axons of motor neurons

42
Q

spinal nerve

A

31 pairs
One at each level of vertebrae
Formed from fusion of ventral and dorsal roots
Named for the region in which they arise

43
Q

pia mater

A

“gentle mother”
Internal layer
Clings to surface of brain

44
Q

dura mater

A

“hard mother”
Double layer external covering
Periosteum-attached to surface of skull
Meningeal layer-outer covering of brain

45
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle layer

Web like

46
Q

central canal

A

filled with cerebral spinal fluid

47
Q

dorsal horn

A

posterior

48
Q

ventral horn

A

anterior

49
Q

column of white matter

A

conduction tracts in spinal cord

50
Q

concussion

A
  • slight brain injury
  • Symptoms: Dizzy, “See-stars”, Lose consciousness briefly, Naseau, Vomiting
  • No permanents damage
51
Q

contusion

A
  • marked tissue damage

- Severe contusion-coma

52
Q

cerebral edema

A
  • swelling of the brain due to inflammatory response to injury, can be bleeding too
  • Compresses brain tissue
53
Q

cervical nerve area of the spinal nerves

A
  • Phrenic nerve
  • Serves diaphragm and muscles of shoulder and neck
  • When spasm it causes hiccups
54
Q

lumbar nerve area of the spinal nerves

A
  • Femoral nerve-lower abdomen, buttocks, anterior thighs, skin of upper leg
  • Obturator nerve-adductor muscles of medial thigh, small hip muscles, skin of medial thigh and hip joint
55
Q

sacral nerve area of the spinal nerves

A
  • Sciatic nerve-splits into common fibular and tibial nerves
  • Serves lower trunk, posterior surface of thigh, all lower areas of leg, gluteus muscles of hips
  • foot drop-inability to dorsiflex foot
  • sciatica-inability to extend hip and flex knee
56
Q

intracranial hemorrhage

A

may cause medulla oblongata to be wedged into foreman magnum by pressure of blood

57
Q

Major regions of the neuron

A
  • Cell body

- Processes

58
Q

Alzheimer’s

A
  • Progressive degenerative brain disease
  • Most in elderly
  • Causes abnormal protein deposits called plaques and twisted fibers within neurons
  • Victims experience memory loss, irritability, confusion, and ultimately, hallucinations and death
59
Q

multiple sclerosis

A
  • Myelin sheaths get destroyed, converted to hardened sheaths-Sclerosis
  • Impulse gets short circuited
  • Lose ability to control muscles
  • Autoimmune disease
  • Protein component is attacked
  • No cure, interferon injections
60
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • Star shaped
  • Brace neurons
  • Form blood brain barrier between capillaries and neurons
  • Control chemical environment of brain
61
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Line cavities of brain and spinal cord

Circulate cerebrospinal fluid

62
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Produce myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the central nervous system

63
Q

somatic nervous system

A

a division of the peripheral nervous system; also called the voluntary nervous system

64
Q

sympathetic effector organs

A

smooth muscles and glands

65
Q

parasympathetic effector organs

A

-cardiac muscle

66
Q

parasympathetic body affects

A
  • relaxing after a meal
  • blood pressure/heart rate/respiratory rates regulated
  • digestive tract actively digesting food
  • skin is warm
67
Q

sympathetic body affects

A
  • pounding heart
  • rapid/deep breathing
  • sweaty skin
  • prickly scalp
  • dilated pupils
68
Q

when does the parasympathetic kick in

A

eating/relaxing situations

69
Q

when does the sympathetic kick in

A

stressful/scared/nervous/etc… situations

70
Q

pituitary gland

A

the neuroendocrine gland located beneath the brain that serves a variety of functions including regulation of the gonads, thyroid, adrenal cortex, water balance, and lactation

71
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

a cluster of nerve cell bodies in a posterior root of a spinal nerve

72
Q

order of nerve areas of the spinal cord

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral

73
Q

cervical nerve plexus major nerve

A

phrenic

74
Q

brachial nerve plexus major nerve

A

axillary, radial, median, musculocutaneous, ulnar

75
Q

lumbar nerve plexus major nerve

A

femoral, obturator

76
Q

sacral nerve plexus major nerve

A

none

77
Q

three pure sensory neurons

A

olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear

78
Q

cerebral palsy

A

a neuromuscular disability in which the voluntary muscles are poorly controlled and spastic due to brain damage

79
Q

senility

A

forgetfulness, irritability, difficulty in concentrating and thinking clearly, and confusion

80
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of brain and spinal cord membranes, typically caused by an infection

81
Q

huntington’s disease

A

An inherited condition in which nerve cells in the brain break down over time

82
Q

parkinson’s disease

A

A disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, often including tremors.

83
Q

what subdivision does the sympathetic and parasympathetic belong to

A

the autonomic NS

84
Q

huntington’s disease prognosis

A

starts ti show at 40 and is fatal after 15 years

85
Q

huntington’s disease symptoms

A

lost body control, seems as if they are in an altered state but they are not, genetic disorder, shaking , confusion, die young

86
Q

what carries information from the eye

A

optic nerve

87
Q

what disease is caused by an autoimmune disease that attacks the protein component of the myelin sheath

A

multiple sclerosis

88
Q

fiber tracts go to opposite sides of the cerebrum

A

Corpus Callosum

89
Q

a spinal nerve is made up of what

A

both sensory and motor fibers

90
Q

myelination in the PNS is the job of

A

Schwann Cells

91
Q

involved with sleep and melatonin

A

pineal gland

92
Q

what is called by lack of oxygen at birth

A

Cerebral Palsy

93
Q

Cerebral Palsy prognosis

A

stays the same (does not get worse nor better)

94
Q

impulse conduction os fastest in neurons that are

A

myelinated

95
Q

nervous system subdivision the is composed of the cranial and spinal nerves and ganglia

A

PNS

96
Q

dentist deadens this nerve with Novocain

A

trigeminal

97
Q

regulates body temp, thirst, hunger

A

hypothalamus

Anatomy & Physiology (19 decks)

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