Chapter 1 Test Flashcards
Integumentary System structures (6)
epidermis, dermis, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands, sweat glands, hair
Integumentary System function (6)
-external covering (protection)
-waterproofs body
-secretes salt and urea
-regulates body temperature
-receptors located here:
~pain
~temperature
~pressure
-synthesizes vitamin D
Skeletal System structures (4)
bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints
Skeletal System function (4)
- protection and support
- framework for muscles
- stores minerals
- blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
Muscular System structures (2)
muscles, tendons
Muscular System function (4)
- locomotion (internal, external)
- maintains posture
- produces heat
- facial expression
Nervous System structures (3)
brains, spinal cord, nerves
Nervous System function (4)
control system of body
- receives stimuli
- interprets stimuli
- responds to internal and external changes by activating muscles and glands
Endocrine System structures (10)
pituary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenals, pancreas, liver, pineal, ovaries, testes
Endocrine System functions (2)
- secrete hormones
- controls body activities (growth, reproduction, metabolism)
Cardiovascular System structures (4)
heart, arteries, veins, capillaries
Cardiovascular System functions (2)
- pumps blood
- transports substances: oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, waste
Lymphatic System structures (4)
lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer’s Patches, tonsils
Lymphatic System functions (3)
- picks up leaked fluid from blood vessels and returns it to blood
- gets rid of debris
- house white blood cells
Respiratory System structures (7)
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
Respiratory System functions (2)
- supplies blood with oxygen
- rids body of carbon dioxide
Digestive System structures (7)
oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
Digestive System functions (4)
- break down food
- absorbs nutrients
- removes water
- excretes waste
Urinary System structures (4)
kidneys, ureters, bladder, uretha
Urinary System functions (4)
- gets rid of liquid (nitrogenous) waste
- regulates water balance
- regulates electrolytes
- maintains acid-base (pH) of blood (7.4)
Reproductive System structures (9)
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, testes, vas deferns, epididymus, penis
Reproductive System function
produce offspring
anatomy
the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationship to one another
physiology
is the study of how the body and its parts work or function
what does the human body do?
- maintains boundaries
• moves
• responds to environmental changes - takes in and digests nutrients
• carries out metabolism
• disposes wastes (Excretion)
• reproduce
• grow
what are our survival needs?
• nutrients
• water
• oxygen
• body temperature
• atmospheric pressure
homeostasis
homeo = same
stasis = standing still
-Ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside word is changing
-internal conditions change and vary, but within narrow limits
two types of mechanisms of homeostasis
- negative feedback mechanism
- positive feedback mechanism
Negative Feedback Mechanism
net effect of response is to shut off the original stimulus or reduce the intensity
Ex. body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, blood levels of glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide,
minerals
(homeostatic imbalance causes illness, disease or death)
Positive Feedback Mechanism
net effect increases the original stimulus andpushes the variable
farther from the original value
Ex. blood clotting, labor
anatomical position
-body is erect with feet parallel and arms hanging down by sides with palms facing forward
superior
- directional term
- ⬆️
- toward the head end or upper part of a structure of the body, above
inferior
- directional term
- ⬇️
- away from the head end of upper part of a structure or the body, below
anterior
- directional term
- ⬅️
- toward the front of the body, in front of
posterior
- directional term
- ➡️
- toward time at the backside of the body, behind
Medial
➡️l⬅️
- directional term
- toward if at the middle of the body, in the inner side of
lateral
⬅️l➡️
- directional term
- away from. the midline if the body, in the outer side of
intermediate
⬅l️➡️⬅️l➡️
- directional term
- between a more medial and a more lateral structure
proximal
- close to the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk or close to origin of the body part
- directional term
distal
- farther from the origin of the body or away from trunk on a limb
- directional term
deep
- towards the inside of the body
- directional term
superficial
- towards the outside of the body from inside
- directional term
metabolism
-a broad term that refers to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells
abdominal
anterior body trunk inferior to ribs
acromial
point of shoulder
antecubital
anterior surface of elbow
auxiliary
armpit
branchial
arm
buccal
cheek area
carpal
wrist
cervical
neck region
coxal
hip
crural
leg
digital
toes, fingers
femoral
thighs
fibular
lateral part of leg
inguinal
groin, area where thigh meets body trunk
nasal
nose area
oral
mouth
orbital
eye area
patellar
anterior knee
pelvic
area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
pubic
genital region
sternal
breastbone area
tarsal
ankle region
thoracic
chest
umbilical
navel
cephalic
head
deltoid
curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle
gluteal
buttock
lumbar
area of back between ribs and hips
occipital
posterior surface of head
popliteal
posterior knee area
sacral
area between hips
scapular
shoulder blade region
sural
the posterior surface of lower leg; calf
vertebral
area of spine
first level of structure in the body
chemicals
second structure of the body/first living structure of the body
cells
third level of the body/second living structure of the body
tissue
fourth structure of the body/third living structure of the body
organs
fifth level of the body/fourth living level of the body
organ systems
highest structure of the body
organism
chemical level
the simplest level of the structural ladder
(contains atoms [tiny building blocks of matter], molecules [combined atoms], cells [the smallest units if all living things])
tissue level
-second level of the structural ladder
(contains tissues [consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function {epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue}])
organ level
-third level of the structural ladder where complex functions become possible
(organ[a structure composed of two or more tissue types, that performs a specific function for the body], organ system[a group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purpose])
organismal level
-the highest level of structural organization
organism[11 organ systems make up the living body]
section
cut
plane
imaginary line
Sagittarius section
a cut made along the lengthwise, longitudinal, plane of the body (dividing into right and left parts)
midsagittal (median) section
if the cut is made down the median plane of the body and the right and left parts are equal in size
frontal section
a cut made along a lengthwise plane that divides the body (or an organ) into anterior and posterior parts) also called a corneal section
transverse section
a cut along different planes often results in very different views
dorsal body cavity
two subdivisions which are continuous with each other (cranial cavity and spinal cavity)
cranial cavity
the space inside the bony skull
spinal cavity
extends from the cranial cavity nearly to the end of the vertebral column, space where spinal cord is located
ventral body cavity
much larger than the dorsal and contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen (thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity)
thoracic cavity
separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by a dome shaped muscle (diaphragm)
abdominopelvic cavity
cavity inferior to the diaphragm
two subdivisions=abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
abdominal cavity
containing the stomach, liver, intestines, and other organs
umbilical region
center most region deep to and surrounding the
epicanthic region
superior to the umbilical region
hypogastric (pubic) region
inferior to the umbilical region
right and left iliac (inguinal regions)
lateral to the hypogastric region
right and left lumber regions
lie lateral to the umbilical region
right and left hypochondriac regions
flank the epigastric region and contain the lower ribs
pelvic cavity
contains reproductive organs, bladder, rectum
diaphragm
muscle that divides the central cavity, located between the thoracic and abdominalpelvic cavities
olecranal
posterior of the elbow
