Chapter 4 Test Flashcards
know the function of the integumentary system
-protects deeper tissues from:
~mechanical damage (bumps)
~chemical damage (acids and bases)
~bacterial damage
~ultraviolet radiation (damaging effects of sunlight)
~thermal (heat or cold) damage
~desiccation (drying out)
~aids body in heat loss or heat retention (controlled by nervous system)
~aids in excretion of urea and uric acid
~synthesizes vitamin D
stratum corneum
epidermis layer
- outermost layer (farthest from dermis)
- 20-30 layers thick
- shed skin every 25-45 days
stratum lucidum
epidermis layer
- clear layer
- found in soles of feet and palms of hand
- fourth closest to dermis
stratum granulosum
epidermis layer
- granular layer
- keritinization happens here
- waterproofs cells
- third closest to dermis
stratum spinosum
epidermis layer
- spiny layer
- irregular shaped cells
- RNA (proteins) present
- second closest to dermis
stratum basale
epidermis layer
- aka stratum germinative
- receives nourishment
- melanocytes found here
- dividing layer
- closest to dermis
papillary layer
dermis layer
- upper dermal region
- dermal papillae: make ridges for fingerprints
- contains capillaries for nutrients
- house pain receptors
- made of dense fibrous connective tissue
reticular layer
dermis layer
- deepest dermis layer
- makes up 80% of dermis
- made of collagen fibers
- contains blood vessels for nutrients, temp regulation
- sweat and oil glands here
- nerves located here
- pressure receptors (Pacinian corpuscles)
- phagocytes here (kill bacteria)
sebaceous glands
-oil glands
-all over skin except palms and soles of feet
-ducts empty into hair follicles, some to surface
-sebum (oily substance and fragmented cells) lubricant
~has chemicals that kill bacteria
-becomes active during puberty
-forms white heads and blackheads and acne
-causes seborrhea in infant
eccrine sweat glands
- produces sweat
- pH: 4-6
- inhabits bacterial growth
- pores
- regulates body temp
apocrine sweat glands
- associated with axillary and genital areas
- larger than eccrine glands
- ducts empty into hair follicles
- secrete fatty acids and proteins, water, salts, etc… (odorless)
- milky to yellowish color
- bacteria on skin use secretions for nutrients
- begin functioning at puberty due to androgens
whitehead
pimple
-blocked sebaceous glad
blackhead
whitehead that has oxidized
acne
infection of sebaceous glands
seborrhea
“cradle cap” (infants)
how does the skin regulate body temperature
recreates sweat out of the eccrine sweat gland if the body temperature is too high and when the body temperature is too cold arrestor pili forms goosebumps and traps a thin layer of air close to the body
skin colors
- melanin
- carotene
- hemoglobin
- cyanosis
- jaundice
- pallor
- bronzing
- erythema
melanin
brownish pigment that effects the epidermis
carotene
orange pigment form foods like carrots and sweet potatoes. in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue
hemoglobin
pink color when certain emotions like embarrassment is expressed and in the heat
cyanosis
lack of oxygen to skin and turns it blue
jaundice
yellow color to skin that indicates a liver problem (bilirubin pigments released by liver and colors the skin, normally gets broken down but when it does no the skin shows up yellow)
pallor
pale or white because of lack of blood (hemoglobin). causes can be anemia, scared, and before passing out
bronzing
metallic sheen
cause may be from hypo function of adrenal cortex
erythema
redness due to emotional stimuli, fever, allergies
what is in sebum
oily substance with fragmented cells
what is in sweat
mix of water, salts, bit C, metabolic wastes, urea, ammonia, lactic acid)
what is keratin
a tough, insoluble protein
what does keratin do for the body
found in tissues such as hair, nails, and epidermis of the skin8
first degree burns
- injury to epidermis only
- red and swollen
- not serious, heal in 2-3 days
- ex: mild sunburn
- partial thickness burn
second degree burn
- injury to epidermis and upper region of dermis
- red and painful
- blisters appear (separation of epidermis from dermis)
- regeneration of tissue, no scars if not infected
- partial thickness burn
third degree burn
- entire thickness of skin burned
- full thickness burn-can be down to bone
- appears gray/white or black
- nerve endings destroyed-not painful initially
- no regeneration, need skin grafting
what tissue makes up the stratum corneum
stratified squamous
rule of nines
-determines the volume of fluid lost by finding the percent of the body that is burned ~head and neck 9% ~upper limbs 18% ~trunk 36% ~Perineum 1% ~lower limbs 36%
cutaneous membrane
- skin
- epithelial membrane with connective tissue underneath
- keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium
- underlying dermis=dense fibrous connective tissue
- dry membrane
mucous membranes (mucosa)
-epithelium on loose connective tissue called lamina propia
-lines all body cavities open to exterior respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
-wet membranes
-adapted for absorption and secretion
-cell make-up varies
~stratified squamous in mouth and esophagus
~simple columnar in digestive tract
serous membranes (serosa)
-simple squamous epithelium on areolar tissue
-line body cavities closed to exterior
-occur in pairs
~parietal=lines wall of ventral cavity
~visceral=covers outside of organs between layers of serous fluid (secreted by the membranes to prevent friction)
-name depends on location
~peritoneum: abdominal cavity
~pleura: lungs
~pericardium: heart
basal cell carcinoma
- least malignant
- most common
- stratum basal cells can’t form keratin
- cells don’t stay in boundary (epidermis/dermis)
- invades dermis/hypodermis
- most common on the face
- shiny dome-shaped nodules
- slow growing
- 99% recovery
squamous cell carcinoma
-stratum basale also, but cells not in direct contact with basement membrane; stratum spinosum
-sun induced
grow rapidly and metastasis to lymph nodes
-found on scalp, ears, dorm of hands, lower lips
-forms scaly, papule (small rounded elevation) lesions
-forms shallow ulcer with firm raised border
-complete cure possible if found early
-radiation therapy
malignant melanoma
worst
- cancer of melanocytes
- 5% of skin cancers
- deadly: mestasizes rapidly-need early detection
- 50% survival rate if caught early
- spreading brown-to-black patches
- happen wherever pigment ex moles
- treatment: surgical removal, chemotherapy
ABCDE rule
A:asymmetry (two sides of spot or mole do not match)
B:border irregularity (borders not smooth, have indentations)
C:color (different colors, blacks, browns, tans, blues, reds, all in the same mole and colors change over time)
D:diameter (larger than 6mm/pencil eraser)
E:evolution (changes over time)
arrector pili
connects each side of the hair follicle to the dermal tissue
cell layer that produces hair
epidermal sheath
what is hair made out of
medulla, cortex, cuticle,
boils and carbuncles (staphylococcus aureus)
- boils: inflammation of hair follicles and sebaceous glands
- carbuncles=many boils together
how would a thief get rid of finger prints?
by covering them up with gloves or cutting of the papillary layer of the dermis
what causes body odor
when sweat from our sweat glands (odorless) combines with bacteria on our skin it gets an odor
