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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 4 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Test Flashcards

1
Q

know the function of the integumentary system

A

-protects deeper tissues from:
~mechanical damage (bumps)
~chemical damage (acids and bases)
~bacterial damage
~ultraviolet radiation (damaging effects of sunlight)
~thermal (heat or cold) damage
~desiccation (drying out)
~aids body in heat loss or heat retention (controlled by nervous system)
~aids in excretion of urea and uric acid
~synthesizes vitamin D

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2
Q

stratum corneum

A

epidermis layer

  • outermost layer (farthest from dermis)
  • 20-30 layers thick
  • shed skin every 25-45 days
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3
Q

stratum lucidum

A

epidermis layer

  • clear layer
  • found in soles of feet and palms of hand
  • fourth closest to dermis
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4
Q

stratum granulosum

A

epidermis layer

  • granular layer
  • keritinization happens here
  • waterproofs cells
  • third closest to dermis
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5
Q

stratum spinosum

A

epidermis layer

  • spiny layer
  • irregular shaped cells
  • RNA (proteins) present
  • second closest to dermis
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6
Q

stratum basale

A

epidermis layer

  • aka stratum germinative
  • receives nourishment
  • melanocytes found here
  • dividing layer
  • closest to dermis
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7
Q

papillary layer

A

dermis layer

  • upper dermal region
  • dermal papillae: make ridges for fingerprints
  • contains capillaries for nutrients
  • house pain receptors
  • made of dense fibrous connective tissue
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8
Q

reticular layer

A

dermis layer

  • deepest dermis layer
  • makes up 80% of dermis
  • made of collagen fibers
  • contains blood vessels for nutrients, temp regulation
  • sweat and oil glands here
  • nerves located here
  • pressure receptors (Pacinian corpuscles)
  • phagocytes here (kill bacteria)
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9
Q

sebaceous glands

A

-oil glands
-all over skin except palms and soles of feet
-ducts empty into hair follicles, some to surface
-sebum (oily substance and fragmented cells) lubricant
~has chemicals that kill bacteria
-becomes active during puberty
-forms white heads and blackheads and acne
-causes seborrhea in infant

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10
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A
  • produces sweat
  • pH: 4-6
  • inhabits bacterial growth
  • pores
  • regulates body temp
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11
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A
  • associated with axillary and genital areas
  • larger than eccrine glands
  • ducts empty into hair follicles
  • secrete fatty acids and proteins, water, salts, etc… (odorless)
  • milky to yellowish color
  • bacteria on skin use secretions for nutrients
  • begin functioning at puberty due to androgens
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12
Q

whitehead

A

pimple

-blocked sebaceous glad

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13
Q

blackhead

A

whitehead that has oxidized

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14
Q

acne

A

infection of sebaceous glands

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15
Q

seborrhea

A

“cradle cap” (infants)

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16
Q

how does the skin regulate body temperature

A

recreates sweat out of the eccrine sweat gland if the body temperature is too high and when the body temperature is too cold arrestor pili forms goosebumps and traps a thin layer of air close to the body

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17
Q

skin colors

A
  • melanin
  • carotene
  • hemoglobin
  • cyanosis
  • jaundice
  • pallor
  • bronzing
  • erythema
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18
Q

melanin

A

brownish pigment that effects the epidermis

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19
Q

carotene

A

orange pigment form foods like carrots and sweet potatoes. in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue

20
Q

hemoglobin

A

pink color when certain emotions like embarrassment is expressed and in the heat

21
Q

cyanosis

A

lack of oxygen to skin and turns it blue

22
Q

jaundice

A

yellow color to skin that indicates a liver problem (bilirubin pigments released by liver and colors the skin, normally gets broken down but when it does no the skin shows up yellow)

23
Q

pallor

A

pale or white because of lack of blood (hemoglobin). causes can be anemia, scared, and before passing out

24
Q

bronzing

A

metallic sheen

cause may be from hypo function of adrenal cortex

25
Q

erythema

A

redness due to emotional stimuli, fever, allergies

26
Q

what is in sebum

A

oily substance with fragmented cells

27
Q

what is in sweat

A

mix of water, salts, bit C, metabolic wastes, urea, ammonia, lactic acid)

28
Q

what is keratin

A

a tough, insoluble protein

29
Q

what does keratin do for the body

A

found in tissues such as hair, nails, and epidermis of the skin8

30
Q

first degree burns

A
  • injury to epidermis only
  • red and swollen
  • not serious, heal in 2-3 days
  • ex: mild sunburn
  • partial thickness burn
31
Q

second degree burn

A
  • injury to epidermis and upper region of dermis
  • red and painful
  • blisters appear (separation of epidermis from dermis)
  • regeneration of tissue, no scars if not infected
  • partial thickness burn
32
Q

third degree burn

A
  • entire thickness of skin burned
  • full thickness burn-can be down to bone
  • appears gray/white or black
  • nerve endings destroyed-not painful initially
  • no regeneration, need skin grafting
33
Q

what tissue makes up the stratum corneum

A

stratified squamous

34
Q

rule of nines

A 
-determines the volume of fluid lost by finding the percent of the body that is burned
  ~head and neck 9%
  ~upper limbs 18%
  ~trunk 36%
  ~Perineum 1%
  ~lower limbs 36%
35
Q

cutaneous membrane

A
  • skin
  • epithelial membrane with connective tissue underneath
  • keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium
  • underlying dermis=dense fibrous connective tissue
  • dry membrane
36
Q

mucous membranes (mucosa)

A

-epithelium on loose connective tissue called lamina propia
-lines all body cavities open to exterior respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
-wet membranes
-adapted for absorption and secretion
-cell make-up varies
~stratified squamous in mouth and esophagus
~simple columnar in digestive tract

37
Q

serous membranes (serosa)

A

-simple squamous epithelium on areolar tissue
-line body cavities closed to exterior
-occur in pairs
~parietal=lines wall of ventral cavity
~visceral=covers outside of organs between layers of serous fluid (secreted by the membranes to prevent friction)
-name depends on location
~peritoneum: abdominal cavity
~pleura: lungs
~pericardium: heart

38
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A
  • least malignant
  • most common
  • stratum basal cells can’t form keratin
  • cells don’t stay in boundary (epidermis/dermis)
  • invades dermis/hypodermis
  • most common on the face
  • shiny dome-shaped nodules
  • slow growing
  • 99% recovery
39
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

-stratum basale also, but cells not in direct contact with basement membrane; stratum spinosum
-sun induced
grow rapidly and metastasis to lymph nodes
-found on scalp, ears, dorm of hands, lower lips
-forms scaly, papule (small rounded elevation) lesions
-forms shallow ulcer with firm raised border
-complete cure possible if found early
-radiation therapy

40
Q

malignant melanoma

A

worst

  • cancer of melanocytes
  • 5% of skin cancers
  • deadly: mestasizes rapidly-need early detection
  • 50% survival rate if caught early
  • spreading brown-to-black patches
  • happen wherever pigment ex moles
  • treatment: surgical removal, chemotherapy
41
Q

ABCDE rule

A

A:asymmetry (two sides of spot or mole do not match)
B:border irregularity (borders not smooth, have indentations)
C:color (different colors, blacks, browns, tans, blues, reds, all in the same mole and colors change over time)
D:diameter (larger than 6mm/pencil eraser)
E:evolution (changes over time)

42
Q

arrector pili

A

connects each side of the hair follicle to the dermal tissue

43
Q

cell layer that produces hair

A

epidermal sheath

44
Q

what is hair made out of

A

medulla, cortex, cuticle,

45
Q

boils and carbuncles (staphylococcus aureus)

A
  • boils: inflammation of hair follicles and sebaceous glands

- carbuncles=many boils together

46
Q

how would a thief get rid of finger prints?

A

by covering them up with gloves or cutting of the papillary layer of the dermis

47
Q

what causes body odor

A

when sweat from our sweat glands (odorless) combines with bacteria on our skin it gets an odor

Anatomy & Physiology (19 decks)

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