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Anatomy & Physiology > Midterm!!!!!! > Flashcards

Midterm!!!!!! Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

the study of structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationships to one another

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2
Q

physiology

A

the study of how the body and its parts work or function

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3
Q

structural levels of organization in order

A

1) chemical level
2) cellular level
3) tissue level
4) organ level
5) organ system level
6) organism level

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4
Q

what is the chemical level

A

where atoms combine to form molecules such as water, sugar, and proteins

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5
Q

what is the cellular level

A

where the cells are made up of molecules. it is the smallest unit of living things.

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6
Q

what is the tissue level

A

where the tissues consist of similar types of cells

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7
Q

what is the organ level

A

where organs are made up of different types of tissues

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8
Q

what is the organ system level

A

where organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely

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9
Q

what is the organism level

A

where human organisms are made up of many organ systems

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10
Q

integumentary system overview

A
  • the external covering of the body, or the skin
  • waterproofs the body and cushions and protects deeper tissues from injury
  • excretes salt and urea to help regulate temperature
  • made up of skin, sweat/oil glands, hairs, and nails
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11
Q

skeletal system overview

A
  • consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints
  • supports the body and provides framework that the skeletal muscles use to cause movement
  • has a protective function
  • storehouse for minerals
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12
Q

hematopoiesis

A

formation of blood cells

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13
Q

muscular system overview

A
  • they have only one function and it is to contract (or shorten) when this happens movement occurs
  • made up of skeletal muscles
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14
Q

nervous system overview

A
  • body’s fast-acting control system
  • consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors
  • body must be able to respond to stimuli outside and inside of the body
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15
Q

endocrine system overview

A
  • controls the bodies activities
  • produces chemical molecules called hormones and release them into the blood
  • includes the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries (in F) and testes (in M)
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16
Q

cardiovascular system overview

A
  • consists of heart and blood vessels
  • using blood as the transporting fluid it carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from the tissue cells where exchanges are made
  • heart pumps blood throughout the body
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17
Q

lymphatic system overview

A
  • includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs such as the spleen and tonsils
  • vessels return fluid leaked from the blood to the blood vessels so that blood can be kept continuously circulating throughout the body
  • help to cleanse the body and house the cells involved in immunity
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18
Q

respiratory system overview

A
  • to keep the body supplied with oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide
  • consists of nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
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19
Q

digestive system overview

A
  • a tube that runs through the body from mouth to anus
  • includes the oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum
  • role is to break down food for dispersal to the body cells
  • after the small intestine the role is to reclaim water
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20
Q

urinary system overview

A
  • removes the nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine
  • composed of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
  • maintaining the bodies water and salt balance
  • regulates the acid-base balance of the blood
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21
Q

what are the functional unit of life

A

cells

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22
Q

reproductive system overview

A
  • exists to produce offspring
  • sperm produces by the testes of the male
  • other male structures: scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and the duct system
  • ovary in the female produces eggs
  • other female structures: uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina (uterus provides site of development for fetus)
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23
Q

homeostasis

A

-describes the body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing

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24
Q

negative feedback

A

neteffectofresponseistoshutofftheoriginalstimulusor reducetheintensity
Ex: bodytemp,heartrate,bloodpressure,breathingrate,
bloodlevelsofglucose,oxygen,carbondioxide,
minerals
-effects all of the organ systems

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25
Q

positive feeback

A

neteffectincreasestheoriginalstimulusandpushesthe variable fartherfromtheoriginalvalue
Ex.bloodclotting,labor
-effects all of the organ systems

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26
Q

positive/negative feedback order of elements pathway (pg 10)

A

step 1: stimulus: produces change in variable
step 2: change detected by receptor
step 3: input: information sent along afferent pathway to
step 4: output: information sent along efferent pathway to activate
step 5: response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis

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27
Q

homeostaticimbalance

A

causesillness,diseaseordeath

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28
Q

anatomical position

A

bodyiserectwithfeetparallelandarms

hangingdownbysideswithpalmsfacingforward

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29
Q

superior (directional term)

A

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

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30
Q

Inferior (directional term)

A

away from the head end or lower part of a structure or the body; below

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31
Q

anterior (directional term)

A

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

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32
Q

posterior (directional term)

A

toward or at the backside of the body; behind

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33
Q

medial (directional term)

A

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

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34
Q

lateral (directional term)

A

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

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35
Q

intermediate (directional term)

A

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

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36
Q

proximal (directional term)

A

close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

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37
Q

distal (directional term)

A

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

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38
Q

superficial (directional term)

A

toward or at the body surface

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39
Q

deep (directional term)

A

away from the body surface; more internal

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40
Q

directional terms

A

used by medical personal and anatomists allow them to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another

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41
Q

abdominal (body region)

A
  • anterior body trunk

- inferior to ribs

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42
Q

acromial (body region)

A
  • point of should

- anterior

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43
Q

antecubital (body region)

A

-anterior surface of elbow

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44
Q

axillary (body region)

A
  • anterior

- armpit

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45
Q

brachial (body region)

A
  • arm

- anterior

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46
Q

buccal (body region)

A
  • cheek area

- anterior

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47
Q

carpal (body region)

A
  • wrist

- anterior

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48
Q

cervical (body region)

A
  • neck region

- anterior

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49
Q

coxal (body region)

A
  • hip

- anterior

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50
Q

crural (body region)

A
  • leg

- anterior

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51
Q

digital (body region)

A
  • fingers, toes

- anterior

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52
Q

femoral (body region)

A
  • thigh

- anterior

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53
Q

fibular (body region)

A
  • lateral part of the leg

- anterior

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54
Q

inguinal (body region)

A
  • area where thigh meets body truck; groin

- anterior

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55
Q

nasal (body region)

A
  • nose area

- anterior

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56
Q

oral (body region)

A
  • mouth

- anterior

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57
Q

orbital (body region)

A
  • eye area

- anterior

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58
Q

patellar (body region)

A
  • anterior knee

- anterior

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59
Q

pelvic (body region)

A
  • area overlying the pelvis anteriorly

- anterior

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60
Q

pubic (body region)

A
  • genital region

- anterior

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61
Q

sternal (body region)

A
  • breastbone are

- anterior

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62
Q

tarsal (body region)

A
  • ankle region

- anterior

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63
Q

thoracic (body region)

A
  • chest

- anterior

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64
Q

umbilical (body region)

A
  • navel

- anterior

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65
Q

cephalic (body region)

A
  • head

- posterior

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66
Q

deltoid (body region)

A
  • curve of the shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle

- posterior

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67
Q

gluteal (body region)

A
  • buttock

- posterior

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68
Q

lumbar (body region)

A
  • area of back between ribs and hips

- posterior

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69
Q

occipital (body region)

A
  • posterior surface of head

- posterior

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70
Q

popliteal (body region)

A
  • posterior knee area

- posterior

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71
Q

sacral (body region)

A
  • area between hips

- posterior

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72
Q

scapular (body region)

A
  • shoulder blade region

- posterior

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73
Q

sural (body region)

A
  • area between hips

- posterior

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74
Q

vertebral (body region)

A
  • area of spine

- posterior

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75
Q

section

A

cut

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76
Q

plane

A

when the section is made through the body wall or through an organ with an imaginary line

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77
Q

sagittal section

A

a cut made along the lengthwise, or longitudial, plane of the body, dividing the body into right and left parts

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78
Q

midsagittal (median) section

A

a cut fown the median plane of the body and the right and left parts are equal in size

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79
Q

frontal (coronal) section

A

a cut made along a lengthwise plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior parts

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80
Q

transverse (cross) section

A

a cut made along a horizontal plane, dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts

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81
Q

dorsal body cavity (body cavity)

A

two subdivisions

  • cranial cavity: space inside the bony skull
  • spinal cavity: extends from the cranial cavity nearly to the end of the vertebral column
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82
Q

ventral body cavity (body cavity)

A

-contains all structures within the chest and abdomen
-subdivided:
~thoracic cavity
~diaphragm
~abdominopelvic cavity
-abdominal cavity
-pelvic cavity

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83
Q

thoracic cavity (body cavity)

A
  • separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by the diaphragm
  • contains the lungs, heart, and other organs protected by the rib cage
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84
Q

abdominopelvic cavity (body cavity)

A

subdivided into two:

  • abdominal cavity (superior)
  • pelvic cavity (inferior)
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85
Q

abdominal cavity (body cavity)

A

-contains the stomach, liver, intestines and other organs

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86
Q

pelvic cavity (body cavity)

A

-reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum

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87
Q

umbilical region (abdominal region)

A

-centermost region, deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel)

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88
Q

epigastric region (abdominal region)

A

-located superior to the umbilical region

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89
Q

hypogastric (pubic) region (abdominal region)

A

-inferior to the umbilical region

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90
Q

right and left iliac regions (abdominal region)

A

-lateral to the hypogastric region

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91
Q

right and left lumber regions (abdominal region)

A

-lie lateral to the umbilical region

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92
Q

right and left hypochondriac regions (abdominal region)

A

-flank the epigastric region and contain the lower ribs

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93
Q

what elements is the body mostly made of

A
  • Oxygen (O): 65.0%
  • Carbon (C): 18.5%
  • Hydrogen (H): 9.5%
  • Nitrogen (N): 3.2%
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94
Q

role of calcium in the body

A
  • found as a salt in bones and teeth

- an ionic form required for muscle contraction, neural transmission, stregthen bones, and blood clotting

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95
Q

protons

A
  • positive charge

- found in nucleus

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96
Q

neutron

A
  • neutral charge

- found in nucleas

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97
Q

electron

A
  • neutral charge

- found in orbitals outside nucleus

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98
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A
  • gives off magnetic field and radio waves to make a detailed image of organs/tissues
  • magnets force protons to align in the field, radio frequency is pulsed
  • used to find problems such as tumors, bleeding, etc… and can look at bones and joints, blood vessels, abdomen and pelvis, head, chest, etc…
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99
Q

X-Ray

A
  • form of electromagnetic radiation
  • travels throughout the body and is absorbed in different amounts in different tissues
  • used when there is pain in an area of the body
  • specifically for broken bones or sprains
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100
Q

Positron Emission Tomography Scan (PET Scan)

A

-injects patient with small amounts of radioactive substance, organs/tissues that pick it up need high amounts of energy (specifically tumors) and the 3D picture is formed

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101
Q

Ultrasonography

A
  • small probe creates waves and can show direction of blood flow, sounds information on a baby in the uterus, etc…
  • used for pain (swelling of organs), during surgeries, or for pregnancies
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102
Q

Computerized Tomography Scan (CT Scan)

A
  • moves in a spiralized fashion and takes pictures while the patient is lying down
  • look for things in the body that should not be there like tumors, to guide surgery, biopsy and radiation therapy, can detect cancer, etc…
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103
Q

Fluoroscopy

A
  • person lies down and can get pictures with or without contrast
  • multiple pictures taken in multiple places
  • used for blood, lumbar puncture, digestive system, etc…
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104
Q

what is the plasma membrane

A

-a fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment

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105
Q

what does the plasma membrane do

A
  • defines the limits of the cell

- controls what goes in and out of the cell

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106
Q

what is the plasma membrane made up of

A
  • consists of two lipid (fat) layers arranged “tail to tail” in which protein molecules float
  • lipid portion are phospholipids
  • polar heads of the phospholipids are hydrophilic (“water loving”) while the tails are hydrophobic
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107
Q

active transport

A

-the cell provides the metabolic energy (ATP) that drives the transport process

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108
Q

passive transport

A

substances are transported across the membrane without any energy input from the cell

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109
Q

diffusion

A

-the process by which molecules and ions tend to scatter themselves throughout the available space (passive transport)

110
Q

osmosis

A

-diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane such as the plasma membrane (passive transport)

111
Q

filtration

A

-the process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid (hydrostatic) pressure (passive transport)

112
Q

solute pumping

A

-requires protein carriers that combine reversibly with the substances to be transported across the membrane and ATP is used to energize its protein carriers called solute pumps (active transport)

113
Q

exocytosis

A

-moves substances out of cells by packaging it in a vesicle(active transport)

114
Q

endocytosis

A

-it takes up or engulfs extracellular substances by enclosing them into a small membranous vesicle (active transport)

115
Q

phagocytosis

A

-a term that means “cell eating”. Certain white blood cells and other “professional” phagocytes of the body act as scavenger cells that police and protect the body by ingesting bacteria and other foreign debris as well as dead body cells

116
Q

pinocytosis

A

-a term that means “cell drinking”. The plasma membrane invaginates to form a tiny pit and then its edges fuse around the droplet of fluid

117
Q

four types of tissues

A
  • epithelial tissue
  • connective tissue
  • muscle tissue
  • nervous tissue
118
Q

examples of epithelial tissue

A
  • forms various glands in the body
  • covering and lining all free body surfaces
  • forms outer layer of the skin
  • lines respiratory tract
  • lines some digestive organs (stomach and small intestine)
  • in the kidneys
119
Q

function of epithelial tissue

A
  • protection
  • absorption
  • filtration
  • secretion
120
Q

classification of epithelial tissue

A

two ways:
-first by the relative number of cell layers it has
~simple epithelium (one layer of cells)
~stratified epithelium (more than one cell layer)
-second describes the shape of the cells
~squamous cells (flattened)
~cuboidal (cube-shaped)
~columnar (column-shaped)

121
Q

special characteristics of epithelial tissue

A
  • cells fit closely together to form continuous sheets
  • has an apical surface (the membrane always has one free surface or edge)
  • has a basement membrane (a structureless material sereted by the cells)
  • have no blood supply of their own (avascular)
  • if well nourished they can regenerate easily
122
Q

epithelial tissue

A

the lining, covering, and glandular tissue of the body

123
Q

connective tissue

A

connects body parts

124
Q

examples of connective tissue

A
  • bone
  • cartilage
  • dense connective tissue
  • loose connective tissue
  • blood
125
Q

function of connective tissue

A

connects body parts

126
Q

characteristics of connective tissue

A
  • variations in blood supply

- extracellular matrix

127
Q

muscle tissues

A

-highly specialized to contract, or shorten, to produce movement

128
Q

examples of muscle tissue (3)

A
  • smooth muscle
  • skeletal muscle
  • cardiac muscle
129
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A
  • attached to the skeleton
  • voluntarily controlled
  • striated
  • multinuceate
130
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A
  • found only in the heart
  • it contracts=helping to pump blood
  • striated
  • uninucleate
  • fit together with intercalated disks
  • involuntarily controlled
131
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A
  • no striations
  • single nucleus
  • spindle shaped (pointed at both ends)
  • involuntary
  • found in digestive system, bladder, uterus, and blood vessels
132
Q

function of muscle tissue

A

to contract and shorten to produce involuntary and voluntary movement

133
Q

nervous tissue

A

neurons and supporting cells form the brain, spinal cord and nerves

134
Q

examples of nervous tissue

A

neurons, supporting cells

135
Q

function of nervous tissue

A
  • to receive and conduct electrochemical impulses from one part of the body to another
  • tissue repair
136
Q

characteristics of the nervous tissue`

A
  • irritability

- conductivity

137
Q

main structure of epithelium tissue

A
  • basement membrane and apical surface

- lies over connective tissue

138
Q

main structure of connective tissue

A

-extracellular matrix

139
Q

main structure of nervous tissue

A

-unique shape
-cytoplasm is drawn out into long extensions
~allowing a single neuron to conduct an impulse over long distances in the body

140
Q

main structure of skeletal muscle tissue

A
  • connect to bones

- long, cylindrical, with striations

141
Q

main structure of cardiac muscle tissue

A

-striated branching cells that fit together with intercalated disks

142
Q

main structure of smooth muscle

A
  • no striations

- spindle shaped (pointed at each end)

143
Q

where is epithelial tissue found

A
  • forming various glands in the body
  • outer layer of skin
  • lines respiratory tract
  • lines some digestive system organs
  • in the kidneys
144
Q

where is connective tissue found

A
  • found everywhere in the body

- most abundant/widely distributed

145
Q

where is muscle tissue found

A
  • attached to the skeleton (skeletal)
  • in the heart (skeleton)
  • in the walls of hollow organs (smooth)
146
Q

what tissue lines the oral cavity?

A

smooth muscle

147
Q

endocrine gland

A
  • one of the major glands developed from epithelial sheets
  • lose their connection to the surface (duct); thus they are ca ductless glands.
  • secretions diffuse directly into blood vessels that weave through the glands
  • ex: thyroid, adrenals and pituitary gland
148
Q

exocrine glands

A
  • retain their ducts
  • secretions empty through the ducts to the epithelial surface
  • ex: sweat and oil glands, liver, and pancreas
149
Q

what type of membrane is the skin

A

-epithelial cutaneous membrane

150
Q

what does keratin do for the skin

A

it hardens and toughens the skin

151
Q

what type of tissue is the skin made out of

A
  • epidermis=epithelial tissue
  • dermis=dense connective tissue
  • hypodermis= adipose tissue
152
Q

layers of the epidermis

A 
-top: stratum corneum
         stratum lucidum
         stratum granulosum
         stratum spinosum
-bottom: stratum basale
153
Q

why do we tan? what is the purpose of it?

A

we tan because the melanin in the skin is produce more when in the sun causing the skin to turn darker trying to protect your skin from the sun

154
Q

how do nutrients get to the surface of the skin

A

-they are diffused from the dermis

155
Q

what type of tissue is the epithelium

A

stratified squamous epithelium

156
Q

what type of tissue of the hypodermis made of

A

adipose tissue

157
Q

is the epidermis avascular or vascular

A

avascular (no blood supply)

158
Q

is the dermis avascular or vascular

A

vascular (has blood supply)

159
Q

what is acne

A

an active infection of the sebaceous glands on the skin

160
Q

eccrine glands

A
  • produce sweat

- important and highly efficient part of the body’s heat-regulating equipment

161
Q

apocrine glands

A
  • confined to the axillary and genital areas
  • ducts empty into hair follicles
  • secretion contains fatty aids and proteins
  • precise function is not yet known
162
Q

sebaceous glands

A
  • oil glands

- normally dump into hair follicles but some open directly onto the skin

163
Q

sudoriferous glands

A

-sweat glands

two types= eccrine and apocrine gland

164
Q

cyanosis

A

when the skin appears blue when hemoglobin poorly oxygenated

165
Q

erythema

A

-reddened skin may indicate embarrassment (blushing), fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy

166
Q

pallor/blanching

A

-becoming pale under emotional stress (fear, anger, etc..), anemia, low blood pressure, or impaired blood flow into the area

167
Q

jaundice

A

-a yellow cast signifying a liver disorder in which excess bile pigments are absorbed into the blood, circulated throughout the body, and deposited in body tissues

168
Q

bruises/black and blue

A

-reveal sites where blood has escaped from the circulation and has clotted in the tissue spaces (hematoma)

169
Q

impetigo

A
  • pink, water filled raised lesions that develop a yellow crust and eventually rupture
  • commonly around mouth and nose
  • caused by a highly contagious staphylococcus
170
Q

alopecia

A
  • hair thinning and baldness

- by age 50 the number of hair follicles dropped by 1/3 and continues to decline

171
Q

contact dermatitis

A
  • skin inflammation

- happens over time because of the skins contact with irritants, pollutants, and bacteria

172
Q

burn

A

tissue damage and cell death caused by intense heat, electricity, UV radiation (sunburn), or certain chemicals (ex: acids)

173
Q

first degree burn

A
  • only epidermis is damaged
  • area becomes red and swollen
  • temporary discomfort
  • no usually serious and generally heal in two to three days
  • partial thickness burn
  • ex: mild sunburn
174
Q

second degree burn

A
  • epidermis and upper dermis
  • skin is red, painful, and blisters appear
  • regrowth/regeneration can occur
  • partial thickness burn
175
Q

third degree burn

A
  • destroy the entire thickness of the skin
  • full thickness burn
  • appears blanched (gray-white) or blackened
  • not painful: nerve endings=dead
  • regeneration=not possible
  • skin grafting is needed
176
Q

burns are considered critical when:

A

1) over 25% of the body has second degree burns
2) over 10% of the body has third degree burns
3) third degree burns on the face, hands, or feet

177
Q

rule of nines

A

-the volume of fluid lost can be estimated indirectly by determining how much of the body surface is burned

178
Q

regions and percentages for rule of nines

A
  • anterior/posterior head/neck: 9%
  • anterior/posterior upper limbs: 18%
  • anterior/posterior trunk: 36
  • perineum: 1%
  • anterior/posterior lower limbs: 36%
179
Q

two major concerns with burns

A
  • facial burns because of the possible burned respiratory passageways can cause swelling and suffocation
  • joint injuries are hard because scar tissue that eventually forms can severely limit joint mobility
180
Q

three skin cancers

A
  • basal cell carcinoma
  • squamous cell carcinoma
  • malignant melanoma
181
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A
  • least malignant and most common
  • cells are altered and cannot form keratin
  • they proliferate, invading the dermis and subcutaneous tissue
  • lesions occur on sun-exposed areas
  • appear as tiny, dome-shaped nodules
  • slow-growing and metastasis slowly
  • full cure 99% of the time
182
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A
  • arises from cells of the stratum spinosum
  • appears as a scaly, reddened papule and gradually forms a shallow ulcer with a firm, raised border
  • grows rapidly and metastasizes to adjacent lymph nodes if not removed
  • sun-induced
  • complete cure is likely if caught early
183
Q

malignant melanoma

A
  • 5% of skin cancers
  • increases rapidly and is often deadly
  • can begin wherever pigment is present
  • appears as a spreading brown to black patch to surrounding lymph and blood vessels
  • survival=50/50
184
Q

ABCD Rule

A

helps to recognize melanoma

  • A: Asymmetry of the two sides of the pigmented sport or mole do not match
  • B: Border Irregularity the borders of the lesion are not smooth but exhibit indentations
  • C: Color contains area of different colors such as: blacks, browns, tans, blues, and reds
  • D: Diameter the spot is larger than 6mm
185
Q

functions of the skeletal system

A
  • support
  • framework
  • protection
  • movement
  • storage
  • blood cell formation
186
Q

how many bones in the adult skeleton

A

206

187
Q

classification of bones

A
  • long bones
  • short bones
  • flat bones
  • irregular bones
188
Q

long bones

A
  • longer than they are wide
  • have a shaft with heads at both ends
  • mostly compact bone
  • EX: humerus, femur
189
Q

short bones

A
  • generally cube-shaped
  • contain mostly spongy bone
  • EX: sesamoid bone, patella, carpals
190
Q

flat bones

A
  • thin, flattened, usually curved
  • two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching spongy bone
  • EX: skull, ribs, sternum
191
Q

irregular bones

A
  • do not fit in any other category

- vertebrae, hip

192
Q

gross anatomy of long bone

A
  • diaphysis
  • periosteum
  • epiphyses
  • articular cartilage
  • epiphyseal line
  • epiphyseal plate
  • medullary cavity
  • sharpey’s fibers
193
Q

-diaphysis

A

shaft

194
Q

periosteum

A

fibrous connective tissue covering the diaphysis

195
Q

epiphyses

A

end of the bones (heads)

196
Q

articular cartilage

A

covers the external surface on the head of the bone

197
Q

epiphyseal line

A

remanant of the epiphyseal plate

198
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

a flate plate of hyaline cartilage

199
Q

medullary cavity

A

cavity of the shaft primarily a storage area for fat tissue

200
Q

sharpey’s fibers

A

connective tissue fibers securing the periosteum to the bone

201
Q

red marrow

A

area in the shaft that forms blood cells

202
Q

yellow marrow

A

area in the shaft that adipose (fat) tissue is stored

203
Q

what does it mean if the epiphyseal plate is present

A

that it was a bone of a young person whose bones were still growing

204
Q

microscopic structure of the bone

A
  • osteocytes
  • lacunae
  • lamellae
  • central (haversian) system
  • canaliculi
  • perforating (volkmann’s) cavity
205
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells

206
Q

lacunae

A

tiny cavities within the matrix

207
Q

lamellae

A

concentric circles the lacunae are arranged in

208
Q

central (haversian) system

A

a canal for blood vessels and nerves in the bony matrix

209
Q

perforating (volkmann’s) cavity

A

communication pathway from the outside of the bone that run into the compact bone at right angles

210
Q

stages of bone fracture healing

A

1) hematoma (blood filled swelling) is formed
2) break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus
3) fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus
4) bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch

211
Q

comminuted fracture

A

bone breaks into many fragments

212
Q

compression fracture

A

bone is crushed

213
Q

depressed fracture

A

broken bone portion is pressed inward

214
Q

impacted fracture

A

broken bone ends are forced into each other

215
Q

spiral fracture

A

ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone

216
Q

greenstick fracture

A

bone breaks incompletely; like a green twig breaks

217
Q

closed (simple) fracture

A

when the bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin

218
Q

open (compound) fracture

A

when the bone breaks cleanly and penetrates through the skin

219
Q

what bones make up the axial skeleton

A
  • skull
  • vertebral column (spine)
  • bony thorax
  • ribs
220
Q

what bones make up the appendicular skeleton

A
  • bones of the shoulder girdle
  • bones of the upper limbs
  • bones of the pelvic girdle
  • bones of the lower limbs
221
Q

location of the coronal suture of the skull

A

between the parietal bone and the frontal bone

222
Q

location of the lambdoid suture of the skull

A

between the occipital bone and parietal bone

223
Q

location of the squamous suture of the skull

A

between the temporal bone and the occipital/parietal bones

224
Q

what is the foramen magnum and where is it located

A
  • a large opening in the base of the occipital bone

- allows the spinal cord connect to the brain

225
Q

where is the mastoid process located

A

-a rough projection both posterior and inferior to the external auditory meatus providing an attachment site for some muscles of the neck

226
Q

regions of the vertebral column

A 
(superior)
cervical curvature
thoracic curvature
lumbar curvature
sacrum
coccyx
(inferior)
227
Q

cervical curvature

A

first 7 vertebrae

228
Q

thoracic curvature

A

vertebrae 8-19

229
Q

lumbar curvature

A

vertebrae 20-24

230
Q

sacrum

A

5 fused vertebrae after the lumbar curvature

231
Q

coccyx

A

4 fused vertebrae after the sacrum

232
Q

parts of the ribs

A
  • true ribs
  • false ribs
  • floating ribs
  • sternum
  • costal cartilage
233
Q

true ribs

A

ribs 1-7

234
Q

false ribs

A

ribs 8-12

235
Q

floating ribs

A

ribs 11 and 12

236
Q

what bone does not articulate with any other bone in the body?

A

hyoid bone

237
Q

arthritis

A

inflammation of the joints

238
Q

osteoarthritis

A
  • most common form of arthritis
  • a chronic degenerative condition that typically affects the aged
  • affects the articular cartilages
239
Q

rheumatoid arthiritis

A
  • a chronic inflammatory disorder
  • occurs between ages of 40-50yrs old
  • autoimmune disease
240
Q

gouty arthritis

A
  • disease in which uric acid accumulates in the blood and may be deposited as needle-shaped crystals in the soft tissues of joints
  • agonizingly painful attack
241
Q

what does it mean to have a dislocated or separated shoulder? How would a doctor take care of it? How might the skeletal, muscular, and integumentary systems be involved in the injury?

A
  • a dislocated shoulder is when the top of your arm bone pops out of the shoulder socket
  • a separated shoulder is when there are tears in one of the ligaments that connects the collarbone to the shoulder blade
  • a doctor will move the arm bone back into the shoulder socket and advise you to take painkillers, ice, and strengthen your shoulder
  • the skeletal muscle is affected because the bone comes out of the joint
  • the muscluar system is affected because there is a tear in the ligament
  • the integumentary system is affected because it swells, you might get scratches, bruising may occur, etc
242
Q

skeletal muscle

A
  • attached to bones
  • single, very long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with obvious striations
  • voluntary; via nervous system controls
  • speed of contraction: slow to fast
  • no rhythmic contraction
243
Q

cardiac muscle

A
  • found in walls of the heart
  • branching chains of cells; uninucleate, striations
  • involuntary
  • speed of contraction: slow
  • there is rhythmic contraction
244
Q

smooth muscle

A
  • mostly in walls of hollow visceral organs (other than heart)
  • single, fusiform, uninucleate; no striations
  • involuntary
  • speed of contraction: very slow
  • yes, some rhythmic contraction
245
Q

perimysium

A

connective tissue enveloping bundles of muscle fibers

246
Q

epimysium

A

the sheath of fibrous connective tissue surrounding a muscle

247
Q

endomysium

A

the thin connective tissue surrounding each muscle cell

248
Q

functions of the muscular system

A
  • producing movement
  • maintaining posture
  • stabilizing joints
  • generating heat
249
Q

motor unit

A

a motor neuron and all the muscle cells it supplies

250
Q

acetylcholine

A

(ATP) a chemical transmitter substance released by certain nerve endings

251
Q

how a muscle contraction occurs

A

-when muscle fibers are activated by the nervous system the cross bridges attach to myosin binding sites on the thin filaments, and the sliding begins. Energized by ATP, each cross bridge attaches and detaches several times during a contraction. The attachment of myosin cross bridges to actin requires calcium ions, and the action potential leading to contraction causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release stored calcium calcium ions into the sarcoplasm. when action potential ends, calcium ions are absorbed.

252
Q

muscle twitches

A
  • single, brief, jerky contractions

- sometimes a result of a nervous system problem

253
Q

tectonic contraction

A

a smooth, continuous contraction with no relaxation

254
Q

frontalis muscle

A
  • covers the frontal bone

- allows you to raise your eyebrows and wrinkle your forehead

255
Q

buccinator muscle

A
  • runs horizontally across the cheek and inserts into the orbicularis oris
  • flattens the cheek, helps in chewing
256
Q

masseter muscle

A
  • covers the angle of the lower jaw running from the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to the mandible
  • closes the jaw by elevating the mandible
257
Q

temporalis

A
  • overlying the temporal bone

- acts as a synergist of the masseter in closing the jaw

258
Q

zygomaticus

A
  • extends from the corner of the mouth to the cheek-bone

- raises corners of the mouth upward (smile)

259
Q

platysma

A
  • covers the anterolateral neck

- action is to pull the corners of the mouth inferiorly, producing a downward sag of the mouth

260
Q

orbicularis oris

A
  • circular muscle of the lips

- closes the mouth and protrudes the lips

261
Q

latissimus dorsi

A
  • covers the lower back

- extends and adducts the humerus

262
Q

triceps brachii

A
  • fleshing out the posterior humerus

- primer mover of elbow extension

263
Q

deltoid

A
  • form the round shape of our shoulder
  • injection site
  • prime movers of arm abduction
264
Q

pectoralis major

A
  • covers the upper chest
  • forms the anterior wall of the axilla
  • acts to adduct and flex the arm
265
Q

biceps brachii

A
  • located on the forearm

- prime mover for flexion of the forearm and acts to supinate the forearm

266
Q

hamstring

A

-muscles forming the muscle mass of the posterior thigh (biceps formoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus)

267
Q

sartorius

A
  • runs obliquely across the thigh from the anterior iliac crest to the medial side of the tibia
  • acts as a synergist to bring about the cross-legged position
268
Q

gastrocnemius

A
  • two bellied muscle that forms the curved calf of the posterior leg
  • prime mover for plantar flexion of the foot
269
Q

gluteus medius

A
  • runs from the ilium to the femur
  • hip abductor and important in steadying the pelvis
  • injection site
270
Q

quadriceps group

A

-consist of four muscles (the rectus femoris and three vastus muscles)
-flesh out the anterior thigh
(the lateral vastus and rectus femoris are injection sites)

Anatomy & Physiology (19 decks)

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