Anatomy Final Flashcards
What does the term “central nervous system” refer to?
the brain and spinal cord
neuron
basic cell of the nervous system that is highly specialized to transmit messages from one area of the body to another
cell body
nucleus and metabolic center of the cell
processes
fibers that extend from the cell body
nissl substance
specialized rough endoplasmic reticulum of the cell body
neurofibrils
intermediate cytoskeleton that maintains cell shape
nucleus
contains the cel’s DNA and is responsible for protein production and packaging in the cell body
large nucleolus
organelle within the nucleus that is involved in ribosome synthesis and transfer of RNA to the cytosol
mitochondria
oxidate and liberate energy, contain DNA, and found in the cell body
dendrites
conduct impulses toward the cell body
axon
conducts impulses away from the cell body
- has terminal endings called axonal terminals
- in the axonal terminal-has vesicles containing neurotransmitters
- axon terminals are separated from another neuron gap
synaptic cleft
the gap between adjacent neurons in axon terminals
synapse
junction between nerves in axon terminals
what is myelin and where is it located
myelin sheaths is fatty tissue that schwann cells produce in a jelly roll in the PNS
nodes of raniver
gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon
neurilemma
part of the schwann cell external to the myelin sheath
what is an association neuron? its function?
an association neuron is also called an interneuron. It connects sensory and motor neurons. Cell bodies are located in the CNS
impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are
covered in myelin sheath
what is the area (point) where the impulse from one nerve cell communicates with another nerve cell
Synapse
what is a neurotransmitter? what is its function?
a chemical released by neurons that may, upon binding to receptors of neurons or effector cells, stimulate of inhibit them
know the pathway of the reflex arc
1) Stimulus
2) Afferent Neuron
3) Association Neuron/Interneuron
4) Neuron
5) Efferent
6) Muscle/Gland Affected
what is an effector? Which are autonomic and which are somatic? EX
- an organ, gland, or muscle capable of being activated by nerve endings
- Somatic: skeletal muscles
- Autonomic: Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle, and glands
What is another term for afferent nerves?
afferent neuron are also called sensory neuron
(consists of nerve fibers that convey impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors located in various parts of the body)
know the three major parts of the brain stem
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
function of the hypothalamus? EX
- makes up the floor of the diencephalon
- plays a role in the regulation of body temperature, water balance, and metabolism
- important part of the limbic system
which area of the brain regulates heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure?
medulla oblongata
what are afferent nerves? what is another name for these?
- neurons carrying impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS
- afferent neuron is also called a sensory neuron
the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of what nervous system?
involuntary nervous system
the autonomic nervous system controls what body areas? what are the subdivisions of it?
- regulates events that are automatic, or involuntary, such as the activity of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
- subdivided into the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
the somatic nervous system controls what body areas?
-allows us to consciously, or voluntarily, control our skeletal muscles
function of the vestibulocochlear nerve
purely sensory, vestibular branch transmits impulses for the sense of balance, and cochlear branch transmits impulses for the sense of hearing
what part of the eye is affected by the pink eye
it is inflammation of the conjunctiva
what is the white of the eye called?
sclera
the clear part of the sclera is the
cornea
another name for the sclera
fibrous tunic
where is the blind spot located in the eye
optic disk
what part of the eye regulates the amount of light coming in
pupil
the cones are made up of what color receptors
blue, green, red
what substance gives the eyeball its shape
vitreous humor
know the order of the parts through which light passes as it enters the eye and through to the retina
- cornea
- aqueous humor
- iris
- lens
- vitrous humor
- optic disk
- optic nerve
what is another name for the eardrum
tympanic membrane
where are the hearing receptors located
mechanoreceptors
what does the auditory tube connect
the pinna to the eardrum
what kind of receptors are the hearing receptors in the Organ of Corti
hair cells
olfactory receptors are examples what kind of receptor
sense of smell
what are the taste sensations
taste buds
what sense is the least functional at birth
sight
what type of tissue is blood
connective
what is the most numerous formed element in blood
erythrocytes (red blood cells)
what are the characteristics of white blood cells, in general?
defends the body against bacteria, viruses, parasites, and tumor cells
give examples of where blood cells are made in an adult. EX: types of bones where this would be happening
blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) occurs in red bone marrow that (in adults) is found chiefly in the flat bones of the skull and pelvis, the ribs, sternum, and proximal epiphyses of the humerus and femur
how long do red blood cells live
100 to 120 days
what hormone regulates erythrocyte production
erythropoietin
what is another name for blood clotting
hemostasis
how long does it take blood to clot
3 to 6 minutes
what is an embolus
a blood clot that breaks away from the vessel wall and floats freely in the bloodstream
what is a substance that the body recognizes as foreign called
antigen
what blood type is the universal donor
O
what blood type is the universal receiver
AB
be able to tell what antigens are related to certain blood types and the types of antibodies each blood type produces
AB: A and B antigens, no antibodies
B: B antigen and Anti-A antibodies
A: A antigen and Anti-B antibodies
O: no antigens and Anti-A/Anti-B antibodies
blood typing
reveals the type of blood you have
cross matching
involves testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and of the recipients RBCs by the donor serum. Typing for the Rh factors is done in the same manner as ABO blood typing
(tests to see if there are harmful interactions between donor and recipient’s blood)
what heart layer contains cardiac muscle
myocardium
where are the atriums located in the heart and what are the functions
- receiving chambers that passes blood to the ventricles
- top right and left chambers of the heart
where are the ventricles located in the heart and what are the functions
- discharging chambers in the heart that send the blood into circulation
- bottom left and right chambers of the heart
tricuspid valve
- has three cusps
- located on the right side of the heart between the atrium and the ventricle
bicuspid valve
- has two cusps
- located on the left side of the heart between the atrium and the ventricle
know the pathway of blood through the heart and lungs
blood leaves the aorta and is distributed throughout the body. Enters through the heart again and into the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena caves. Then it passes thought he tricuspid valve and enters the right ventricle. Then it goes through the pulmonary semilunar valves to the pulmonary trunk where it is carried to the lungs via the left and right pulmonary arteries. It is then returned to the heart by the pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium where it passes through the bicuspid valve and into the left ventricle. Then goes back through the aorta by passing through the aortic semilunar valves.
what is the pacemaker of the heart also called
sinoatrial node
what is stroke volume
the volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each heartbeat
know the pathway of blood in the vascular system
arteries, arterioles, capillary beds, venues, veins
arteries
- thick tunica media
- smaller lumen
- no valves
- close to heart in terms of circulation
- high pressure
veins
- thin tunica media
- larger lumen
- has valves
- far from the heart in terms of circulations
- low pressure
know where the carotid artery is located
front of the neck
which blood vessel has the highest blood pressure
aorta
what is lymph
the clear portion of the blood that leaked out
what direction does lymph flow
one way towards the heart
lymphatic organs
lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, tonsils, and payer’s patches
which lymph organ has T cells and is mostly used in youth
thymus
what are the lymph organs found in the wall of the small intestine called
payer’s patches
know the nonspecific body defenses
- skin/mucosa
- cells/chemicals
- immune system
what are the four signs of inflammatory response
- pain
- inflammation
- heat
- redness
when is interferon produced
when there is a virus they are diffused to nearby cells and bind to their membrane receptors which hinders the ability of viruses to multiply within the cells
know the conducting passageways (where air flows through) of the respiratory system
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
know the parts of the nasal cavity
- external nares/nostrils
- nasal cavity that is divided by the naval septum
- olfactory (smell) receptors
- respiratory mucosa
- conchae
what separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
the palate
explain the function of the cilia in the trachea. What direction does it push the mucus?
they propel mucus, loaded with dust particles and other debris, away from the lungs to the throat, where it can be swallowed and spat out
gas is exchanged by the process of _____ between the circulatory system and the alveoli
internal respiration
what is the lipid surface called that coats the alveoli surface so they don’t collapse
surfactant
what do yo call the total amount of exchangeable air
vital capacity
what do you call the air that is left in the lungs after you’ve exhaled as much as possible
residual volume
what do you call the bluish tinge to the skin
cyanotic
what effects does emphysema have on the lung tissue
the alveoli enlarge as the walls of the adjacent chambers break through, and chronic inflammation promotes fibrosis of the lungs. As the the lungs become less elastic, the airways collapse during expiration and obstruct outflow of air. These patients use an incredible amount of energy to exhale and are always exhausted
which organs are part of the alimentary canal
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
what is the order of organs that food would pass through the alimentary canal
mouth, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum, anal cavity)
parts of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
function of the small intestine
major digestive organ, food breakdown and absorption
subdivisions of the large intestine
cecum, colon, rectum, anal cavity
what does amylase digest (what substance does it breakdown)
starches
what organ are pancreatic enzymes excreted into
small intestine
purpose of swallowing and peristalsis
to send the food to the stomach to being the foods chemical breakdown
what part od the alimentary canal had no digestive function
esophagus and pharynx
fight and flight
the sympathetic subdivision that mobilizes the body during extreme situations (such as fear, exercise, or rage). the effects of the sympathetic nervous system activation continue for several minutes until the hormones are destroyed by the liver
asthma
chronic inflamed, hypersensitive bronchial passages that respond to many irritants
hypertension
- high blood pressure (has to be 140/90 or higher)
- known as the silent killer because it causes small tears which are not normally found until it is too severe
specific immune responses
- it is antigen specific: recognizes and attacks against a particular pathogen
- it is systemic: immunity is not restricted to the initial infection site
- it has “memory”: recognizes and mounts even stronger attacks on previously encountered pathogens
nonspecific immune responses
- first line: mucosa and skin membranes
- second line: cells and chemicals to protect itself
- third: the immune system itself
choking
inability to breath caused by a blockage in the throat or windpipe because the food goes down the trachea and the epiglottis did not cover it correctly. A gag and cough reflex occur and normally it is enough to get the food out but sometimes the hemlock maneuver needs to be performed
