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Anatomy & Physiology > Anatomy Final > Flashcards

Anatomy Final Flashcards

1
Q

What does the term “central nervous system” refer to?

A

the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

neuron

A

basic cell of the nervous system that is highly specialized to transmit messages from one area of the body to another

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3
Q

cell body

A

nucleus and metabolic center of the cell

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4
Q

processes

A

fibers that extend from the cell body

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5
Q

nissl substance

A

specialized rough endoplasmic reticulum of the cell body

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6
Q

neurofibrils

A

intermediate cytoskeleton that maintains cell shape

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7
Q

nucleus

A

contains the cel’s DNA and is responsible for protein production and packaging in the cell body

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8
Q

large nucleolus

A

organelle within the nucleus that is involved in ribosome synthesis and transfer of RNA to the cytosol

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9
Q

mitochondria

A

oxidate and liberate energy, contain DNA, and found in the cell body

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10
Q

dendrites

A

conduct impulses toward the cell body

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11
Q

axon

A

conducts impulses away from the cell body

  • has terminal endings called axonal terminals
  • in the axonal terminal-has vesicles containing neurotransmitters
  • axon terminals are separated from another neuron gap
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12
Q

synaptic cleft

A

the gap between adjacent neurons in axon terminals

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13
Q

synapse

A

junction between nerves in axon terminals

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14
Q

what is myelin and where is it located

A

myelin sheaths is fatty tissue that schwann cells produce in a jelly roll in the PNS

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15
Q

nodes of raniver

A

gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon

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16
Q

neurilemma

A

part of the schwann cell external to the myelin sheath

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17
Q

what is an association neuron? its function?

A

an association neuron is also called an interneuron. It connects sensory and motor neurons. Cell bodies are located in the CNS

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18
Q

impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are

A

covered in myelin sheath

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19
Q

what is the area (point) where the impulse from one nerve cell communicates with another nerve cell

A

Synapse

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20
Q

what is a neurotransmitter? what is its function?

A

a chemical released by neurons that may, upon binding to receptors of neurons or effector cells, stimulate of inhibit them

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21
Q

know the pathway of the reflex arc

A

1) Stimulus
2) Afferent Neuron
3) Association Neuron/Interneuron
4) Neuron
5) Efferent
6) Muscle/Gland Affected

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22
Q

what is an effector? Which are autonomic and which are somatic? EX

A
  • an organ, gland, or muscle capable of being activated by nerve endings
  • Somatic: skeletal muscles
  • Autonomic: Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle, and glands
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23
Q

What is another term for afferent nerves?

A

afferent neuron are also called sensory neuron
(consists of nerve fibers that convey impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors located in various parts of the body)

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24
Q

know the three major parts of the brain stem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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25
Q

function of the hypothalamus? EX

A
  • makes up the floor of the diencephalon
  • plays a role in the regulation of body temperature, water balance, and metabolism
  • important part of the limbic system
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26
Q

which area of the brain regulates heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure?

A

medulla oblongata

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27
Q

what are afferent nerves? what is another name for these?

A
  • neurons carrying impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS
  • afferent neuron is also called a sensory neuron
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28
Q

the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of what nervous system?

A

involuntary nervous system

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29
Q

the autonomic nervous system controls what body areas? what are the subdivisions of it?

A
  • regulates events that are automatic, or involuntary, such as the activity of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
  • subdivided into the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
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30
Q

the somatic nervous system controls what body areas?

A

-allows us to consciously, or voluntarily, control our skeletal muscles

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31
Q

function of the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

purely sensory, vestibular branch transmits impulses for the sense of balance, and cochlear branch transmits impulses for the sense of hearing

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32
Q

what part of the eye is affected by the pink eye

A

it is inflammation of the conjunctiva

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33
Q

what is the white of the eye called?

A

sclera

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34
Q

the clear part of the sclera is the

A

cornea

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35
Q

another name for the sclera

A

fibrous tunic

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36
Q

where is the blind spot located in the eye

A

optic disk

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37
Q

what part of the eye regulates the amount of light coming in

A

pupil

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38
Q

the cones are made up of what color receptors

A

blue, green, red

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39
Q

what substance gives the eyeball its shape

A

vitreous humor

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40
Q

know the order of the parts through which light passes as it enters the eye and through to the retina

A
  • cornea
  • aqueous humor
  • iris
  • lens
  • vitrous humor
  • optic disk
  • optic nerve
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41
Q

what is another name for the eardrum

A

tympanic membrane

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42
Q

where are the hearing receptors located

A

mechanoreceptors

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43
Q

what does the auditory tube connect

A

the pinna to the eardrum

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44
Q

what kind of receptors are the hearing receptors in the Organ of Corti

A

hair cells

45
Q

olfactory receptors are examples what kind of receptor

A

sense of smell

46
Q

what are the taste sensations

A

taste buds

47
Q

what sense is the least functional at birth

A

sight

48
Q

what type of tissue is blood

A

connective

49
Q

what is the most numerous formed element in blood

A

erythrocytes (red blood cells)

50
Q

what are the characteristics of white blood cells, in general?

A

defends the body against bacteria, viruses, parasites, and tumor cells

51
Q

give examples of where blood cells are made in an adult. EX: types of bones where this would be happening

A

blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) occurs in red bone marrow that (in adults) is found chiefly in the flat bones of the skull and pelvis, the ribs, sternum, and proximal epiphyses of the humerus and femur

52
Q

how long do red blood cells live

A

100 to 120 days

53
Q

what hormone regulates erythrocyte production

A

erythropoietin

54
Q

what is another name for blood clotting

A

hemostasis

55
Q

how long does it take blood to clot

A

3 to 6 minutes

56
Q

what is an embolus

A

a blood clot that breaks away from the vessel wall and floats freely in the bloodstream

57
Q

what is a substance that the body recognizes as foreign called

A

antigen

58
Q

what blood type is the universal donor

A

O

59
Q

what blood type is the universal receiver

A

AB

60
Q

be able to tell what antigens are related to certain blood types and the types of antibodies each blood type produces

A

AB: A and B antigens, no antibodies
B: B antigen and Anti-A antibodies
A: A antigen and Anti-B antibodies
O: no antigens and Anti-A/Anti-B antibodies

61
Q

blood typing

A

reveals the type of blood you have

62
Q

cross matching

A

involves testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and of the recipients RBCs by the donor serum. Typing for the Rh factors is done in the same manner as ABO blood typing
(tests to see if there are harmful interactions between donor and recipient’s blood)

63
Q

what heart layer contains cardiac muscle

A

myocardium

64
Q

where are the atriums located in the heart and what are the functions

A
  • receiving chambers that passes blood to the ventricles

- top right and left chambers of the heart

65
Q

where are the ventricles located in the heart and what are the functions

A
  • discharging chambers in the heart that send the blood into circulation
  • bottom left and right chambers of the heart
66
Q

tricuspid valve

A
  • has three cusps

- located on the right side of the heart between the atrium and the ventricle

67
Q

bicuspid valve

A
  • has two cusps

- located on the left side of the heart between the atrium and the ventricle

68
Q

know the pathway of blood through the heart and lungs

A

blood leaves the aorta and is distributed throughout the body. Enters through the heart again and into the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena caves. Then it passes thought he tricuspid valve and enters the right ventricle. Then it goes through the pulmonary semilunar valves to the pulmonary trunk where it is carried to the lungs via the left and right pulmonary arteries. It is then returned to the heart by the pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium where it passes through the bicuspid valve and into the left ventricle. Then goes back through the aorta by passing through the aortic semilunar valves.

69
Q

what is the pacemaker of the heart also called

A

sinoatrial node

70
Q

what is stroke volume

A

the volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each heartbeat

71
Q

know the pathway of blood in the vascular system

A

arteries, arterioles, capillary beds, venues, veins

72
Q

arteries

A
  • thick tunica media
  • smaller lumen
  • no valves
  • close to heart in terms of circulation
  • high pressure
73
Q

veins

A
  • thin tunica media
  • larger lumen
  • has valves
  • far from the heart in terms of circulations
  • low pressure
74
Q

know where the carotid artery is located

A

front of the neck

75
Q

which blood vessel has the highest blood pressure

A

aorta

76
Q

what is lymph

A

the clear portion of the blood that leaked out

77
Q

what direction does lymph flow

A

one way towards the heart

78
Q

lymphatic organs

A

lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, tonsils, and payer’s patches

79
Q

which lymph organ has T cells and is mostly used in youth

A

thymus

80
Q

what are the lymph organs found in the wall of the small intestine called

A

payer’s patches

81
Q

know the nonspecific body defenses

A
  • skin/mucosa
  • cells/chemicals
  • immune system
82
Q

what are the four signs of inflammatory response

A
  • pain
  • inflammation
  • heat
  • redness
83
Q

when is interferon produced

A

when there is a virus they are diffused to nearby cells and bind to their membrane receptors which hinders the ability of viruses to multiply within the cells

84
Q

know the conducting passageways (where air flows through) of the respiratory system

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

85
Q

know the parts of the nasal cavity

A
  • external nares/nostrils
  • nasal cavity that is divided by the naval septum
  • olfactory (smell) receptors
  • respiratory mucosa
  • conchae
86
Q

what separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

A

the palate

87
Q

explain the function of the cilia in the trachea. What direction does it push the mucus?

A

they propel mucus, loaded with dust particles and other debris, away from the lungs to the throat, where it can be swallowed and spat out

88
Q

gas is exchanged by the process of _____ between the circulatory system and the alveoli

A

internal respiration

89
Q

what is the lipid surface called that coats the alveoli surface so they don’t collapse

A

surfactant

90
Q

what do yo call the total amount of exchangeable air

A

vital capacity

91
Q

what do you call the air that is left in the lungs after you’ve exhaled as much as possible

A

residual volume

92
Q

what do you call the bluish tinge to the skin

A

cyanotic

93
Q

what effects does emphysema have on the lung tissue

A

the alveoli enlarge as the walls of the adjacent chambers break through, and chronic inflammation promotes fibrosis of the lungs. As the the lungs become less elastic, the airways collapse during expiration and obstruct outflow of air. These patients use an incredible amount of energy to exhale and are always exhausted

94
Q

which organs are part of the alimentary canal

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

95
Q

what is the order of organs that food would pass through the alimentary canal

A

mouth, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum, anal cavity)

96
Q

parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

97
Q

function of the small intestine

A

major digestive organ, food breakdown and absorption

98
Q

subdivisions of the large intestine

A

cecum, colon, rectum, anal cavity

99
Q

what does amylase digest (what substance does it breakdown)

A

starches

100
Q

what organ are pancreatic enzymes excreted into

A

small intestine

101
Q

purpose of swallowing and peristalsis

A

to send the food to the stomach to being the foods chemical breakdown

102
Q

what part od the alimentary canal had no digestive function

A

esophagus and pharynx

103
Q

fight and flight

A

the sympathetic subdivision that mobilizes the body during extreme situations (such as fear, exercise, or rage). the effects of the sympathetic nervous system activation continue for several minutes until the hormones are destroyed by the liver

104
Q

asthma

A

chronic inflamed, hypersensitive bronchial passages that respond to many irritants

105
Q

hypertension

A
  • high blood pressure (has to be 140/90 or higher)

- known as the silent killer because it causes small tears which are not normally found until it is too severe

106
Q

specific immune responses

A
  • it is antigen specific: recognizes and attacks against a particular pathogen
  • it is systemic: immunity is not restricted to the initial infection site
  • it has “memory”: recognizes and mounts even stronger attacks on previously encountered pathogens
107
Q

nonspecific immune responses

A
  • first line: mucosa and skin membranes
  • second line: cells and chemicals to protect itself
  • third: the immune system itself
108
Q

choking

A

inability to breath caused by a blockage in the throat or windpipe because the food goes down the trachea and the epiglottis did not cover it correctly. A gag and cough reflex occur and normally it is enough to get the food out but sometimes the hemlock maneuver needs to be performed

Anatomy & Physiology (19 decks)

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