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Psychology > Quantitative and Qualitative Research > Flashcards

Quantitative and Qualitative Research Flashcards

1
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Behaviour is observed In the setting where it naturally occurs

  • Can provide detailed info about nature, frequency and context of naturally occurring behaviours
  • Can’t establish cause and affect
  • Observer could effect behaviours
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2
Q

Temporal Precedence

A

Experimenter manipulates a variable – so the experimenter decides which one comes first

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3
Q

Covariation

A

The experimenter measures whether a change in one variable is associated with a change in another

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4
Q

Elimination of other possible explanations

A

experimenter controls extraneous factors that might influence the outcomes

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5
Q

Correlational

A

Relationship between two variables, looking at how strong the relationship is, researcher manipulates the independent variable through selection of the subject variables. Whether race/gender is associated with a specific attitude. You can’t say one causes the other, you can say race/gender is ASSOCIATED with the attitude.
- Measures one variable (x) then measures second variable (y) and statistically determines whether x and y are related

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6
Q

What makes a good experiment? (N.B.)

A
  • Random assignment
  • Large sample size
  • Careful planning
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7
Q

Experimental Research Study

A

Used to test hypothesis, there is direct manipulation, X causes Y, cause and effect relationship. Establishes causality

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8
Q

Confounding Variables

A

Confounding variables: things that might effect dependent variable – things other than the dependent and independent.

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9
Q

subject variables

A

Age, gender, race

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10
Q

Situational Variables

A

Variables that have to do with the environmental side of things. (noise, temperature, lighting, time of day) – environment in which you are doing your study

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11
Q

Experimenter Effect

A

Subtle and unintentional ways which researchers influence their participants to respond in a manner that is consistent with the researchers hypothesis. Researcher’s bias. Like telling your participants the aims of your study.

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12
Q

Experimenter bias

A

Their perceived outcome, incorrectly do things to match their thought outcomes.

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13
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

Also referred to as the observer effect - is a type of reactivity in which individuals modify or improve an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed.

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14
Q

Perceived demand effect

A

Participants act in line to what they think the experimenter is trying to get them to do

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15
Q

Sequence Effect

A

Confounding influences in experiments where subjects are exposed to multiple conditions. Sequence effects refer to potential interactions among conditions of an experiment based on the sequences these treatments are presented.
Repeated measures design – if you have various types of tests to give them – you must get the sequence in an order but the sequence of the test may be a confounding variable itself

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16
Q

Placebo effect

A

People receiving treatment show a change in their behaviour due to the expectations but not actually due to the treatment having had any affect on them
Participants beliefs of a certain thing and how it should do a certain thing – makes them change to fit that belief.

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17
Q

Random sampling vs. Random Assigning

A 
Random sampling – picking out random people from a class
Random assigning – randomly assigning people to certain groups of the experiment
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18
Q

Quantitative Research Methods

A

Draws on logical positivist paradigm and is interested in predication and causation (analysis of numbers)

Researches know exactly what they are looking for
Very large samples

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19
Q

Hypothesis

A

A specific prediction about some phenomenon or other “if - then”

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20
Q

Operational Definition

A

Defines a variable in terms of the specific procedures used to produce or measure it

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21
Q

Case study

A

In depth analysis of an individual, group or event

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22
Q

Descriptive research

A

Seeks to identify how humans and other animals behave particularly in natural settings

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23
Q

The 4 Ethical principles in research

A
  • Competence (high levels of training)
  • Responsibility (performing professional duties with the utmost care)
  • Integrity (being honest and accurate)
  • Respect (respecting people’s dignity and rights to confidentiality)
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24
Q

Correlational research: Bi-directionality (two-way causality) problem

A

We must consider the possibility that variable X has caused Y and that Y has caused X, or that both have had an influence on one another

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25
Correlational research: Third-Variable problem
Association between the two variables may not be genuine. A third variable Z, may be the cause of the relation between X and Y
26
Correlational coefficient
A statistic that indicates the direction and strength of the relation between two variables
27
Positive correlation
Higher scores on one variable are associated with higher scores on a second variable
28
Negative correlation
When higher scores on one variable are associated with LOWER scores on a second variable
29
Scatter plots
Graphs that show correlation between two variables
30
Experiment
Manipulates one or more variables, measures whether this manipulation influences other variables, attempts to control extraneous factors that might influence the outcome of the experiment
31
Independent variable
The factor that is manipulated by the experimenter
32
Dependent variable
The factor that is measured by the experimenter and may be influenced by the independent variable
33
Experimental group
The group that receives a treatment or an active level of the independent variable
34
Control group
Is not exposed to the treatment or receives a zero level of the independent variable
35
Qualitative Research Methods
Involves analysis of the words in discussions, interviews, images in books or videos Helps find patterns in people's behaviours
36
Single Blind Study
Participant does not know what group he or she is in
37
Counterbalancing
To control sequence effects - procedure in which the order of conditions is varied so that no condition has an overall advantage relative to the others
38
Threats to validity
Confounding variables, experimenter expectancy effect, double-blind procedures, Hawthorne effect
39
External validity
Degree to which the results can be generalized to other populations, settings and conditions
40
Replication
Process of repeating a study to determine whether the original findings can be duplicated
41
Descriptive statistics
Allows us to summarize and describe characteristics of a data set
42
Inferential statistics
Allows us to make influences about a population from data provided by a sample
43
Statistical significance
Very unlikely that a particular finding occurred by chance alone
44
Meta-analysis
Statistical procedure for combining results of different studies that examine the same topic
45
Mode
Most frequent occurring score
46
Median
Point that divides the distribution of scores in half (middle score)
47
Mean
Arithmetic average of a set of scores
48
Range
Difference between highest and lowest scores
49
Standard deviation
How much each score differs from the mean
50
Population
All the individuals that we are interested in drawing a conclusion about
51
Sample
A subset of individuals that we are interested in drawing a conclusion about
52
Representing sample
Reflects the important characteristics of the population
53
Internal validity
The degree to which an experiment supports clear causal conclusions
54
Social desirability bias
The tendency to respond in a socially acceptable manner rather than according to how one truly feels or behaves
55
Unobtrusive measure
Record Behaviour in a way that keeps the participants unaware that they are being studied or observed
56
Archival measures
Records or documents that already exist - involves using previously compiled info to answer research questions
57
Convenience sampling
Finding participants who are convenient, easily located and sampled
58
Snowball sampling
Participants lead you to other participants
59
Discourse analysis
Individuals use coherent systems of meaning (systems of language)to create particular versions of reality and how individuals position themselves in relation to these versions of reality
60
Independent groups design
Different people in experimental and control groups | Randomly assigned to conditions
61
Repeated measures design
Same people for both groups for control and experimental
62
Matched pairs design
Matching people in experimental and control groups based on participant characteristics Different people but equivalent in each group (people in the diff. Groups have same characteristic)
63
Demand characteristics
Cues that participants pick up about the hypothesis of a study or about how they are supposed to behave
64
Validity
The truth in one's findings
65
Nominal/categorical scale
Categories with no numerical or quantitative properties
66
Ordinal scale
Ordered, numeric values are limited
67
Interval scale
Numerical values but no true zero, order is important
68
Ratio scale
Like interval, just has absolute zero. | Zero means the absence of a variable

Psychology (19 decks)

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