Learning

Question 0

Habituation

Answer 0

A decrease in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus. (Shock decreases as it’s repeated)

Question 1

Sensitization

Answer 1

An increase in strength of response to a stimulus.

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

Associate two stimuli such that one stimuli can elicit a response that was originally elicited only by the other stimulus

Question 3

Higher order conditioning

Answer 3

A neural stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS.

Question 4

Thorndike’s law of effect

Answer 4

Responses followed by satisfactory consequences will be strengthen whereas hose followed by unsatisfactory consequences will be weakened

Question 5

Cognitive map

Answer 5

A mental representation of a spatial layout

Question 6

Fixed ratio

Answer 6

Produces the most rapid learning

Question 7

Albert Bandura’s cognitive theory

Answer 7

Stresses the importance of learning by observing a model

Question 8

Consolidation

Answer 8

Improvements in skills liked to the time we are asleep

Question 9

Extinction

Answer 9

A process in which the CS is presented repeatedly in the absence of the UCS, causing the CR to weaken and eventually disappear

Question 10

Higher-order conditioning

Answer 10

A neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already existing CS

Question 11

Exposure therapy

Answer 11

A patient is exposed to a stimulus (CS) that arouses an anxiety response without the presence of the UCS allowing extinction to occur.

Question 12

Aversion therapy

Answer 12

Attempts to condition an aversion (a repulsion) to a stimulus that triggers unwanted behavior by pairing it with a toxic UCS (paedophiles- shocked when see pic of kids)

Question 13

Operant conditioning

Answer 13

A type of learning in which behavior is influenced by consequences that FOLLOW it

Question 14

Reinforcement

Answer 14

When a response is STRENGTHENED by the outcome that follows it

Question 15

Punishment

Answer 15

Occurs when a response is WEAKENED by the outcome that follows it

Question 16

Positive reinforcement

Answer 16

When a response is strengthened by the subsequent PRESENTATION of a stimulus

Question 17

Primary reinforcers

Answer 17

Stimuli such as food and water that an organism naturally finds reinforcing biological needs

Question 18

Secondary (conditioned) reinforcers

Answer 18

Stimuli that acquire reinforcing properties through their association with primary reinforcers. (Eg. Money)

Question 19

Negative reinforcements

Answer 19

A response is strengthened by the subsequent REMOVAL or AVOIDANCE of an aversive stimulus

Question 20

Operant extinction

Answer 20

The weakening and eventual disappearance of a response because it is no longer reinforced.

Question 21

Aversive punishment

Answer 21

A response is weakened by a subsequent presentation of a stimulus. Eg. Child burns fingers on hot stove,won’t do it again. Produces rapid results.

Question 22

Response cost

Answer 22

Response is weakened by the subsequent removal of a stimulus. Eg. Being grounded/ not speeding because of fine possibility

Question 23

Preparedness

Answer 23

Through evolution, animals are predisposed to learn some associations more easily than others. (Rat with sugar water=operant taste aversions)

Question 24

Indistinctive drift

Answer 24

The tendency for a conditioned response to drift back towards instinctive behavior.

Question 25

Latent learning

Answer 25

Learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until later, when there is an incentive to perform

Question 26

Blocking

Answer 26

Obstruction of conditioning of a CR, because that response has already been conditioned to another stimulus.

Question 27

Social-Cognitive Theory

Answer 27

Emphasizes that people learn by observing the behavior of models and acquiring the belief that they can produce behaviors to influence events in their lives. (Bandura's theory)

Question 28

Neural Network Models

Answer 28

Learn new information through changes in the connections between mathematically stimulated neurons

Question 29

in Pavlov's experiments, salivation was the

Answer 29

unconditioned response

Question 30

in Thorndike's law of effect, events critical for conditioning

Answer 30

occur after the response

Question 31

a series of responses that gradually approach a desired pattern of behaviour are called

Answer 31

successive approximations

Question 32

the greatest degree of resistance to extinction is typically caused by a

Answer 32

variable interval

Question 33

reinforcement in operant conditioning is most effective when it is

Answer 33

response congruent

Question 34

difference between classical and operant conditioning is that

Answer 34

classical conditioning involves learning in which antecedent events are associated with one another

Question 35

in classical conditioning, events critical to learning occur before/after the response

Answer 35

before

Question 36

becoming addicted to gambling is related to the effects of

Answer 36

partial reinforcement

Question 37

to strengthen the connection between the CS and the CR, the CS must

Answer 37

precede the US

Question 38

an example of a secondary reinforcer

Answer 38

grades

Question 39

for conditioning to occur, the proper order of events is

Answer 39

CS-US-UR

Question 40

punishment

Answer 40

addition of an aversive stimulus

Question 41

negative reinforcement (increases/decreases) responding; punishment (increases/decreases) responding.

Answer 41

increases, decreases

Question 42

two schedules of reinforcement that produce the highest rates of response are

Answer 42

fixed ratio and variable ratio

Question 43

Acquiring a fear of a light because you saw someone else getting shocked when the light came on is an example of

Answer 43

vicarious conditioning

Question 44

secondary reinforcer are

Answer 44

learned

Question 45

A corporate pay policy comparable to a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement is

Answer 45

payment of employees on a piece-work basis

Question 46

The process through which a response is taught by rewarding successive approximations to the final desired response is

Answer 46

shaping

Question 47

Classical conditioning is most often used to condition

Answer 47

reflexes

Question 48

To be effective, punishment should be

Answer 48

paired with reinforcement

Question 49

Responses that are reinforced and tend to be repeated illustrate

Answer 49

operant conditioning

Question 50

learning is best defined as

Answer 50

a relatively permanent change in behaviour due to past experience

Question 51

Two principles of conditioning that have aided our learning and improved our adaptability as a species are

Answer 51

stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination