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Pschopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

Intense, frequent or inappropriate anxiety, but no loss of reality contact. Includes phobias, generalized anxiety reactions, panic disorders, OCD, and PTSD.

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2
Q

Mood (affective) disorders

A

Marked disturbances of mood, including depression and mania (extreme elation and excitement).

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3
Q

Somatoform Disorders

A

Physical symptoms such as blindness, paralysis or pain, that have no physical basis and are assumed to be caused by psychological factors. Also hypochondria

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4
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

Psychologically caused problems of consciousness and self-identification, including amnesia and multiple personality disorder

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5
Q

Schizophrenic disorder

A

Severe disorders of thinking, perception and emotion that involve loss of contact with reality and disordered behavior.

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6
Q

Substance abuse disorders

A

Personal and social problems associated with the use of psychoactive substances such as alcohol or drugs.

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7
Q

Sexual and gender identity disorders

A

Inability to function sexually or enjoy sexuality, deviant sexual behaviors such as child molestation and arousal by inappropriate objects. Strong discomfort with one’s gender accompanied by the desire to be a member of he opposite sex.

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8
Q

Eating disorders

A

Anorexia nervosa. And bulimia nervosa.

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9
Q

Personality disorders

A

Rigid, stable and maladaptive personality patterns such as antisocial, dependent, paranoid and narcissistic disorders

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10
Q

Vulnerability-stress model (diathesis-stress model)

A

Everyone has a degree of vulnerability for developing a psychological disorder given sufficient stress.

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11
Q

Mental illness

A

A condition which causes serious disorder in a persons behavior or thinking

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12
Q

Axis 1

A

Clinical disorders eg. Schizophrenia, depression

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13
Q

Axis 2

A

Mental retardation (life long disorders)

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14
Q

Axis 3

A

General medical conditions

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15
Q

Axis 4

A

Social and environmental problems

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16
Q

Axis 5

A

Global assessment of functioning (0 to 100. Suicidal to perfect)

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17
Q

Benefits of diagnostic classification system

A

Acknowledgement to people’s suffering
Facilitates communication between clinicians
Facilitates treatment planning for specific problems
Allows research to be conducted in a consistent way

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18
Q

Concerns about DSM diagnostic classification system

A

Who decides what is normal and abnormal
Locates illness rather than the toxic environment
Labeling g and stigmatization
Overlap between diagnostic categories
Cultural differences not adequately recognized.

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19
Q

Anxiety

A

A state of tension and apprehension

A natural response to a perceived threat

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20
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

Frequency and intensity of anxiety responses are out of proportion to the situations that trigger them. Anxiety interferes with daily life

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21
Q

Phobias

A

Strong, irrational fears of certain objects or situations.
Aware that fears are irrational
Feelings of helplessness
Efforts to avoid the object/situation
Extremely fearful physical, emotional and cognitive responses when presented with the object/situation

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22
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear of open or public places from which escaping would be difficult.

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23
Q

Social phobias

A

Excessive fear of situations in which the person might be evaluated and possibly embarrassed

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24
Q

Phobias development.

A

Can occur at any point in life but mostly in childhood, adolescence and early adulthood.
Often intensify and broaden over time.
Need intervention to go away

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25
Q

Inconvenient phobias

A

Aerophobia

Ailurophobia-fear of cats

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26
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

Chronic state of anxiety
Not attached to specific cause
Free floating anxiety
Significant interference with daily functioning

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27
Q

Panic disorder

A

Sudden and unpredictable panic attacks.
Unidentifiable stimulus brings on panic attacks.
Persistent fear of more panic attacks(leads to agoraphobia fear of public places).
Physical symptoms intense and short lived

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28
Q

OCD

A

Has two components- cognitive and behavioral
Obsessions-repetitive and unwelcome thoughts, images or impulses that invade consciousness, very difficult to control.
Compulsions- repetitive behavioral responses that can be resisted but only with great difficulty

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29
Q

PTSD

A

Severe anxiety disorder that can occur in people who have been exposed to a traumatic life event.
Experiences severe symptoms of anxiety, arousal and distress that were not present before the traumatic event.
Reliving event in flashbacks, dreams and fantasies
Feeling of numbness
Avoidance of reminders of trauma
Survivor guilt.

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30
Q

Inferred anxiety

A

Present in somatoform and dissociative disorders. (Not consciously feel any anxiety). Function is to protect the person from the strong psychological conflict.

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31
Q

Hypochondriasis

A

Eg of a somatoform disorder.

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32
Q

Pain disorder

A

Experience of intense pain that is either out of proportion to medical condition or for which there is no physical basis for the pain

33
Q

Conversion disorder

A

Serious neurological symptoms such as paralysis, blindness.

Sensory and motor pathways still intact.

34
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

A breakdown of normal personality integration., resulting in significant alterations in memory and or identify

35
Q

psychogenic amnesia

A

extensive but selective memory loss in response to a stressful event.

36
Q

Psychogenic fugue

A

a person loses all sense of personal identity, gives up their life and wanders to a new location and establishes a new identity.
may last hours, days, years.

37
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

multiple personality disorder.
a primary personality (host)
alters
each personality has its own memories and behaviours.

38
Q

trauma dissociation theory

A

new personalities develop in response to stress.
victims of physical and sexual abuse.
self-hypnosis and escape method.

39
Q

unipolar

A

depression only

40
Q

bipolar

A 
mania:
-euphoric mood
-impatient, agitated
-impulsive
-very sociable
AND
depression
41
Q

Dysthymia

A

less intense form of depression that has less dramatic effects on personal and occupational functioning.

  • at least 2 years
  • 3 or more symptoms including depressed mood.
42
Q

Major Depression

A

intense depressed state that leaves the individual unable to function effectively.

  • 5 or more symptoms including sadness or loss of interest/pleasure.
  • at least 2 weeks in duration
43
Q

cognitive symptoms of depression

A
  • difficulty concentrating and making decisions.
  • low self-esteem
  • self blame
  • expecting failures
  • pessimism and hopelessness
  • obsessive worrying
44
Q

physical symptoms of depression

A
  • loss of appetite and weight loss
  • compulsive eating and weight gain
  • loss of sexual desire
  • sleep disturbances
  • fatigue and weakness
45
Q

cognitive symptoms of mania

A
  • racing thoughts
  • grandiose ideas, delusions
  • pressure of speech
  • distractable
46
Q

physical symptoms of mania

A
  • hyperactive
  • need less sleep
  • increased productivity
  • frenetic activity.
47
Q

Causes of mood disorders

A
  • genetic vulnerability
  • neurochemical dysregulation
  • personality traits
  • triggers in social environment
  • learned helplessness (expecting bad events to happen)
  • cognitive distortions
48
Q

Schizophrenia

A

severe disturbances in thinking, speech, perception and emotion .

  • inappropriate emotions
  • hallucinations
  • sinister
  • delusions
  • blunted affect/flat affect
  • catatonia
49
Q

Catatonia

A

abnormality of movement and behaviour arising from a disturbed mental state

50
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

A lack of personal attachment to other people.

  • often appear charming and intelligent
  • manipulative
  • men 3:1 more likely than women
  • threat of punishment doesn’t work
  • must be over 18 to diagnose.
51
Q

biological causes of antisocial personality disorder

A
  • genetic predisposition
  • dysfunction in brain structures that govern emotional arousal and self control
  • lower heart rates under stress
52
Q

psychological and environmental factors of antisocial PD

A
  • failure to develop superego which restrains self-gratification
  • failure of punishment to inhibit maladaptive behaviours and expose aggressive, uncaring models.
53
Q

Cluster A of Personality Disorders

A

odd/eccentric

  • maintain grasp on reality
  • schizoid PD
  • schizotypal PD
  • paranoid PD
54
Q

Schizoid PD

A
  • indifference to social relationships and restricted range of experiencing and expressing emotions.
  • chronic lack of interest in and avoidance of interpersonal relationships, emotional coldness towards people
55
Q

Schizotypal PD

A
  • odd thoughts, appearance and behaviour
  • extreme social discomfort
  • inhibited or inappropriate emotion and social behaviour, disorganised.
56
Q

Paranoid PD

A
  • tendency to interpret the behaviour of other people as threatening, exploiting or harmful
  • mistrust and suspicion of other people
57
Q

Cluster B of PD

A

dramatic/impulsive/erratic:

  • antisocial PD
  • Borderline PD
  • Histrionic PD
  • Narcissistic PD
58
Q

Histrionic PD

A
  • dramatic, emotional reactions and attention seeking behaviour
  • sexually provocative
  • very impressionable
  • out of touch with neg feelings
  • rapid shifting moods, unstable relationships and intense need for approval.
59
Q

Narcissistic PD

A
  • grandiose fantasies or behaviour
  • lack of empathy
  • oblivious to needs of others
  • overly sensitive to evaluation
  • constant need for admiration
  • proud self-display
60
Q

Cluster C of PD

A

Anxious/fearful:

  • Avoidant PD
  • Dependent PD
  • OCD
61
Q

Avoidant PD

A
  • extreme social discomfort and timidity
  • feeling of inadequacy, fearfulness
  • fear of being criticised (leads to avoidance of social interactions)
62
Q

Dependent PD

A
  • extremely submissive and dependent
  • fear of separation
  • need to be cared for
  • constant fear of rejection
63
Q

OCD

A
  • extreme perfectionism
  • inflexible
  • preoccupied with mental and interpersonal control
  • upset when routine is disrupted.
64
Q

Psychopath

A 
intelligent
charming
manipulative
no remorse
calculated (planned criminal behaviour)
65
Q

Sociopath

A
  • erratic
  • impulsive behaviour
  • result of environmental factors
66
Q

causes of antisocial PD

A
  • some say a genetic disorder
  • combo of genetic, social, enviro factors
  • history of abuse, abandonment
67
Q

Borderline PD

A 
pattern of instability of personal relationships, self-image.
impulsive
begins in early adulthood
-frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment
-unpredictable
-mood swings
-self mutilation
-lack of consistent sense of identity. 
-70% women
68
Q

emotions of borderline PD

A
  • feel emotions more deeply and longer than others.
  • intense feelings of gratitude and joy
  • overwhelming neg feelings
  • suicidal/self harm

CAUSED BY HISTORY OF INTERPERSONAL STRIFE, ABUSE AND INCONSISTENT CARE

69
Q

Autism

A

a long term disorder characterised by extreme unresponsiveness to others, poor communication skills, highly repetitive and rigid behavioural patterns.

70
Q

ADHD

A

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

  • typical onset before 12
  • pervasive (symptoms displayed in multiple settings)
71
Q

4 types of ADHD

A
  1. Predominantly Hyperactive/Impulsive Type
  2. Predominantly Inattentive type
  3. Restrictive Inattentive type
  4. Combined type
72
Q

treatment for ADHD

A
  • most common:stimulant drugs
  • improves behaviour and attention span
  • eg. Adderall, Concerta, Ritalin
  • stimulants regulate impulsive behaviour and improve attention span and focus by increasing levels of dopamine, norepinephrine which help transmit signals btw nerves.
73
Q

side effects of ADHD stimulants use

A
  • headache
  • upset stomach
  • increased blood pressure
74
Q

Persons who suffer from paraphilias are categorized as having

A

sexual disorder

75
Q

__________ schizophrenics shift from one pattern of schizophrenic behaviour to another.

A

undifferentiated

76
Q

It has been discovered that all major anti-psychotic drugs

A

block the action of dopamine

77
Q

__________ schizophrenia usually involves delusions of persecution and grandeur.

A

paranoid

78
Q

Disorganized schizophrenia is characterized by

A

silliness, laughter and bizarre behaviour

79
Q

Behavioural problems caused by senility, drug damage, brain injury or disease, and the toxic effects of poisons are classified as __________ disorders.

A

organic

Psychology (19 decks)

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