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Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

id

A

Most basic level is the id, drives the need for food.
If you suddenly feel hungry, you can’t wait and you want it straight away, unconscious. pleasure. houses simple biological needs.

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2
Q

Ego

A

largely conscious, rational plans

-mediator among the id, superego and external reality

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3
Q

Superego

A

largely unconscious, it is our conscience and sense of right or wrong (will say no, you have to wait)

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4
Q

Defense mechanism: Repression

A

excluding source of anxiety from awareness

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5
Q

Defense mechanism: projection

A

attributing unacceptable qualities of the self to someone else (competitive person complaining about competitive people)

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6
Q

Defense mechanism: Reaction formation

A

warding off uncomfortable thought by emphasizing its opposite

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7
Q

Defense mechanism: rationalization

A

concocting a seemingly logical reason or excuse for shameful behaviour

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8
Q

Defense mechanism: displacement

A

shifting emotion from one object to another

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9
Q

Defense mechanism: Sublimation

A

channeling unacceptable impulses into acceptable or admirable behaviour

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10
Q

Compliant child

A

strives to be sweet, self sacrificing and saintly (move toward)

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11
Q

Aggressive child

A

Strives to be powerful, recognized, a winner (move against)

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12
Q

Detached child

A

Strives to be independent, aloof, perfect, live in their heads, don’t think they need anyone else, can’t commit to a relationship, often perfectionists, feel detached from their body and feelings (move away)

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13
Q

Internal Locus of control

A

they believe a person’s fate depends on their own actions (they do well in a test and they think it’s due to them studying hard)

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14
Q

External locus of control

A

See things coming from the outside, much less personally dependent (others control my destiny)

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15
Q

Heritability

A

The proportion of variance in a particular trait that is due to genetic influence

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16
Q

Temperament

A

innate, biologically based tendencies to feel or act in certain ways. Individual differences in emotional and behavioural styles that appear so early in life that they are assumed to have biological basis.

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17
Q

The Big Five Traits Model

A 
Agreeableness
Extroversion
Neuroticism (emotional stability)
Conscientiousness 
Openness
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18
Q

Personality

A

the distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling and acting that characterize a person’s responses to life situations

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19
Q

libido

A

Freud’s term for the motivational force or psychic energy which he posited to drive our behaviour and mental lives

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20
Q

Pleasure principle

A

Seeks immediate gratification or release, regardless of rational considerations and environmental realities

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21
Q

reality principle

A

testing reality to decide when and under what conditions the id can safely discharge its impulses and satisfy its needs

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22
Q

Defence Mechanisms

A

Unconscious mental operations that deny or distort reality

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23
Q

Psychosexual stages

A

during which the id’s pleasure seeking tendencies are focused on specific pleasure-sensitive areas of the body - the erogenous zones

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24
Q

Fixation

A

Stage of arrested psychosexual development in which instincts are focused on a particular psychic theme

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25
Q

Oedipus Complex

A

Conflictual situation involving love for the mother and hostility towards the father

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26
Q

Electra complex

A

The female counterpart of the Oedipus complex in which women harbour penis-envy

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27
Q

Personal unconscious

A

based on their life experiences

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28
Q

Collective unconcious

A

consists of memories accumulated throughout the entire history of the human race

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29
Q

Archetypes

A

Inherited tendencies to interpret experiences in certain ways

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30
Q

Object relations theories

A

focus on the images or mental representation or mental representations that people form themselves and other people as a result of early experiences with care-givers

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31
Q

Phenomenology

A

Study of immediate experiences

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32
Q

Personal constructs

A

Cognitive categories into which people sort the persons and events in their lives

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33
Q

role Construct Repertory Test (Rep Test)

A

Accesses individuals’ personal construct systems by investigating what dimensions people use to categorize important others

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34
Q

Self

A

An organized, consistent set of perceptions of beliefs about oneself

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35
Q

Carl Rogers’ Self Theory

A

the most important aspect of personality is the congruence between the self-concept and reality and between the real self and the ideal self

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36
Q

Self-consistency

A

An absence of conflict among self-perceptions

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37
Q

congruence

A

consistency between self-perceptions and experience

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38
Q

Threat

A

Anxiety

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39
Q

Need for positive regard

A

for acceptance, sympathy, and love from others

40
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

the person is inherently worthy of love, regardless of accomplishments or behaviour

41
Q

Fully functioning persons

A

Individuals who were close to achieving self-actualization

42
Q

Self-esteem

A

How positively or negatively we feel about ourselves

43
Q

Self-verification

A

The need to confirm the self-concept

44
Q

Biological Perspective: Eysenck’s Theory

A

-personality is linked to specific neurophysiological mechanisms

45
Q

Biological Perspective:

Reinforcement sensitivity theory (Gray)

A

Behavioural activation system (BAS) consists of brain structures that lead people to approach stimuli in search of rewards (Go system)

Behavioural inhibition system (BIS) is sensitive to punishment and inhibits behaviour that may lead to danger or pain (Stop system)

46
Q

Factor analysis

A

Used to identify clusters of behaviours that are highly correlated (positively or negatively) with one another but not with behaviours in other clusters

47
Q

Self-monitoring

A

attending to situational cues and adapting behaviour to what would be most appropriate

48
Q

Social-cognitive theories

A

Combine the behavioural and the cognitive perspectives into an approach to personality that stresses the interaction of a thinking human with a social environment that provides learning experiences.

49
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

The person, the person’s behaviour and the environment all influence one another in a pattern of two-way causal links

50
Q

Internal-external locus of control

A

An expectancy concerning the degree of personal control we have in our lives

51
Q

Self-efficacy

A

Beliefs concerning an ability to perform the behaviours needed to achieve desired outcomes

52
Q

limitations of the biological perspective

A

has been criticised on methodological grounds and because it doesn’t provide a comprehensive theory of personality

53
Q

Behaviour outcome expectancies

A

The “if - then” links between alternative behaviours and possible outcomes

54
Q

Self-reinforcement processes

A

Internal, self-administered rewards and punishments

55
Q

Behavioural signatures

A

Consistent ways of responding in particular classes of situations

56
Q

Gender schemas

A

Organized mental structures that contain our understanding of the attributes and behaviours that are appropriate and expected for males and females

57
Q

Structured interviews

A

A set of specific questions that are administered to every participant

58
Q

Behavioural assessment

A

An explicit coding system that describes behavioural categories of interest

59
Q

Remote behaviour sampling

A

Researchers and clinicians can collect self-reported samples of behaviour from respondents as they live their daily lives

60
Q

Projective tests

A

Present subjects with ambiguous stimuli and ask for some interpretation of them

61
Q

Defense mechanism: Denial

A

Person refuses to acknowledge anxiety-arousing aspects of the environment. The denial may involve either the emotions connected with the event or the event itself

62
Q

Defense mechanism: Intellectualization

A

The emotion connected with an upsetting event is repressed and the situation is dealt with as an intellectually interesting event

63
Q

personality

A

the distinctive and enduring way of thinking, feeling and acting that characterise a person’s responses to life situations

64
Q

5 approaches to personality

A
  1. Trait
  2. Psychodynamic
  3. Humanistic
  4. Social Cognitive
  5. Biological
65
Q

personality trait

A

a relatively stable predisposition to behave in a certain way in a variety of situations.
they exist on a continuum

66
Q

trait theory

A
  • behaviour is determined by the interaction of personality traits and the situation or environment.
  • personality traits do not predict behaviour, but situations also influence how our personalities are expressed.
  • Strong situations may mask individual differences in library (eg in a library you are quiet)
67
Q

contributions and limitations of trait theories

A

-traits are easy to measure and widely applicable
BUT
-trait models are descriptive rather than explanatory.

68
Q

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

A

conscious-thoughts
preconscious-memories, stored knowledge
unconscious- fears, immoral urges, irrational wishes

69
Q

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory:two basic drives

A

sex and aggression

70
Q

personality development, psychosexual stages: ORAL

A
  • 0-18 months

- dependency

71
Q

personality development, psychosexual stages:

ANAL

A
  • 2-3 years

- orderliness, cleanliness, control, complience

72
Q

personality development, psychosexual stages:

PHALLIC

A
  • 4-6 years

- identification with parents, Oedipus complex

73
Q

personality development, psychosexual stages:

LATENCY

A
  • 7-11 years

- sexual and aggressive impulses channelled into socially acceptable activities.

74
Q

personality development, psychosexual stages:

GENITAL

A
  • 12+ years

- mature sexuality and realtionships

75
Q

fixations

A

conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the developmental stage in which they arise. eg smoking is an oral fixation

76
Q

contributions and limitations of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory

A

limitations:
-is it science?
-cultural and sexual bias
contributions:
- highlights the importance of childhood experiences and relationships with parents and of unconscious processes in shaping adult personality

77
Q

psychodynamic theories since Freud

A
  • place less emphaisis on sex and aggression and more on social interactions
  • place less emphasis on the unconscious and more on the ego
78
Q

psychodynamic theories :

children who grow up in environments that are not safe develop a dominant (neurotic) style

A
  1. compliant (strives to be sweet, self-sacrificing)
  2. aggressive (strives to be powerful, recognised)
  3. detached (strives to be independent, aloof, perfect)
79
Q

Humanistic theories focus on people’s…

A
  • phenomenological reality
  • inherent goodness
  • striving for self actualisation
80
Q

Carl Rogers’ Self Theory

A

the most important aspect of personality is the congruence between the self-concept and reality and between the real self and the ideal self

81
Q

a child raised with unconditional positive regard will be able to become a fully functioning person characterised by…

A
  • openness to experience
  • existential living
  • organismic trusting
  • experiential freedom
  • creativity
82
Q

contribution of humanistic theories

A

have a unique focus on the ways humans strive to find meaning in life

83
Q

limitations of humanistic theories

A
  • do not offer a comprehensive theory of personality
  • difficult to test
  • little research support
  • too idealistic
84
Q

The Social Cognitive Perspective

A

explain individual differences in personality in terms of learned beliefs, expectancies and interpretations of social situation.

85
Q

self-efficacy (Bandura)

A

beliefs concerning one’s ability to perform the behaviours needed to achieve desired outcomes.

86
Q

Mischel’s Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS)

A

-people’s responses in a given situation are influenced by the interactions of situational conditions with a variety of person variables (eg. how you see it, what will happen, was it worth it?0

87
Q

contributions of social cognitive theories

A

testable and supported by research evidence

88
Q

limitations of social cognitive theories

A

underemphasise personality processes that occur outside awareness

89
Q

Biological Perspective:

Reinforcement sensitivity theory (Gray)

A

Behavioural activation system (BAS) consists of brain structures that lead people to approach stimuli in search of rewards (Go system)

Behavioural inhibition system (BIS) is sensitive to punishment and inhibits behaviour that may lead to danger or pain (Stop system)

90
Q

Reinforcement sensitivity theory : EXTRAVERTS

A
  • have a stronger BAS so are more sensitive to and influenced by rewards than punishment
  • extraversion has been associated with greater activation of dopamine receptors
91
Q

Reinforcement sensitivity theory: INTROVERTS

A
  • introverts have a more active BIS, and are more sensitive to and more easily influences by punishment.
  • introversion has been linked with greater activity in the right frontal lobes and the amygdala
92
Q

Behavioural Genetics

A
  • try to establish the influence of heredity on behaviour
  • twin studies (separated and raised together) show that 40-50% of personality traits is due to genetic influences
  • shared home environment only seems to have a small effect on personality, non shared has larger effects
93
Q

Temperament

A

innate, biologically-based tendencies to feel or act in certain ways.

  • activity level
  • emotionality
  • sociability
94
Q

evolutionary approaches (personality as adaptation to life conditions)

A
  • traits that were more useful for survival and reproduction in previous generations will have been more likely to be passed on to future generations.
  • Buss argued that the Big Five traits each provide NB info regarding mate selection
95
Q

contributions of the biological perspective

A

evidence from behavioural genetics has demonstrated that personality has a substantial genetic component

96
Q

limitations of the biological perspective

A

has been criticised on methodological grounds and because it doesnt provide a comprehensive theory of personality

97
Q

Id is to “Just do it” as superego is to

A

dont do it

Psychology (19 decks)

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