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Personality Flashcards

1
Q

id

A

Most basic level is the id, drives the need for food.
If you suddenly feel hungry, you can’t wait and you want it straight away, unconscious. pleasure. houses simple biological needs.

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2
Q

Ego

A

largely conscious, rational plans

-mediator among the id, superego and external reality

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3
Q

Superego

A

largely unconscious, it is our conscience and sense of right or wrong (will say no, you have to wait)

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4
Q

Defense mechanism: Repression

A

excluding source of anxiety from awareness

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5
Q

Defense mechanism: projection

A

attributing unacceptable qualities of the self to someone else (competitive person complaining about competitive people)

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6
Q

Defense mechanism: Reaction formation

A

warding off uncomfortable thought by emphasizing its opposite

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7
Q

Defense mechanism: rationalization

A

concocting a seemingly logical reason or excuse for shameful behaviour

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8
Q

Defense mechanism: displacement

A

shifting emotion from one object to another

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9
Q

Defense mechanism: Sublimation

A

channeling unacceptable impulses into acceptable or admirable behaviour

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10
Q

Compliant child

A

strives to be sweet, self sacrificing and saintly (move toward)

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11
Q

Aggressive child

A

Strives to be powerful, recognized, a winner (move against)

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12
Q

Detached child

A

Strives to be independent, aloof, perfect, live in their heads, don’t think they need anyone else, can’t commit to a relationship, often perfectionists, feel detached from their body and feelings (move away)

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13
Q

Internal Locus of control

A

they believe a person’s fate depends on their own actions (they do well in a test and they think it’s due to them studying hard)

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14
Q

External locus of control

A

See things coming from the outside, much less personally dependent (others control my destiny)

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15
Q

Heritability

A

The proportion of variance in a particular trait that is due to genetic influence

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16
Q

Temperament

A

innate, biologically based tendencies to feel or act in certain ways. Individual differences in emotional and behavioural styles that appear so early in life that they are assumed to have biological basis.

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17
Q

The Big Five Traits Model

A 
Agreeableness
Extroversion
Neuroticism (emotional stability)
Conscientiousness 
Openness
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18
Q

Personality

A

the distinctive and relatively enduring ways of thinking, feeling and acting that characterize a person’s responses to life situations

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19
Q

libido

A

Freud’s term for the motivational force or psychic energy which he posited to drive our behaviour and mental lives

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20
Q

Pleasure principle

A

Seeks immediate gratification or release, regardless of rational considerations and environmental realities

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21
Q

reality principle

A

testing reality to decide when and under what conditions the id can safely discharge its impulses and satisfy its needs

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22
Q

Defence Mechanisms

A

Unconscious mental operations that deny or distort reality

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23
Q

Psychosexual stages

A

during which the id’s pleasure seeking tendencies are focused on specific pleasure-sensitive areas of the body - the erogenous zones

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24
Q

Fixation

A

Stage of arrested psychosexual development in which instincts are focused on a particular psychic theme

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25
Oedipus Complex
Conflictual situation involving love for the mother and hostility towards the father
26
Electra complex
The female counterpart of the Oedipus complex in which women harbour penis-envy
27
Personal unconscious
based on their life experiences
28
Collective unconcious
consists of memories accumulated throughout the entire history of the human race
29
Archetypes
Inherited tendencies to interpret experiences in certain ways
30
Object relations theories
focus on the images or mental representation or mental representations that people form themselves and other people as a result of early experiences with care-givers
31
Phenomenology
Study of immediate experiences
32
Personal constructs
Cognitive categories into which people sort the persons and events in their lives
33
role Construct Repertory Test (Rep Test)
Accesses individuals' personal construct systems by investigating what dimensions people use to categorize important others
34
Self
An organized, consistent set of perceptions of beliefs about oneself
35
Carl Rogers' Self Theory
the most important aspect of personality is the congruence between the self-concept and reality and between the real self and the ideal self
36
Self-consistency
An absence of conflict among self-perceptions
37
congruence
consistency between self-perceptions and experience
38
Threat
Anxiety
39
Need for positive regard
for acceptance, sympathy, and love from others
40
Unconditional positive regard
the person is inherently worthy of love, regardless of accomplishments or behaviour
41
Fully functioning persons
Individuals who were close to achieving self-actualization
42
Self-esteem
How positively or negatively we feel about ourselves
43
Self-verification
The need to confirm the self-concept
44
Biological Perspective: Eysenck's Theory
-personality is linked to specific neurophysiological mechanisms
45
Biological Perspective: | Reinforcement sensitivity theory (Gray)
Behavioural activation system (BAS) consists of brain structures that lead people to approach stimuli in search of rewards (Go system) Behavioural inhibition system (BIS) is sensitive to punishment and inhibits behaviour that may lead to danger or pain (Stop system)
46
Factor analysis
Used to identify clusters of behaviours that are highly correlated (positively or negatively) with one another but not with behaviours in other clusters
47
Self-monitoring
attending to situational cues and adapting behaviour to what would be most appropriate
48
Social-cognitive theories
Combine the behavioural and the cognitive perspectives into an approach to personality that stresses the interaction of a thinking human with a social environment that provides learning experiences.
49
Reciprocal determinism
The person, the person's behaviour and the environment all influence one another in a pattern of two-way causal links
50
Internal-external locus of control
An expectancy concerning the degree of personal control we have in our lives
51
Self-efficacy
Beliefs concerning an ability to perform the behaviours needed to achieve desired outcomes
52
limitations of the biological perspective
has been criticised on methodological grounds and because it doesn't provide a comprehensive theory of personality
53
Behaviour outcome expectancies
The "if - then" links between alternative behaviours and possible outcomes
54
Self-reinforcement processes
Internal, self-administered rewards and punishments
55
Behavioural signatures
Consistent ways of responding in particular classes of situations
56
Gender schemas
Organized mental structures that contain our understanding of the attributes and behaviours that are appropriate and expected for males and females
57
Structured interviews
A set of specific questions that are administered to every participant
58
Behavioural assessment
An explicit coding system that describes behavioural categories of interest
59
Remote behaviour sampling
Researchers and clinicians can collect self-reported samples of behaviour from respondents as they live their daily lives
60
Projective tests
Present subjects with ambiguous stimuli and ask for some interpretation of them
61
Defense mechanism: Denial
Person refuses to acknowledge anxiety-arousing aspects of the environment. The denial may involve either the emotions connected with the event or the event itself
62
Defense mechanism: Intellectualization
The emotion connected with an upsetting event is repressed and the situation is dealt with as an intellectually interesting event
63
personality
the distinctive and enduring way of thinking, feeling and acting that characterise a person's responses to life situations
64
5 approaches to personality
1. Trait 2. Psychodynamic 3. Humanistic 4. Social Cognitive 5. Biological
65
personality trait
a relatively stable predisposition to behave in a certain way in a variety of situations. they exist on a continuum
66
trait theory
- behaviour is determined by the interaction of personality traits and the situation or environment. - personality traits do not predict behaviour, but situations also influence how our personalities are expressed. - Strong situations may mask individual differences in library (eg in a library you are quiet)
67
contributions and limitations of trait theories
-traits are easy to measure and widely applicable BUT -trait models are descriptive rather than explanatory.
68
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
conscious-thoughts preconscious-memories, stored knowledge unconscious- fears, immoral urges, irrational wishes
69
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory:two basic drives
sex and aggression
70
personality development, psychosexual stages: ORAL
- 0-18 months | - dependency
71
personality development, psychosexual stages: | ANAL
- 2-3 years | - orderliness, cleanliness, control, complience
72
personality development, psychosexual stages: | PHALLIC
- 4-6 years | - identification with parents, Oedipus complex
73
personality development, psychosexual stages: | LATENCY
- 7-11 years | - sexual and aggressive impulses channelled into socially acceptable activities.
74
personality development, psychosexual stages: | GENITAL
- 12+ years | - mature sexuality and realtionships
75
fixations
conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the developmental stage in which they arise. eg smoking is an oral fixation
76
contributions and limitations of Freud's psychoanalytic theory
limitations: -is it science? -cultural and sexual bias contributions: - highlights the importance of childhood experiences and relationships with parents and of unconscious processes in shaping adult personality
77
psychodynamic theories since Freud
- place less emphaisis on sex and aggression and more on social interactions - place less emphasis on the unconscious and more on the ego
78
psychodynamic theories : | children who grow up in environments that are not safe develop a dominant (neurotic) style
1. compliant (strives to be sweet, self-sacrificing) 2. aggressive (strives to be powerful, recognised) 3. detached (strives to be independent, aloof, perfect)
79
Humanistic theories focus on people's...
- phenomenological reality - inherent goodness - striving for self actualisation
80
Carl Rogers' Self Theory
the most important aspect of personality is the congruence between the self-concept and reality and between the real self and the ideal self
81
a child raised with unconditional positive regard will be able to become a fully functioning person characterised by...
- openness to experience - existential living - organismic trusting - experiential freedom - creativity
82
contribution of humanistic theories
have a unique focus on the ways humans strive to find meaning in life
83
limitations of humanistic theories
- do not offer a comprehensive theory of personality - difficult to test - little research support - too idealistic
84
The Social Cognitive Perspective
explain individual differences in personality in terms of learned beliefs, expectancies and interpretations of social situation.
85
self-efficacy (Bandura)
beliefs concerning one's ability to perform the behaviours needed to achieve desired outcomes.
86
Mischel's Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS)
-people's responses in a given situation are influenced by the interactions of situational conditions with a variety of person variables (eg. how you see it, what will happen, was it worth it?0
87
contributions of social cognitive theories
testable and supported by research evidence
88
limitations of social cognitive theories
underemphasise personality processes that occur outside awareness
89
Biological Perspective: | Reinforcement sensitivity theory (Gray)
Behavioural activation system (BAS) consists of brain structures that lead people to approach stimuli in search of rewards (Go system) Behavioural inhibition system (BIS) is sensitive to punishment and inhibits behaviour that may lead to danger or pain (Stop system)
90
Reinforcement sensitivity theory : EXTRAVERTS
- have a stronger BAS so are more sensitive to and influenced by rewards than punishment - extraversion has been associated with greater activation of dopamine receptors
91
Reinforcement sensitivity theory: INTROVERTS
- introverts have a more active BIS, and are more sensitive to and more easily influences by punishment. - introversion has been linked with greater activity in the right frontal lobes and the amygdala
92
Behavioural Genetics
- try to establish the influence of heredity on behaviour - twin studies (separated and raised together) show that 40-50% of personality traits is due to genetic influences - shared home environment only seems to have a small effect on personality, non shared has larger effects
93
Temperament
innate, biologically-based tendencies to feel or act in certain ways. - activity level - emotionality - sociability
94
evolutionary approaches (personality as adaptation to life conditions)
- traits that were more useful for survival and reproduction in previous generations will have been more likely to be passed on to future generations. - Buss argued that the Big Five traits each provide NB info regarding mate selection
95
contributions of the biological perspective
evidence from behavioural genetics has demonstrated that personality has a substantial genetic component
96
limitations of the biological perspective
has been criticised on methodological grounds and because it doesnt provide a comprehensive theory of personality
97
Id is to "Just do it" as superego is to
dont do it

Psychology (19 decks)

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