Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
Autonomy
A need to achieve greater freedom and regulation by the self, rather than by external forces
Relatedness
A need to form meaningful bonds with others
Metabolism
The body’s rate of energy (or caloric) utilization
Satiety
State in which we no longer feel hungry
Set point
A biologically determined standard around which body weight (or, rather, fat mass) is regulated. Fixed level that maintains homeostasis
Competence
A need to master new challenges and perfect skills
Instinct
An inherited characteristic, common to all members of a species, that automatically produces a particular response when the organism is exposed to a particular stimulus
Homeostasis
State of internal physiological equilibrium that the body strives to maintain
Drive
State of internal tension motivating an organism to behave in ways that reduce this tension
e.g. hunger, thirst
Behavioural activation system (BAS)
Roused into action by signals of potential reward and positive need gratification
Causes person to move toward positive goals in anticipation of pleasure
Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)
Responds to stimuli that signal potential pain, non-reinforcement, and punishment
Produces fear and escape / avoidant behaviours
Expectancy x Value Theory
States that behaviour is determined by:
Strength of expectation that behaviour will lead to a goal
Incentive value that person places on goal
Extrinsic Motivation
Performing an activity to obtain external reward or avoid punishment
Intrinsic Motivation
Comes from within a person
Leptin
Hormone secreted by fat cells, decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure
- Increases potency of other satiety signals
Social Motivation Evolutionary Theory
Humans have evolved to become highly social creatures
Affiliation has provided many adaptive advantages
Need for achievement
Positive desire to accomplish tasks and compete successfully with standards of excellence (motive for success and fear of failure)
Motivated to achieve, want to do really well (others just want to pass and are not really motivated)
High need achievers
High in achievement and low in fear of failure
- Perceive themselves as responsible for outcomes
- Prefer challenging tasks that involve moderate risk of not succeeding
- Desire performance feedback
Achievement Goal Theory
Focuses on the manner in which success is defined both by the individual and within the achievement situation itself
Achievement goal Orientation: Mastery orientation
Focus on personal improvement, giving maximum effort and perfecting new skills
Achievement goal Orientation: Mastery-approach goals
Focus on desire to master a task and learn new knowledge or skills
Achievement goal Orientation: Ego-approach goals
Reflect a competitive orientation that focuses on being judged favourably relative to other people
Achievement goal orientations: Mastery-avoidance goals
A fear not performing up to one’s own standard