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Psychology > Motivation and Emotion > Flashcards

Motivation and Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

Autonomy

A

A need to achieve greater freedom and regulation by the self, rather than by external forces

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2
Q

Relatedness

A

A need to form meaningful bonds with others

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3
Q

Metabolism

A

The body’s rate of energy (or caloric) utilization

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4
Q

Satiety

A

State in which we no longer feel hungry

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5
Q

Set point

A

A biologically determined standard around which body weight (or, rather, fat mass) is regulated. Fixed level that maintains homeostasis

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6
Q

Competence

A

A need to master new challenges and perfect skills

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7
Q

Instinct

A

An inherited characteristic, common to all members of a species, that automatically produces a particular response when the organism is exposed to a particular stimulus

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8
Q

Homeostasis

A

State of internal physiological equilibrium that the body strives to maintain

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9
Q

Drive

A

State of internal tension motivating an organism to behave in ways that reduce this tension
e.g. hunger, thirst

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10
Q

Behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

Roused into action by signals of potential reward and positive need gratification
Causes person to move toward positive goals in anticipation of pleasure

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11
Q

Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)

A

Responds to stimuli that signal potential pain, non-reinforcement, and punishment
Produces fear and escape / avoidant behaviours

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12
Q

Expectancy x Value Theory

A

States that behaviour is determined by:
Strength of expectation that behaviour will lead to a goal
Incentive value that person places on goal

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13
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

Performing an activity to obtain external reward or avoid punishment

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14
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

Comes from within a person

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15
Q

Leptin

A

Hormone secreted by fat cells, decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure
- Increases potency of other satiety signals

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16
Q

Social Motivation Evolutionary Theory

A

Humans have evolved to become highly social creatures

Affiliation has provided many adaptive advantages

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17
Q

Need for achievement

A

Positive desire to accomplish tasks and compete successfully with standards of excellence (motive for success and fear of failure)

Motivated to achieve, want to do really well (others just want to pass and are not really motivated)

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18
Q

High need achievers

A

High in achievement and low in fear of failure

  • Perceive themselves as responsible for outcomes
  • Prefer challenging tasks that involve moderate risk of not succeeding
  • Desire performance feedback
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19
Q

Achievement Goal Theory

A

Focuses on the manner in which success is defined both by the individual and within the achievement situation itself

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20
Q

Achievement goal Orientation: Mastery orientation

A

Focus on personal improvement, giving maximum effort and perfecting new skills

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21
Q

Achievement goal Orientation: Mastery-approach goals

A

Focus on desire to master a task and learn new knowledge or skills

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22
Q

Achievement goal Orientation: Ego-approach goals

A

Reflect a competitive orientation that focuses on being judged favourably relative to other people

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23
Q

Achievement goal orientations: Mastery-avoidance goals

A

A fear not performing up to one’s own standard

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24
Q

Achievement Orientation Goals: Ego-avoidance goals

A

enter on avoiding being outperformed by others

25
Q

Motivational Climate

A

Influenced by parents, teachers, coaches and supervisors

26
Q

Ego- involving climate

A

People are compared to each other, urged to compete to be the best and get special attention

27
Q

Mastery-involving climate

A

Effort, enjoyment of the activity and personal improvement emphasized and rewarded

28
Q

Polygraph test

A

Measures physiological responses e.g. respiration, heart rate and skin conductance (innocent people appear guilty when autonomic activity increases, guilty people can beat the polygraph by controlling autonomic processes).

29
Q

“High Road” neural pathway to the cortex

A

Slower, conscious processing

30
Q

“Low road” to the amygdala

A

Very quick and unconscious processing (e.g. seeing a snake and immediate response)

31
Q

Emotion

A

Feeling (or affect) states that involve a pattern of cognitive, physiological and behavioural reactions to events

32
Q

Expressive behaviours

A

The person’s observable emotional displays

33
Q

Empathy

A

Others’ emotional displays can evoke similar responses in us

34
Q

Fundamental emotional patterns

A

Innate emotional reactions that are believed to be wired into the nervous system

35
Q

Cultural display rules

A

Dictate when and how particular emotions are to be expressed

36
Q

Instrumental behaviours

A

Behaviours directed at achieving some emotion-relevant goal

37
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

Our bodily reactions determine the subjective emotion we experience (physiological events play a causal role in feeling of emotions)

Stimulus –> Physiological responses (e.g. increased heart rate) & behavioural responses (e.g. run away) the physiological cause feelings of certain emotions
- The autonomic arousal CAUSES how you feel

38
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

The subjective experience of emotion and physiological arousal do not cause one another but instead are independent responses to an emotion-arousing situation.
Info comes in, first goes to your thalamus and processes, then decides and sends to organs and muscles and then also goes to the cortex at the same time .
Message to Cortex produces experience of emotion
Thalamus allows you to feel this way physiologically and emotionally

39
Q

when you are thirsty, drink a glass of water and then no longer feel thirsty, in terms of drive reduction theory

A

homeostasis has been achieved

40
Q

if you have been hiking up the mountain for several days with no food. your primary focus is to find food. in terms of ____, you will search for food until she finds something to eat.

A

drive theory of emotion

41
Q

you study every day. your anticipation that studying will lead to a good grade can be best described as…

A

an incentive

42
Q

According to Dr X, Jason is an enthusiastic rugby player because of unconscious aggressive impulses. Dr X’s explanation is most aligned with…

A

the psychodynamic perspective

43
Q

according to self-determination theory, what are the three fundamental needs?

A

Competence, Autonomy, Relatedness

44
Q

Some researchers suggest that our body attempts to maintain a certain body weight: if we eat too little our metabolism will slow down, and if we eat too much our metabolism will speed up. This is best explained by

A

set point theory

45
Q

The Cannon-Bard Theory proposes that

A

subjective experience of emotion and physiological arousal are independent responses to an emotion arousing situation.

46
Q

Which part of the brain plays a major role in sexual motivation?

A

Hippocampus

47
Q

_____________ comparison allows us to determine if our responses are ‘normal’ and judge our level of physical and cognitive abilities.

A

social

48
Q

An individual who typically wants to outperform others with as little effort as possible is best described as ____________ oriented.

A

ego

49
Q

Eliciting stimuli

A

Stimuli that trigger cognitive appraisal & emotional responses

50
Q

Cognitive Appraisals

A

The interpretations & meanings that we attach to sensory stimuli

51
Q

Approach-Approach Conflict

A

When we face two attractive alternatives and selecting one means losing the other

52
Q

Avoidance-Avoidance conflict

A

When we must choose between two undesirable alternatives

53
Q

Approach-avoidance conflict

A

Being attracted to and repelled by the same goal

54
Q

Self-determination theory

A

Focuses on 3 Fundamental psychological needs: Autonomy, relatedness and competence

55
Q

Self-Actualization

A

The need to fulfil our potential

56
Q

Incentives

A

Environmental stimuli that pull an organism towards a goal

57
Q

drive-reduction theory

A
  • a physiological need, or drive simply compels us to reduce that need. (hearing stomach growl and looking for food).
  • focus on maintaining homeostasis
58
Q

optimal arousal

A

-suggests that rather than just reducing a drive, like hunger, we’re motivated to maintain a balance between stimulation and relaxation

59
Q

3 strongest motivaters

A
  • sex
  • hunger
  • need to belong

Psychology (19 decks)

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