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Health Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Health Psychology

A

addresses factors that influence well-being and illness as well as measures that can be taken to promote health and prevent illness.

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2
Q

Stressor

A

events that place strong demands on a person. threatening situations.

  • physical (mugging)
  • psychological (teasing)
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3
Q

Eustress

A

optimal level
beneficial
good stress
enhancing performance

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4
Q

Distress

A

demands outweigh resources

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5
Q

Microstressors

A

daily hassles and annoyances.

eg. traffic jam

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6
Q

Major negative events

A

personal negative events placing major demands on a person.

eg. divorce, death

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7
Q

Catastrophic events

A

occur unexpectedly and affect large number of people.

eg. war, natural disasters

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8
Q

Valence

A

means the intrinsic attractiveness (positive valence) or aversiveness (negative valence) of an event, object, or situation

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9
Q

Cognitive response to stress

A

cognitive appraisal- we respond to situations as we perceive them.

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10
Q

Physiological response

A

General Adaptation Syndrome- our body responds to stress

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11
Q

Primary appraisal

A

is the event positive, negative, benign, neutral, irrelevant or threatening.

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12
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

Can I cope? Do I have the resources?

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13
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

a physiological response pattern to strong and prolonged stressors.

  1. Alarm phase: activation of sympathetic nervous system and release of stress hormones by endocrine system.
  2. Resistance phase: resources are mobilised and being depleted by stress hormones.
  3. Exhaustion phase: increased vulnerability to disease in weak body systems.
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14
Q

Stress on ageing process

A

chronic levels damages telomeres and lowers telomerase

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15
Q

Social supprort

A
  • may enhance immune system functioning.
  • may decrease distress
  • can increase feelings of control
  • reduce risk of people coping with stressors in maladaptive ways
  • greater sense of identity
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16
Q

fight or flight is mobilised by…

A

catecholamines and cortisol

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17
Q

effects of cortisol

A
  • last longer, can be more damaging
  • reduces immune system functioning, creates fatty deposits in arteries
  • catecholemines increase immune system functioing
18
Q

Type A behaviour pattern

A
  • live under great pressure
  • place high demands on themselves
  • competitive, aggressive
  • double risk of coronary heart disease
19
Q

characteristics of resilient children

A
  • adequate intellectual functions
  • social skills
  • self-efficacy
  • faith
  • relationship with a caring, pro-social adult
20
Q

Problem-focussed coping

A
  • attempts to confront and directly deal with the demands of the situation or change it so it is no longer stressful.
  • eg. studying for a test
21
Q

Emotion-focused coping

A
  • attempts to manage the emotional responses that result from stress.
    eg. denial, positive reinterpretation
22
Q

seeking social support

A

turning to others for assistance and emotional support in times of stress.

23
Q

Holahan and Moos (1990)

A
  • Problem-focused coping & seeking social support more often associated with favourable adjustment to stressors
  • Emotion-focused strategies can involve avoiding feelings or blaming other; this associated with depression & poorer adjustment
24
Q

Western culture coping with stress

A

favour problem-focused coping

25
Q

Asian cultures coping with stress

A

emotion-focused and social support

26
Q

Men response to stress

A

fight or flight

problem-focused coping as primary strategy

27
Q

women respond to stress

A

tend and befriend
biological mechanisms underlying attachment and caregiving
-seek social support and use emotion-focused coping

28
Q

Cognitive restructuring

A

used to systematically detect, challenge, and replace irrational ideas

29
Q

Self-instructional training

A

a technique in which people learn to talk to themselves and guide their behaviour

30
Q

Somatic relaxation training

A

voluntarily reducing or preventing high levels of arousal.

goal is to condition relaxation so that it can easily be reproduced in stressful situations.

31
Q

Cognitive relaxation

A

a peaceful, mind-clearing state produced by meditation.

32
Q

Pain as a survival function

A

warning signals-body is being threatened or damaged

triggers behaviour reactions- help us to cope with threat

33
Q

Biological Mechanisms of pain

A
  1. nerve endings in skin and internal organs respond to intense stimulation
  2. nerve impuleses sent to spinal chord and brain
  3. info about pain relayed by thalamus to cerebral cortex.
  4. info relayed to limbic system (controls the emotional component of pain)
34
Q

suffering

A

both painful sensations AND negative emotional response present

35
Q

Gate Control Theory

A

The experience of pain results in the opening and closing of gating mechanisms in the NS

36
Q

Central Control Mechanism

A

Nerve impulses in fibres from the brain can influence the spinal gate.

  • Thoughts, emotions, & beliefs can influence experience of pain
  • Pain is both physical & psychological
37
Q

Endorphines

A

nervous system natural analgeics (painkillers)

-inhibit the release of neurotransmitters involved in transmission of pain impulses from spinal chord to brain.

38
Q

People differ in their ability to handle pain because…

A

people have different number of opioid receptors.

individual ability to release endorphins.

39
Q

Stress-induced analgesia

A

a reduction or absence of pain that occurs in stressful conditions.
can be adaptive or maladaptive

40
Q

Dissociative strategies

A
  • Focus attention elsewhere, visualize a pleasant experience, repeat mantra
  • Most effective when they require a great deal of concentration
41
Q

Associative strategies

A
  • Focus attention on physical sensation in a detached, unemotional way
  • More effective with intense pain

Psychology (19 decks)

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