Psychotherapy

Question 1

Psychoanalysis (PA)

Answer 1

Goal to help patients achieve insight- the conscious awareness of their problems.
Awareness allows patients to adjust their behaviour to current life situations instead of repeating maladaptive routines.
Deals with buried emotions.

Question 2

Free association. (PA)

Answer 2

Clients verbally report feelings, thoughts or images that enter awareness, without censorship.
Freud believes it gives clues to unconscious mind that provides info on important themes of issues

Question 3

Dream interpretation (PA)

Answer 3

Dreams express impulses, fantasies, wishes that are kept hidden in the unconscious

Question 4

Transference (PA)

Answer 4

When the client responds irrationally to the analyst as if they were an important figure from the clients past. Either neg or positive.

Question 5

Interpretation (PA)

Answer 5

A subtle statement made by the therapist that is intended to provide the client with insight into their behaviour. Needs to be about info near the clients current awareness. Before the therapy can be ended the client must arrive at insights and translate them into behaviour changes

Question 6

Negatives of PA

Answer 6

Expensive and time consuming. Clients seen 5 times a week for 5 years.

Question 7

Psychodynamic therapies

Answer 7

Similar to PA but use a more focused method to make process less expensive and time consuming. Conservation takes place instead of free association. Goal is to help client deal with specific life problem instead of rebuilding personality. May involve teaching the client interpersonal and emotion control skills.

Question 8

Interpersonal therapy

Answer 8

Focuses on the clients current relationships with important people in their life. 15-20 sessions required. Goals are to resolve things like marital conflict, adjusting to loss, correcting problems with social skills to make it easier for the client to maintain a successful relationship. Links current relationship issues with issues from the past. Effective for depression

Question 9

Humanistic Psychotherapies

Answer 9

Believe humans are capable of consciously controlling their actions and taking responsibility for their choices and behaviour.
Inner resource for self healing and personal growth and disordered behaviour reflects a blocking of natural growth processes because of distorted perceptions, lack of awareness and neg self image.
Goal is to create an environment for self exploration and remove barriers from neg childhood experiences.

Question 10

Client Centered Therapy (humanistic)

Answer 10

Developed by Carl Rodgers.
Believes in self exploration, personal growth, importance of the relationship between client and therapist.
Unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness.
Client feels accepted and free to grow. Show increased self awareness, self acceptance, self reliance, and improved life functioning.

Question 11

Gestalt Therapy (humanistic)

Answer 11

Bringing difficulties into immediate awareness so client can be whole again.
Carried out in groups, very dynamic and confrontational.
Aims to help people get in touch with their inner selves.
Can involve role play-evokes powerful feeling and makes client aware of unresolved issue that affect their lives.

Question 12

Cognitive therapies

Answer 12

Help clients discover and chance the cognition a that underlie their problems. Do not emphasise unconscious psychodynamic processes.

Question 13

Ellis’s rational emotive therapy (cognitive)

Answer 13

Albert Ellis believed irrational thought was the cause of self defeating emotions.
A- activating event that triggers the emotion.
B- belief system that underlies the way in which a person appraises the event.
C- emotional and behavioural consequences of that appraisal
D- disputing (challenging) belief system that is key to maladaptive behaviour.

Clients given homework to analyse and change self statements.
Learn and practice cognitive coping responses

Question 14

Beck’s Cognitive Therapy (cognitive)

Answer 14

Goal is to point out errors in thinking and logic that underlie emotional disturbances and help clients identify their thought patterns.
Helps clients realise their thoughts, not their situation causes maladaptive emotional reactions.
Applied in depression, anxiety, compulsive disorders and personality disorders. Useful for depression when combined with drugs.

Question 15

Behaviour therapies

Answer 15

Belief that inner dynamics are unimportant and problem behaviours can be unlearned by applying principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning and modelling.

Question 16

Classical conditioning

Answer 16

Procedures that have been used to reduce anxiety responses and condition aversive emotional responses to a stimuli.

Question 17

Exposure: an extinction approach (behaviour)

Answer 17

Use of classical extinction through exposure to the feared conditioned stimulus while using response prevention to stop the operant avoidance response from occurring.
Stimuli will evoke anxiety but the anxiety will be extinguished over time if the person remains in the presence of the CS and the UCS doesn’t occur.
Some believe this worsens the problem.

Question 18

Psychodynamic therapies

Answer 18

Roots lie in Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. Focus on internal conflicts and unconscious factors that underlie maladaptive behaviour.

Question 19

Systematic Desensitization: A Counter Conditioning Approach (behavioural)

Answer 19

1. train client in voluntary muscle relaxation.
2. construct a stimulus hierarchy arranged in scenes from low anxiety to high anxiety and the client is then told to imagine the first scene in the hierarchy while the therapist deeply relaxes them. When the low arousal scenes have been deconditioned and the client feels less anxious about the situation, they move up the hierarchy

Question 20

Aversion Therapy (behaviour)

Answer 20

goal is to condition anxiety for a stimulus that triggers deviant behaviour.
a stimulus that is attractive to the client (eg. alcohol as the CS) is paired with a noxious UCS (eg. injection that causes nausea).
results variable

Question 21

Operant Conditioning Treatments

Answer 21

techniques that apply operant conditioning procedures in an attempt to increase or decrease a specific behaviour. The focus is on observable behaviours that are measured throughout the treatment programme.

Question 22

Positive Reinforcement techniques (operant conditioning)

Answer 22

strengthening behaviours through the application of positive reinforcement.
people are given tokens when they perform desired behaviours and when they collect a certain number of tokens they can redeem tangible reinforcers. The tokens can eventually be phased out and the desired behaviour will continue. This is highly effective with some of the most challenging populations (such as schizophrenics.

Question 23

Therapeutic Application of Punishment (operant conditioning)

Answer 23

punishment is used as a last resort to get rid of severely harmful behaviour.

Question 24

Modelling and social skills training (operant conditioning)

Answer 24

modelling- effective and nb learning process in humans and can be used to treat some behavioural problems
social skills training- clients learn new skills my observing and imitating a model that is socially adept.

Question 25

Eclecticism

Answer 25

a willingness to combine treatments and use whatever orientations and therapeutic techniques seem appropriate for the client.

Question 26

Behavioural activation treatment

Answer 26

designed to counter depression by helping clients develop action plans that increase the amount of positive reinforcement they experience

Question 27

Cognitive Analytic Theories (CAT)

Answer 27

social interactions with important people in our lives help us to form our views of ourselves and the world.

Question 28

Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT)

Answer 28

developed to treat borderline personality disorder.

major goal in early treatment is to bring self destructive behaviours under control.

Question 29

Family Therapy

Answer 29

Family therapy helps the family understand how its interactions contribute to conflicts and problems of one or more members.

Question 30

Marital therapy

Answer 30

Therapy is focused on improving interactions between the couple through improved communication and acceptance.

Question 31

meta-analysis

Answer 31

allows researchers to combine statistical results of many students to arrive at an overall conclusion.

Question 32

Antipsychotic drugs

Answer 32

reserpine used to treat schizophrenic disorders.
decrease the action of dopamine neurotransmitter whose over activity is involved in schizophrenia.
help with positive symptoms.
can result in tardive dyskinesia (severe movement disorder)

Question 33

anti-anxiety drugs

Answer 33

daizapam (valium).
reduce anxiety without reducing alertness of concentration.
-slow down excitatory synaptic activity in the nervous system.

Question 34

Freud considered the distinction between manifest content and latent content essential for

Answer 34

dream analysis

Question 35

In psychoanalysis, patients avoid talking about certain subjects. This is called

Answer 35

resistance

Question 36

Role reversal and the mirror technique are associated with

Answer 36

psycho drama

Question 37

In rational-emotive therapy

Answer 37

clients learn to challenge irrational beliefs

Question 38

The key aspect of existential therapy is

Answer 38

believing you are capable of making choices about who you want to be

Question 39

Which form of therapy places responsibility for the course of therapy on the client?

Answer 39

non-directive therapy

Question 40

Those who decide that no one will ever love them again because they have been rejected by a “significant other” and are, therefore, unlovable are illustrating

Answer 40

overgeneralisation

Question 41

A therapist guides a client by giving instructions, interpretations, or solutions, and by making decisions. The therapist’s approach can be described as __________ therapy.

Answer 41

directive