Pysch test Flashcards
personal perception
- mental processes we use to form judgments and draw conclusions about the characteristics and motives for others
- your own characteristics as your perceiver
- the specific situation which the process occurs
attribution
- mental process of interfering the cause of people’s behavior, including ones own
fundamental attribution error
- tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal, characteristics while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external situational factors
- blaming the victim
attributional bias
- an exception to the fundamental attribution error
- tendency to be biased in opposite direction when explaining our won behavior making external situational attributions
actor observer discrepancy
tendency to attribute ones own behavior to external, situational causes, while attributing the behavior of others to internal, personal causes especially when the outcome is negative
self-serving bias
tendency to attribute successful outcomes of ones own behavior to internal causes and unsuccessful outcomes to external, situational causes
attitude
- a learned tendency to evaluate some object, person, or issues in a particular way
- Affective
- Behavioral
- Cognitive
attitudes happen when
- you have interest in the subject
- attitudes form through direct experience
- you are very knowledgeable on a subject
- your attitudes are extreme or extremely expressed
cognitive dissonance
an unpleasant state of psychological tension (dissonance) that occurs when there’s an inconsistency between a behavior and a thought (cognition), or between two thoughts or perceptions
prejudice
- a negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific social group
- a racial and ethnic groups are far more alike than they are different
- any difference that may exist between members of different racial or ethnic groups are far smaller than differences among various members of the same group
stereotypes
- a cluster of characteristics that attributed to individuals of a specific social group or category
- once formed stereotypes can be hard to shake
out-group homogeneity effect
tendency to see members of the out-group as very similar to one another
in-group bias
tendency to judge the behavior of in-group members favorably and out-group members unfavorably
ex: belief that ones on culture or ethnic group is superior to others (enthrocentrism)
inter group contact
equal status contact
intergroup cooperation
common goals
support by social and institutional authorities
prosocial behavior
any behavior that helps another person, whether the underlying motive is self-serving or selfless
altruism
helping another person with no expectation of personal reward or benefit
social loafing
tendency to expand less effort on a task when it is a group effort
- reduced of eliminated when: the group is composed of people we know, members of a highly valued group, the task is meaning or unique
social facilitation
the tendency for the presence of other people to enhance individual perform
- social hindrance is the opposite when you do poorly
deindividuation
the reduction of self-awareness and inhibition that can occur when person is a part of a group whose members feel anonymous
what is development of new neurons known as
neurogenesis
do we get new neurons after birth
yes
sensory neurons
sends signals from specialized receptor cells in sense organs and internal organs to the central nervous system
motor neurons
transmits commands from the central nervous system to the muscle, glands, an organs
interneuron
communicates information from one neuron to the next
cell body (soma)
contains nucleus: processes nutrients and provides energy for the neuron to function
dendrites
extensions from the cell body that receive incoming impulses
axon
long, fluid-filled tube that extends from the cell body and sends impulses to other neurons and to muscles, glands, and the parts of the body
glial cells (gilia)
provides structural support, insulation, and nutrients to the neurons
ions
electrically charged particles
action potentials
brief electrical impulse
resting potential
negative electrical charge of the axon’s interior while a neuron is at rest
stimulus threshold
each neuron has has a minimum level of stimulation from other neurons or sensory receptors needed to activate it
all or none law principle
principle that either a neuron is sufficiently stimulates and an action potential occurs occurs or a neuron is not sufficiently stimulated and an action potential does not occur
what happens after an action potential
refractory
- neurons are unable to fire during this period
what two factors affect the speed of action potential
myelinated (faster)
azon didmeter (thicker, faster)
synapse
the junction between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of another
neuron sends the message: presynaptic neuron
neuron that receives the message: post synaptic neuron
axon terminals
at the end of axon that contain synpatic vesicles
synaptic vesicles
sacks that store the neurotransmitters
neurotransmitters
chemical molecules that send messages (produced in the nervous system)
synaptic transmission
process through which the neurotransmitters are released by one neuron, cross the synaptic gap, and affect surrounding neurons by attaching to receptor sites on their dendrites
reuptake
neurotransmitters molecules detach from a postsynaptic neuron and are reabsorbed by a presynaptic neuron so that they can be recycled and used again
excitatory message
increases likelyhood of activation in postsynaptic neuron
inhibitory message
decreases likelyhoof of activation in postsynaptic neuron
how do drugs affect synaptic transmission
- may include or decrease amount of NT
- may effect the length of time the NT remains in the synaptic gap
- may prolong effects of NT
- can mimic specific
- can mimic or block the effect of NT
brainstem =
hindbrain + midbrain
hindbrain
- connects with spinal cord with the rest of the brain
- regulates basic life function
hindbrain 3 structures
medulla: autonomic functions like breathing. heart rate, and digestion
pons: what connects the two side of the cerebellum, helps coordinate and integrate movements on each side of the body
cerebellum: control of balance, muscle tone, coordinated muscle skills, and motor skills
midbrain
an important replay situation role in the processing of auditory and visual sensory information
cerebrum
most complex and largest part of the brain
cerebral hemisphere
right and left
cortical localization
particular areas of the human brain are associated with particular functions
aphasia
partial or complete inability to articulate ideas or understand spoken or written language due to brain injury or damage
broca’s area
left hemisphere of the brain that directs the muscle movements in the production of speech
broca’s aphasia
when the area of left hemisphere is damage
wernickles area
left hemisphere that involves comprehension of language
wernickles aphasia
what happens if left hemisphere is damaged
lateralization of function
notion that one hemisphere enters more control over the processing of a particular physiological function
hemispheres
left: language, speech, reading, writing
right: nonverbal. emotional expression and visual spatial tasks
temporal lobe
primary receiving area for auditory information
occipital lobe
receiving visual information
parietal lobe
touch, temperature, pressure, and information to our receptors
frontal lobe
largest lobe of the cerebral cortex which involves plannings irritating, executing voluntary movements
limbic system
a set of loosely connected structures in the brain that help regulate motivation, emotion, learning, and memory
what plays a key role in the formation of new memories
hippocampus
what relays motor and sensory information to and from the cerebral cortex
The thalamus serves as the primary relay station for both motor and sensory information traveling to and from the cerebral cortex, acting as a crucial hub for processing and routing signals
what is a peanut-sized structure that helps regulate the autonomic nervous system
The hypothalamus
cingulate cortex
a region of the brain located on the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres.
almond shaped structure that is involved in a variety of emotional response patterns like fear, anger and agression
amygdala
gray matter
processing and interpreting information, enabling functions like thought, memory, emotions, and movement
white matter
White matter plays a critical role in helping the body process information by connecting regions that send and receive signals, affecting the ability to focus, learn, solve problems, and maintain balance.
Phineas gage
In his reports, Harlow described that the physical injury profoundly altered Gage’s personality. Although his memory, cognition and strength had not been altered, his once gentle personality slowly degraded. He became a man of bad and rude ways, disrespectful to colleagues, and unable to accept advice.
fight or flight response
a natural, automatic physiological reaction to perceived threats, preparing the body to either confront the danger (“fight”) or escape (“flight”) through the release of stress hormones like adrenaline and cortisol.
rem sleep
rapid eye movements, vivid dreaming, and increased brain activity
Nrem sleep
quiet or restful phase of sleep, encompassing stages 1-3, characterized by slower brain activity, breathing, and heart rate, relaxed muscles, and a drop in body temperature.
consciousness
the state of being aware of oneself and one’s surroundings, encompassing thoughts, feelings, sensations, and the world around us.
dreams
illogical content, intense emotions, acceptance of strange content, strange sensory experiences, and difficulty remembering dream content.
dyssomnias
