Basic Biochem

Question 1

Proton (+)

Answer 1

define the atomic number and element

Question 2

Electron (-)

Answer 2

interact in bonds. occupy space >100,000 times the width of atomic nucleus

Question 3

Neutron (no charge)

Answer 3

help form nucleus, contribute to atomic mass and isotopes

Question 4

Atom

Answer 4

the basic unit of matter

Question 5

Atoms come in what?

Answer 5

elements, each element is defined by the number of protons in the nucleus (atomic number)

Question 6

Electrons occupy?

Answer 6

orbitals: 3D spaces around the nucleus where they can interact with neighboring atoms

Question 7

Electrons define

Answer 7

a fixed number of electrons can fit in a given energy level around the nucleus. each energy level is subdivided into orbital clouds of particular shape

Question 8

Energy levels

Answer 8

• electrons have potential energy related to their position
• electrons farther from the atomic nucleus have more energy
• the chemistry of life capitalizes on this property to capture and use chemical energy

Question 9

Elements of life

Answer 9

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and Potassium

Question 10

C,H,O,N,P

Answer 10

represent more than 95% of the matter in all life

Question 11

Carbon

Answer 11

the backbone of of biomolecules

Question 12

Hydrogen

Answer 12

most abundent in number

Question 13

Life

Answer 13

based on smaller atoms that are common in the universe, due to the way atoms are naturally made

Question 14

Isotopes

Answer 14

version of an element where the number of neutrons varies. Isotopes have same chemical behavior but are often rare
ex: hydrogen-1 (protium), hydrogen-2 (deuterium), and hydrogen-3 (tritium),

Question 15

Mass Spectrometers

Answer 15

special tool that can detect isotopes, separates and measures atoms by mass and quantity

Question 16

Radioisotopes

Answer 16

emit radiation energy detected by spectroscope

Question 17

Radioactive Decay

Answer 17

some isotopes decay into daughter elements at fix rates

Question 18

Isotope fingerprint

Answer 18

stable isotope ratios can vary in samples often by natural region

Question 19

Covalent bond

Answer 19

sharing of electrons to achieve full valence orbits between bonded atoms

Question 20

Ionic bond

Answer 20

transfer of electrons

Question 21

Ions

Answer 21

• charged atoms of molecules
• occurs when an atom or moles gains or loses electrons to gain stability in electron orbitals
• most common among atoms near noble gases
  ex: sodium ion (Na+), chloride ion (Cl-), and calcium ion (Ca2+).

Question 22

Anions

Answer 22

negative ions

Question 23

Cations

Answer 23

positive ions

Question 24

Opposite charges

Answer 24

attract to form ionic bonds

Question 25

Atom bond

Answer 25

a single atom can form multiple covalent bonds

Question 26

Four Valence Electrons

Answer 26

available to form up to four stable bonds that are equidistant from one another

Question 27

Polyatomic Ions

Answer 27

some covalently bonded molecules can also become ions to form more stable structures

Question 28

Polar Covalent Bond

Answer 28

bonding electrons shared unequally between two atoms, partial changes in atoms

Question 29

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Answer 29

bonding electrons shared equally between two atoms, no charge on atoms

Question 30

Cohesion

Answer 30

polar attraction between molecules of the same kind, forms hydrogen bonds

Question 31

Adhesion

Answer 31

polar attraction between different molecules

Question 32

Hydrophilic

Answer 32

water loving substance, usually rich in atoms of O or N

Question 33

Hydrophobic

Answer 33

molecules that do not dissolve in water like oils and waxes

Question 34

Capillary Action

Answer 34

combines cohesion and adhesion

Question 35

Properties of water

Answer 35

1. Water is both cohesive and adhesive
2. Water is a good solvent
3. Water organizes nonpolar molecules
4. Solid water is less dense than liquid water
5. Water has a high specific heat
6. Water has high heat of evaporation

Question 36

Three states of water

Answer 36

vapor, liquid, ice

Question 37

Exergonic Reaction

Answer 37

release energy by breaking high energy bonds to form lower energy bonds

Question 38

Endergonic

Answer 38

absorb energy, require energy to occur usually produces more complex molecules from simpler units

Question 39

Oxidation

Question 40

Endergonic Reaction

Answer 40

Low energy bonds are broken are broken to form high energy bonds

Question 41

Oxidation- Reduction (redox)

Answer 41

reactions involve electron transfer b/w reactants:
– Oxidation- Loss of electrons, tend gain O but lose energy.
– Reduction- Gain of electrons, tend to gain H and energy.

Question 42

Acids

Answer 42

compounds that release H+, pH less than 7

Question 43

Bases

Answer 43

compounds that accept H+ pH greater than 7

Question 44

pH

Answer 44

a measure of how acidic/basic water is.

Question 45

amphipathic molecule

Answer 45

chemical compounds that have both polar and nonpolar parts.