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Human Bio > Human Bio Midterm > Flashcards

Human Bio Midterm Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Tissue

A

a group of cells that are connected by junctions that form tissues

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2
Q

Junctions

A

glue that holds cells together

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3
Q

Histology

A

study of tissue

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4
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

cells are going to be packed together, seen this tissue in body surfaces, blood vessels and lungs

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5
Q

Classification of Epithelial

A

number of layers
cell shape

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6
Q

Number of Layer Names

A

simple - 1layer
pseudostratified - looks like multiple layers but not
stratified - multiple layers

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7
Q

Simple Squamous

A

diffusion (molecules moving from a greater, to a lesser concentration) ex: O2, CO2, seen in lungs, filtration, seen in kidneys to get rid of waste

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8
Q

Simple Cubodial

A

seen in ovaries, ducts of kidneys

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9
Q

Lumen

A

open space in duct or hollow organ

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10
Q

Simple Columnar

A

can possess cilia, some cannot (non-ciliated) depends on location,
ciliated = found in fallopian tubes, moves eggs, found in trachea = moves out particles
non-cilated = has microvilli instead (absorption), seen in stomach or intestines, has goblet cell

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11
Q

Goblet Cell

A

secretes mucus/gland and unicellular

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12
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar

A

found in lungs, bronchioles, and trachea
nuclei are uneven illusion of multiple layers, atatched to the basement membrane, has cilia for movement, goblet cells to secrete mucus

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13
Q

Stratified Squamous

A

multiple layers of flat cells,
seen in layers of skin, cervix, and mouth

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14
Q

Transitional

A

shape shifter, cubodial —> squamous, seein in uterus and bladder

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15
Q

Stratified Cubodial

A

made of 2+ layers, found in mammary ducts, sweat glands, pancreas, female reproductive system

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16
Q

Stratified Columnar

A

2+ layers, primarily in ducts of kidney, female/male reproductive system

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17
Q

Macrophage

A

use phagocytosis to engulf foreign microbes in the body

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18
Q

Stem Cell

A

they can be any cell that is needed in the body

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19
Q

White Blood Cells

A

fight off disease, infections, sick, etc.

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20
Q

Reticular Fibers

A

provides stretchability to tissue, made up of elastin (protein)

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21
Q

Collagen

A

thickest and strongest, displays strength, pulled without tearing

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22
Q

Roles of Connective Tissue

A

support, insulation (adipose tissue), produce red blood cells, protects against infection, helps to repair damaged tissues

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23
Q

Types of Loose Connective Tissue

A

areolar, adipose, reticular

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24
Q

Types of Dense Connective Tissue

A

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, blood, bone

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25
Q

Areolar

A

made up of primarilly fibroblasts collagen and elastic fibers, found in most areas of the body, ex: under epithileal tissue, binds skin to organ breast tissue

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26
Q

Reticular

A

made up of thin reticular fibers, it provides frame work of suppport for the organs that they are apart of

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27
Q

Adipose

A

fat cells (tryglyceride), seen around kidney (padding), on surface of heart, stomach area, back of eyeballs (cushion)

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28
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

made up of collagen fibers, chondrocytes”cartilage cell”, lacuna (space in cartilage cell), fetal skeleton, found in joints of ends of bones (end of nose)

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29
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

made up of elastic fibers/chondrocytes, found in larnyx (voice box), found in outer ear

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30
Q

Osteoporosis

A

seen in older women, depletion of calcium

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31
Q

Osteons

A

“rods” that make up compact bones

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32
Q

Plasma

A

to add volume

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33
Q

Platelets

A

to help clot and stop bleeding

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34
Q

Blood

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma, and cyropercipertate factor 8

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35
Q

Cartilage

A

avascular, does not heal as fast

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36
Q

Ligaments

A

muscles to bone

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37
Q

Bone to Bone

A

tendons

38
Q

Hypodermis or Subcuteneous Layer

A

areolar + adipose, connect skin with muscle

39
Q

Dermis

A

connective tissue, collagen and elastic fibers, nerves, and blood vessels

40
Q

Epidermis

A

avascular (no blood vessels), made up from startified sqaumous

41
Q

Keratinocytes

A

majority of skin cells, as cell fill with kertatin (protein)

42
Q

Apoptosis

A

cell death: loose nuclei, flatten and die

43
Q

Lamellar Granules

A

help to keep moisture in

44
Q

Langerham Cells

A

protect the melanocytes from too much uv (also helps protect immune system)

45
Q

Moles

A

nevus, benign overgrowth of melanin

46
Q

ABC’s of Moles

A

A - asymmetry: both sides of mole are different
B - border: borders are uneven
C - color: black, blue, red, brown with white center
D - diameter
E - evolution

47
Q

Melanocytes

A

filled with melanin

48
Q

Merkel Cells

A

contains touch receptors (heat, cold, itch, tickle)

49
Q

Albanism

A

genetic condition, have melanocytes but gene to produce melanin is shut off

50
Q

Vitaligo

A

autoimmune disease, destroys the melanocytes

51
Q

Nails

A

made up of epidermal cells

52
Q

Nail Matrix

A

if damaged nail will not grow back

53
Q

Pale Nails

A

indicates anemia, heart/kidney disease

54
Q

White Nails

A

liver issues (hepatitis)

55
Q

Yellow Nails

A

fungal infection

56
Q

Blue Nails

A

lack of oxygen, cardio issue

57
Q

Rippled Nails

A

early onset of arthritis or psoriasis

58
Q

Cracked or Split Nails

A

indicates thyroid disease

59
Q

Black/Brown Streak

A

melanoma

60
Q

White Spots

A

injury, results of stress

61
Q

Biotin

A

vitamin to make nails strong

62
Q

Hair Matrix

A

single layer of epidermal cell division

63
Q

Alopecia

A

autoimmune disease, attacks the hair follicle, patches of hair loss

64
Q

Arector PIlli Muscle

A

causes goosebumps

65
Q

Sebaceous Gland

A

coats the hair to prevent drying, secretes sebum (tryglycerides, proteins, cholesterol, and prevents bacterial infections on the scalp) found in the dermis

66
Q

Eccrine Sweat Gland

A

seen in palms and soles of feet, regulate body heat, became active at birth

67
Q

Apocrine Sweat Gland

A

found in armpit, around facial area and groin, activated by stress, will secrete upon sexual activity, starts working at puberty

68
Q

Bones

A

support
protection
mineral deposit (calcium phosphorus)
blood production (bone marrow, hemiopoiesis)
tryglyceride storage: holds fat, deposit inside bone, adipose (yellow marrow), develops with age

69
Q

Long Bone

A

longer than wider, femur or ulna

70
Q

Short Bone

A

carpals (wrist), tarsals (ankles)

71
Q

Irregular Bone

A

vertebrae, sacrum

72
Q

Flat Bone

A

sternum, rib

73
Q

Sesmoid

A

formed out of tendons, patella (kneecap), found in wrist/ankle

74
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

line that is at the metaphysis

75
Q

Periosteum

A

made up of connective tissue, allows bone to grow in thickness

76
Q

Osteogenic Cell

A

stem cells, only cell that undergos cell divison, found in periosteum, endosteum, and in bone canals where there is blood

77
Q

Osteoblasts

A

bone building cells, secrete collagen fibers, mineral salts, start calcification (bone hardening)

78
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature bone cells, maintain bone integrity, take in nutrience, get rid of waste via cell membrane

79
Q

Osteoclasts

A

formed from 50+ blood cells (white blood cells), ability to secrete enzymes that help bone remodiling, found in endosteum

80
Q

Compact Bone

A

basic unit
osteons (rods)
heavy bone type

81
Q

Spongy Bone

A

lighter
made up of trabeculae

82
Q

Interstitial Lamellae

A

fragments of old bone

83
Q

How does a bone grow in thickness

A

from cells that get added to the periosteum

84
Q

Spongy Bone

A

made up of trabeculae, filled with red marrow (produces red blood cells)

85
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

flat bones of the skull, mandible (jaw), clavicle, embryonic tissue (mesenchyme) evolves directly into bone with the help of osteoblasts

86
Q

Fetus Bones

A

made up of hyaline cartilage

87
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

bone hardening of all other bones, involves osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts, goes from mezenchyme, to cartilage, then bone

88
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

occurs in children, incomplete fracture, small break on one side but other end just bends

89
Q

Fissure Fracture

A

Incomplete fracture, fracture is longitudinal

90
Q

Transverse Fracture

A

Complete break, across the whole bone, separation, horizontally

91
Q

Spiral Fracture

A

Complete fracture, results from twisting motion

92
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Shatters completely on impact

Human Bio (21 decks)

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