Human Bio Midterm Flashcards
Tissue
a group of cells that are connected by junctions that form tissues
Junctions
glue that holds cells together
Histology
study of tissue
Epithelial Tissue
cells are going to be packed together, seen this tissue in body surfaces, blood vessels and lungs
Classification of Epithelial
number of layers
cell shape
Number of Layer Names
simple - 1layer
pseudostratified - looks like multiple layers but not
stratified - multiple layers
Simple Squamous
diffusion (molecules moving from a greater, to a lesser concentration) ex: O2, CO2, seen in lungs, filtration, seen in kidneys to get rid of waste
Simple Cubodial
seen in ovaries, ducts of kidneys
Lumen
open space in duct or hollow organ
Simple Columnar
can possess cilia, some cannot (non-ciliated) depends on location,
ciliated = found in fallopian tubes, moves eggs, found in trachea = moves out particles
non-cilated = has microvilli instead (absorption), seen in stomach or intestines, has goblet cell
Goblet Cell
secretes mucus/gland and unicellular
Pseudostratified Columnar
found in lungs, bronchioles, and trachea
nuclei are uneven illusion of multiple layers, atatched to the basement membrane, has cilia for movement, goblet cells to secrete mucus
Stratified Squamous
multiple layers of flat cells,
seen in layers of skin, cervix, and mouth
Transitional
shape shifter, cubodial —> squamous, seein in uterus and bladder
Stratified Cubodial
made of 2+ layers, found in mammary ducts, sweat glands, pancreas, female reproductive system
Stratified Columnar
2+ layers, primarily in ducts of kidney, female/male reproductive system
Macrophage
use phagocytosis to engulf foreign microbes in the body
Stem Cell
they can be any cell that is needed in the body
White Blood Cells
fight off disease, infections, sick, etc.
Reticular Fibers
provides stretchability to tissue, made up of elastin (protein)
Collagen
thickest and strongest, displays strength, pulled without tearing
Roles of Connective Tissue
support, insulation (adipose tissue), produce red blood cells, protects against infection, helps to repair damaged tissues
Types of Loose Connective Tissue
areolar, adipose, reticular
Types of Dense Connective Tissue
hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, blood, bone
Areolar
made up of primarilly fibroblasts collagen and elastic fibers, found in most areas of the body, ex: under epithileal tissue, binds skin to organ breast tissue
Reticular
made up of thin reticular fibers, it provides frame work of suppport for the organs that they are apart of
Adipose
fat cells (tryglyceride), seen around kidney (padding), on surface of heart, stomach area, back of eyeballs (cushion)
Hyaline Cartilage
made up of collagen fibers, chondrocytes”cartilage cell”, lacuna (space in cartilage cell), fetal skeleton, found in joints of ends of bones (end of nose)
Elastic Cartilage
made up of elastic fibers/chondrocytes, found in larnyx (voice box), found in outer ear
Osteoporosis
seen in older women, depletion of calcium
Osteons
“rods” that make up compact bones
Plasma
to add volume
Platelets
to help clot and stop bleeding
Blood
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma, and cyropercipertate factor 8
Cartilage
avascular, does not heal as fast
Ligaments
muscles to bone
Bone to Bone
tendons
Hypodermis or Subcuteneous Layer
areolar + adipose, connect skin with muscle
Dermis
connective tissue, collagen and elastic fibers, nerves, and blood vessels
Epidermis
avascular (no blood vessels), made up from startified sqaumous
Keratinocytes
majority of skin cells, as cell fill with kertatin (protein)
Apoptosis
cell death: loose nuclei, flatten and die
Lamellar Granules
help to keep moisture in
Langerham Cells
protect the melanocytes from too much uv (also helps protect immune system)
Moles
nevus, benign overgrowth of melanin
ABC’s of Moles
A - asymmetry: both sides of mole are different
B - border: borders are uneven
C - color: black, blue, red, brown with white center
D - diameter
E - evolution
Melanocytes
filled with melanin
Merkel Cells
contains touch receptors (heat, cold, itch, tickle)
Albanism
genetic condition, have melanocytes but gene to produce melanin is shut off
Vitaligo
autoimmune disease, destroys the melanocytes
Nails
made up of epidermal cells
Nail Matrix
if damaged nail will not grow back
Pale Nails
indicates anemia, heart/kidney disease
White Nails
liver issues (hepatitis)
Yellow Nails
fungal infection
Blue Nails
lack of oxygen, cardio issue
Rippled Nails
early onset of arthritis or psoriasis
Cracked or Split Nails
indicates thyroid disease
Black/Brown Streak
melanoma
White Spots
injury, results of stress
Biotin
vitamin to make nails strong
Hair Matrix
single layer of epidermal cell division
Alopecia
autoimmune disease, attacks the hair follicle, patches of hair loss
Arector PIlli Muscle
causes goosebumps
Sebaceous Gland
coats the hair to prevent drying, secretes sebum (tryglycerides, proteins, cholesterol, and prevents bacterial infections on the scalp) found in the dermis
Eccrine Sweat Gland
seen in palms and soles of feet, regulate body heat, became active at birth
Apocrine Sweat Gland
found in armpit, around facial area and groin, activated by stress, will secrete upon sexual activity, starts working at puberty
Bones
support
protection
mineral deposit (calcium phosphorus)
blood production (bone marrow, hemiopoiesis)
tryglyceride storage: holds fat, deposit inside bone, adipose (yellow marrow), develops with age
Long Bone
longer than wider, femur or ulna
Short Bone
carpals (wrist), tarsals (ankles)
Irregular Bone
vertebrae, sacrum
Flat Bone
sternum, rib
Sesmoid
formed out of tendons, patella (kneecap), found in wrist/ankle
Epiphyseal Plate
line that is at the metaphysis
Periosteum
made up of connective tissue, allows bone to grow in thickness
Osteogenic Cell
stem cells, only cell that undergos cell divison, found in periosteum, endosteum, and in bone canals where there is blood
Osteoblasts
bone building cells, secrete collagen fibers, mineral salts, start calcification (bone hardening)
Osteocytes
mature bone cells, maintain bone integrity, take in nutrience, get rid of waste via cell membrane
Osteoclasts
formed from 50+ blood cells (white blood cells), ability to secrete enzymes that help bone remodiling, found in endosteum
Compact Bone
basic unit
osteons (rods)
heavy bone type
Spongy Bone
lighter
made up of trabeculae
Interstitial Lamellae
fragments of old bone
How does a bone grow in thickness
from cells that get added to the periosteum
Spongy Bone
made up of trabeculae, filled with red marrow (produces red blood cells)
Intramembranous Ossification
flat bones of the skull, mandible (jaw), clavicle, embryonic tissue (mesenchyme) evolves directly into bone with the help of osteoblasts
Fetus Bones
made up of hyaline cartilage
Endochondral Ossification
bone hardening of all other bones, involves osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts, goes from mezenchyme, to cartilage, then bone
Greenstick Fracture
occurs in children, incomplete fracture, small break on one side but other end just bends
Fissure Fracture
Incomplete fracture, fracture is longitudinal
Transverse Fracture
Complete break, across the whole bone, separation, horizontally
Spiral Fracture
Complete fracture, results from twisting motion
Comminuted fracture
Shatters completely on impact
